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Culture Documents
Though
research
at
the
intersection
of
AI
and
sustainability
has
been
going
on
for
many
years,
with
papers
such
as
Todorovski,
et
al
[1]
and
Phillips,
et
al
[2]
being
some
of
the
more
recent
examples
in
this
long
history,
growth
in
the
area
accelerated
coincident
with
the
founding
of
the
International
Conferences
on
Computational
Sustainability.
While
there
was
no
CompSust
conference
in
2011,
chairs
of
the
earlier
conferences,
Carla
Gomes
and
Brian
Williams,
launched
a
special
track
at
the
Twenty-‐Fifth
Conference
on
Artificial
Intelligence
(AAAI-‐2011)
on
Computational
Sustainability
and
AI,
which
has
carried
over
to
AAAI-‐2012
as
well.
This
was
a
significant
development,
because
it
incorporated
sustainability
into
a
flagship
conference
of
AI.
In
fact,
a
paper
in
the
special
track
[3]
received
one
of
the
conference’s
two
outstanding
paper
awards.
Because
this
IEEE
IS
issue
is
temporally
coincident
with
the
AAAI-‐2012
and
the
Third
International
Conference
on
Computational
Sustainability
(http://www.computational-‐sustainability.org/compsust12/),
it
seems
fitting
to
survey
the
papers
in
the
earlier
2011
conference.
Importantly,
these
papers
reflect
a
representative
sample
of
the
research
underway,
with
attention
to
sustainability
aspects
of
built,
social,
and
natural
environments;
using
AI
strategies
for
learning,
planning
and
scheduling,
and
optimization
generally.
An
overview
also
invites
synthesis,
with
AI
concepts
and
methods
being
a
framework
for
reasoning
about
sustainability
challenges.
Figure
1:
Papers
of
the
AAAI-‐2011
special
track
on
Computational
Sustainability
are
organized
vertically
by
a
main
AI
thrust
and
horizontally
by
a
main
sustainability
theme.
Each
paper
is
indicated
by
an
abbreviated
title,
and
by
the
number
of
the
paper
as
it
is
listed
in
the
References
section.
The
figure
is
intended
to
give
a
quick,
global
picture
of
the
papers,
recognizing
that
a
2D
representation
oversimplifies.
El-‐Din
Mady,
et
al
[11]
describe
an
HVAC
controller
to
lower
energy
usage
and
lower
expected
occupant
discomfort.
HVAC
actions
are
informed
a
Markov
model
of
building
occupancy,
with
random
elements
modeling
uncertainty
on
adherence
to
a
standard
work
schedule.
There
is
also
impressive
modeling
of
the
room
environment,
including
the
heat
dynamics
of
walls,
water
radiators,
windows
and
the
like
–
all
of
this
is
required
for
high-‐fidelity
simulations
of
changing
building
conditions.
Occupant
discomfort
is
measured
as
the
squared
difference
between
the
actual
and
a
referent
temperature,
weighted
by
a
probability
of
occupancy.
Experimental
simulations
indicate
the
promise
and
limitations
of
this
model-‐
dominant
approach.
Input
from
occupant
sensors
and
counting
the
number
of
occupants
is
planned
as
future
work,
and
indeed
the
addition
of
actual
observations
would
be
a
natural
and
helpful
input
to
the
controller.
We
might
even
imagine,
with
attention
to
privacy
concerns,
that
computer
vision
activity
recognition
could
identify
individuals
and
customize
conditions
to
their
stated
or
learned
preferences.
In
contrast
to
the
model-‐dominant
approach,
Kolter
and
Ferreira
[12]
evaluate
various
(regression)
approaches
that
learn
from
data
to
predict
a
building’s
total
energy
usage.
The
project
collated
data
from
GIS
databases
on
building
locations
and
layouts,
tax
assessor
data
on
building
characteristics,
and
data
on
monthly
electricity
and
gas
usage,
then
compared
the
accuracy
of
various
regression
methods.
With
good
predictors
in
hand,
a
building’s
actual
energy
usage
can
be
compared
to
predicted
usage
for
buildings
of
like
characteristics
–
this
can
be
useful
information
in
the
hands
of
a
building
manager
who
can
then
investigate
and
adjust
energy
use.
Presumably,
those
buildings
doing
worse
than
predicted
can
benefit
from
occupant
modeling
[11]
and/or
even
greater
customized
control.
Three
papers
were
concerned
with
transportation,
specifically
with
personal
vehicles
over
short
distances
by
road.
Two
of
the
papers
are
concerned
with
using
AI
search
methods
to
find
optimal
routes,
where
optimality
is
defined
differently
in
each
case.
Sachenbacher
et
al
[13]
are
concerned
with
finding
routes
for
electric
vehicles
that
minimize
net
energy
loss,
where
some
segments
(edges)
in
a
route
may
have
negative
costs
because
these
segments
have
properties
that
serve
to
recharge
the
vehicle’s
battery.
The
system
relies
on
a
model
of
energy
dynamics
in
order
to
estimate
route
segment
costs,
and
these
estimates
are
made
dynamically,
based
on
changing
factors
such
as
payload
weight
and
AC
usage.
Apple,
et
al
[14]
also
plan
routes
to
minimize
expected
time
of
transit.
These
routes
are
based
on
modeling
assumptions,
as
well
as
data
from
smart
phones.
To
assist
in
this
planning,
the
system
models
traffic
light
control,
enabling
it
to
compute
probability
distributions
over
time
spent
at
lights
by
a
vehicle
conditioned
on
various
factors.
Another
source
of
uncertainty
that
is
dealt
with
in
[14]
is
the
location
and
route
taken
by
a
vehicle,
given
GPS
data
on
vehicle
location.
Along
different
lines,
Au
et
al
[15]
extend
earlier
work
in
multi-‐agent
systems
that
move
smart
vehicles
through
intersections
with
no
reliance
on
traffic
lights.
Rather,
smart
vehicles
request
passage
and
are
guided
through
as
requests
are
honored.
Simulations
show
that
the
new
intersection
management
protocol
reduces
delays
at
intersections
in
the
face
of
unbalanced
traffic
flows
from
inlet
roads.
In
future
contexts
of
ample
(smart)
resources,
we
might
expect
the
technology
of
[15]
to
reduce
uncertainties
that
are
currently
modeled
in
the
routing
approaches
of
[13]
and
[14],
because
the
vehicle
itself
intervenes
in
the
process.
Inference,
Data,
Control,
and
Design
Papers
of
AAAI-‐12’s
computational
sustainability
track
illustrate
different
commitments
to
model-‐based
inference
and
data-‐supported
inference,
ranging
from
model-‐dominant
at
one
end
(e.g.,
[11])
to
data-‐dominant
at
the
other
(e.g.,
[12]).
Undoubtedly,
as
projects
move
out
of
simulation
and
into
the
physical
world,
they
will
increasingly
use
data.
Li
and
Williams’
[16],
who
describe
planning
for
an
autonomous
underwater
vehicle
(AUV)
for
purposes
of
ocean
monitoring
illustrates
data
collection
through
robotic
exploration,
which
could
be
adapted
as
part
of
aquatic
reserve
design.
Quinn,
et
al
[17]
describe
another
data-‐collection
technology
that
informs
occupancy
assessment
using
camera-‐enabled
mobile
devices
to
identify
crop
disease.
While
they
are
directly
concerned
with
‘occupancy’
of
disease,
the
technology
is
promising
for
purposes
of
other
kinds
of
occupancy
assessment.
While
data
comes
with
its
own
stochastic
elements,
it
can
also
reduce
uncertainty
for
problems
such
as
occupancy
detection
of
various
forms.
Controlled
interventions
can
further
lower
uncertainty
(or
raise
it!).
Many
papers
propose
interventions
into
natural
and
built
settings,
but
also
social
settings.
Though
we
have
not
focused
on
this
latter
case,
two
papers
explored
market
strategies
for
smart
grid
operations,
one
for
controlling
the
use
of
“home”
and
other
micro
storage
of
energy
(Voice,
et
al
[18])
and
one
exploring
implications
of
different
small-‐scale
energy
broker
strategies
on
supplier
balances
and
other
balances
(Reddy
and
Veloso
[19]).
Apropos
control,
Santhanam,
et
al
[20],
investigates
model-‐checking
strategies
for
evaluating
the
success
of
interventions
that
are
intended
to
stop
“infections”
on
networks,
be
they
social,
geographic,
physical,
or
economic.
The
emphasis
on
these
and
the
great
majority
of
papers
on
evaluation
with
respect
to
interventions
is
noteworthy.
If
anything,
investigations
need
to
expand
the
context
in
which
evaluation
occurs,
to
ferret
out
what
may
be
otherwise
unanticipated
consequences
of
technological
interventions
by
humans.
Finally,
interventions
are
often
forwarded
to
make
the
best
out
of
poorly
designed
environments.
For
example,
attempts
to
improve
the
efficiency
of
travel
by
private
automobiles
that
use
fossil
fuels
are
a
good
example
–
these
efforts
are
important,
but
we
can
go
further
and
design
systems,
ranging
from
products
to
communities,
to
be
efficient
and
to
invite
efficiency
in
the
manner
in
which
they
are
used.
Many
of
the
papers
are
overtly
design
papers
(e.g.,
corridor
design).
Additionally,
there
are
two
papers
that
focus
on
more
conventional
forms
of
design.
Patnaik,
et
al
[21]
induce
lifecycle
assessment
trees
for
products
from
“high
level”
product
descriptions.
Such
trees
can
be
used
in
the
design
of
products,
reasoning
about
the
environmental
impacts
of
component
design
choices
for
example,
favoring
environmentally
sound
choices.
Hoenigman,
et
al
[22]
addresses
the
design
of
residential
landscapes
that
require
less
watering;
this
is
more
than
using
native
plants,
but
is
cast
as
an
optimization
problem,
getting
into
issues
of
plant
arrangement
in
ways
that
heartier
plants
protect
more
sun-‐sensitive
plants.
While
this
might
be
considered
a
non-‐
traditional
design
problem,
it
nicely
illustrates
how
environmental
design
upfront
can
mitigate
the
need
for
playing
environmental
catch-‐up
later.
Final
Remarks
This
article
intended,
at
a
minimum,
to
give
the
briefest
glimpse
of
the
papers
of
the
2011
AAAI
Computational
Sustainability
track,
so
that
interested
readers
could
follow-‐up.
Collectively,
however,
the
contributions
include
representations
of
much
that
we
might
hope
to
see
in
an
environmentally
minded
cognitive
agent,
with
competencies
in
sensing/observation,
knowledge-‐based
reasoning,
decision-‐
making,
and
actuation.
The
creation
of
such
agents
could
be
an
exciting
and
important
ambition,
with
attention
paid
to
agent
communication
as
well.
In
the
near
term,
however,
AI
will
offer
important,
albeit
specialized
cognitive
tools
for
decision
makers.
It
is
critical
that
these
tools
are
adopted,
adapted
and
used
by
humans.
Thus,
it
is
vital
that
as
part
of
our
evaluation
methodologies,
we
move
beyond
questions
concerning
technical
optimality,
and
that
we
work
with
social,
behavioral
and
economic
scientists
to
understand
the
social
contexts
in
which
our
tools
are
used
(or
not)!
References
1.
L.
Todorovski,
et
al.,
“Using
equation
discovery
to
revise
an
Earth
ecosystem
model
of
carbon
net
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no.
170,
2003,
pp.
141-‐154.
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S.
J.
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et
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3.
D.
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et
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K.
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et
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on
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S.
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on
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AAAI,
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and
B.
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for
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and
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M.
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in
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G.
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over
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A
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Checking
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AAAI
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on
Artificial
Intelligence,
2011,
http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI11/paper/view/3742
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et
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from
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AAAI
Conference
on
Artificial
Intelligence,
2011,
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R.
Hoenigman,
et
al.,
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Through
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on
Residential
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Conference
on
Artificial
Intelligence,
2011,
http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI11/paper/view/3763