SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Prof. Dr. Sushil Bajracharya Bhumihang Rai (077BAR009)

Ar. Timila Bajracharya Dipson Kc (077BAR012)
Manoj Lama (077BAR019)
Neha Kumari Ray (077BAR021)
Nisha Yadav (077BAR024)
ACKNOWLDGEMENT

At first, we would like express our sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Sushil Bajracharya and
Ar. Timila Bajracharya for providing great assistance in completion of our report i.e.,
Report on climatology and thermal aspects. We would also like to thank our senior as well as
friends for helping throughout this whole process. Nevertheless, we would also like to thank
meteorological department for providing the necessary data for the report without whom the
report would not have been completed.

For us it was a unique experience to get knowledge about the architecture in different region
of our country with respect to its climatic condition. This case study has significantly helped
us to get the knowledge about the building science and help us reply understand the effect of
climate on architecture of a certain region
CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2.Objectives
3. Methodology
4. Table of Weather Records
5. Observations
● Study and Analysis
● Temperature Rainfall
● Relative humidity
6. Temperature Chart
● Himalayan Region
● Hilly Region (Bhaktapur)
● Terai Region(Kapilvastu,Taulihawa)
7. Rainfall Chart
● Himalayan Region
● Hilly Region (Bhaktapur)
● Terai Region(Kapilvastu,Taulihawa)
8. Relative Humidity Chart
● Himalayan Region
● Hilly Region (Bhaktapur)
● Terai Region(Kapilvastu,Taulihawa)
9. Conclusion
10. References
INTRODUCTION

Building science is the study of how buildings function under various environmental
conditions. It is the body of knowledge that draws upon the disciplines of engineering,
architecture, physics, biology and life sciences to understand the physical behavior of a
building as a system.
The objective of building science is to achieve a comfortable climate in the building by the
use of energy saving and sustainable building techniques. Modern building science
incorporates all of these factors in order to understand the building as a system to improve
overall building durability, efficiency and characteristics for the cycle the building.
Building uses a lot of energy, and energy uses has concerning environmental and economic
impacts. Building science provides useful knowledge to improve building sustainability and
performance for both new and existing buildings, guide the development of innovative
methods and technology, and comprehend or prevent environmental and economic impacts as
well as construction disasters.
Climate is defined as a region with certain conditions of temperature, dryness, wind, light and
etc. It is a statistical composite of weather conditions for some place over a long period of
time [10-30 years]. It is the average pattern of weather for a particular region.
Climatology is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged
over a period of time. The main aim of the climatology is to make us familiar with the
average condition of the atmosphere in different parts of earth's surface as well as to inform
us concerning any departures from these conditions which may occur at same place during
long interval of time.
Built environment is influenced by elements such as building orientation, roof, walls,
windows, vegetation, etc. Therefore, in order to build a building in a given area that is climate
responsive and offers a healthy environment to live in, we need to research Nepal's climatic
conditions, their characteristics, and how they affect building design. Subtropical climate
with a rainy season is found in the southern flat strip of Nepal. The temperate climate is
found in the low mountains. The cold mountain climate is found in the peaks of the
Himalayas. Rainfall is plentiful throughout the summer monsoon season (June to early
October), however it is difficult to reach some protected inland valleys and northern slopes.
to the south slopes, at equal altitude, the east is rainier than the west.
OBJEVTIVES
• To learn about the diverse climatic conditions of our country and produce respective solutions
for better housing and living.
• To implement the design requirements for the specified weather conditions in order to
comprehend or prevent construction breakdowns.
• To provide a comfortable environment on the building to maximize building
performance and sustainability of new and existing buildings to gain knowledge about
• To learn the fundamentals of report writing and research methodology.
• to apply academic knowledge to practical situations.

METHODOLOGY
The analysis of raw data provided by the primary source, "The Department of Hydrology
and Metrology," in addition to secondary data collected through the internet from the
official websites and the national daily newspapers, forms the basis for the study of the
various weather patterns in the mentioned below locations. The data plotting, or
graphical representation of the data as provided by "The Department of Hydrology and
Metrology," is the basis for the analysis process, which resolves on the data based on
result supposition as shown by the data projection. The report's next phase presents the
study's specifics and an examination of the findings.
Locations are:
• Terai region (Kapilvastu, Taulihawa)
• Hilly region (Bhaktapur)
• Himalayan region (Jumla)
1.) TERAI REGION (TAULIHAWA, KAPLVASTU)

● MAX AND MIN TEMPERATURE OF TAULIHAWA,KAPILVASTU

TAULIHAWA
Taulihawa(Avg)max Taulihawa(Avg)min

40.00 37.169
32.312 32.812 32.816 32.29 31.538 32.246 31.512
35.00
27.743
30.00 25.825 25.5 25.925 24.67 24.996
22.722 23.99
25.00 22.383
17.883 17.116
20.00
14.332 13.92
15.00 10.361
9.367 9.607
10.00
5.00
0.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Taulihawa(Avg)max 17.88325.82532.31237.16932.81232.816 32.29 31.53832.24631.51227.743 23.99
Taulihawa(Avg)min 9.367 9.607 14.33217.11622.722 25.5 25.925 24.67 24.99622.383 13.92 10.361

• Annual range:29.84- 18.49

• Over heated period (>30°C)
• Day time : April-October
Night time – none

• Slightly Comfortable (26°-28°C) & (13°-15°)

Day time: November
Night time: March, November

• Adaptive comfort (15°-26°)

Day time: January, February, December
Night time: April, may, June, July, august, September, October

• Under heated period (<10°C)

Day time: None
Night time: January, February
• MONTHLY RAINFALL

Taulihawa[Rain]
Taulihawa(Rain)

700.00
624.4 614.5
600.00

500.00
400.2
400.00
316.03
300.00

200.00
123.5 121.8

100.00
21.31 24.01
0 0.61 1.5 0
0.00

-100.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Taulihawa(Rain) 0 0.61 1.5 21.31 316.03 400.2 624.4 614.5 123.5 121.8 0 24.01

• Annual rainfall- 188.055

• Heavy rainfall months - may June July August
• Low rainfall months - February March April September October December
• Dry period: January November
• HUMIDITY(TAULIHAWA)

Taulihawa(Avg)RH
Taulihawa(Avg)RH

100 92.405
89.042
85.743 87.662
90 82.758 84.522 82.851 84.713
78.727
80
68.037
70
56.908
60

50
39.861
40

30

20

10

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Taulihawa(Avg)RH 92.40582.75856.90839.86168.03778.72784.52289.04285.74387.66282.85184.713

• Low humid climate (<50) :April

• Comfort humid climate (50-70) :March, May

• High humid climate (>70) :January, February, June, July , August, September,
October, November, December
Shelter in Taulihawa, Kapilvastu

Characteristics of climate
● Sub - tropical climate
● Hot-arid - March-April
● Warm-Humid - July-September during monsoon season
● Cool- November-January
● Favorable- March-October, December
● Altitude - 137m
● Temperature - above 30ºC on summer day and nearly 15ºC winter day
● Sky condition- clear sky from June 6 to September 24, cloudier sky from September
24 to June 6, cloudiest month- December
● Humidity- High in June to January (more than 70%)
Low in March, April (less than 50%)

● Rainfall- High during monsoon season

● Vegetation- Grow quickly

Design Requirements
● Include solar radiation in building during winter and exclude solar radiation in
building during summer.
● Remove hot air through wall, floor, window and roof in long summer by fresh
ventilation
Building design
● Orientation: towards E and W for living space bad orientation SW
● Planning: courtyard type traditional settlement with attached type buildings
Single row room with cross ventilation
Winter sun should be admitted and summer sun should be excluded with
deciduous trees, shading device
● Opening: moderate size with shading device, double glazing recommended
● Roof : slope/flat and light with insulation for rainwater off and protect heat
● Floor height: high>9’ to escape hot air from top ventilation
● Passive design : Cavity, multilayer, massive wall and roof false ceiling, suspended
floor attic as buffer space highly recommended
● Color: bright and white in roof and wall
● Texture : smooth texture in roof and wall
● Vegetation: for shade and cool breeze in and around building
● Water body: Natural / Artificial in order to create cool environment
● Passive cooling: Trombe wall, roof pond, solar
● Chimney: inverted earthen pots, vegetation on roof, EAT (Earth air tunneling) system
2.) HILLY REGION (Bhaktapur)

● MAX AND MIN TEMPERATURE

Bhaktapur
Bhaktapur(Avg)max Bhaktapur(Avg)min

35
29.516 29.809 29.029 29.416
30 28.143
27.209 27.074
26.064

25 22.803
21.07 21.573
20.732 20.506
19.79 19.043 19.612
20
15.754 16.032

15
9.193
10 7.529 7.423

3.728 2.954
5 2.222

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Bhaktapur(Avg)max 21.07 22.80326.06428.14327.20929.51629.80929.02929.41627.07421.57319.612
Bhaktapur(Avg)min 2.222 3.728 7.529 9.193 15.754 19.79 20.73220.50619.04316.032 7.423 2.954

• Annal range:32.102-11.2
• Slightly uncomfortable period(28°C-30°C)and(10°C-13°C)
• Day- April-September
Night – none
• Slightly Comfortable(26°C-28°C)(13°C-15°C)
Day time: March, May, October
Night time: None

• Adaptive comfort(15°C-26°C)
Day time: January, February, November, December
Night time: May, June, July, august, September, October

• Under heated period(<10°C)

Day time: none
Night time: January, February, March, April, November, December
• RAINFALL

Bhaktapur(Rain)
Bhaktapur(Rain)

450 417.9

400

350
306.9
300
232.8
250
188.7 187.6
200

150

100 64.5
59.2
40.7
50
0 8.4 6.8 0
0

-50
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Bhaktapur(Rain) 0 8.4 6.8 59.2 232.8 188.7 417.9 306.9 187.6 64.5 0 40.7

• Annual rainfall - 126.12

• Heavy rainfall - may June July August September October
• Low rainfall - February March June October December
• Dry period - January November
• HUMIDITY(Bhaktapur)

Bhaktapur(Avg)RH
Bhaktapur(Avg)rh

90 82.896 84.281 85.098 84.03 84.922 83.539

76.716 74.812
80 74.343 75.761

70 63.121
56.445
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Bhaktapur(Avg)rh 76.716 74.812 63.121 56.445 74.343 75.761 82.896 84.281 85.098 84.03 84.922 83.539

• Low humid climate (<50): None

• Comfort humid climate (50-70): March, April
• High humid climate (>70): January, February, May, June, July, August, September,
October, November, December
Shelter in Bhaktapur

Characteristics of climate
● Warm temperate climate with hot - arid climate : March - June
● Warm humid: June- September during monsoon season
● Cool : November - February
● Favorable: October, November, February
● Altitude : 1362m
● Temperature: 22 - 30 °C summer day and 5 - 10 °C winter day
● Sky : mostly partly cloudy in winter and clear in summer
● Humidity: High in May - December (>67%)
Low in January - April (<61%)
● Rainfall: high during monsoon season (2095 mm annually)
● Vegetation : grow quickly

Design Requirements
● Include solar radiation in building during winter
● Exclude solar radiation in buildings during summer.
Building Design
● Orientation : towards S,SE,SW for living spaces and bad N
● Location: on southern slope of hill as traditional vernacular architecture
● Planning: compact settlement with attached or detached type buildings
- Winter sun should be admitted and summer sun excluded with
deciduous trees and shading device
● Opening : towards S, SE, SW and moderate size with shading device and
double glazing
● Roof : slope and light with insulation for rain water off and protect cold
● Floor height: low height not high as Terai < 9’

Passive Design
● Cavity, multilayer, massive wall and roof false ceiling, suspended floor attic as buffer
space highly recommended
● Color: dark in roof and wall
● Texture : rough texture in roof and wall
● Vegetation : only to protect cool breeze around building
● Passive cooling: Trombe wall, roof pond, solar chimney
3.)HIMALAYAN REGION(JUMLA)

• MAX AND MIN TEMPERATURE

Jumla
Jumla(Avg)max Jumla(Avg)Min

30.00 25.329 24.929 24.723

23.733 22.896
25.00 21.635
20.261 21.293 19.175
20.00 16.309 17.382 16.396 16.209
13.943 14.586 13.351
15.00
9.735 8.674
10.00
3.57
5.00 1.958
-1.5 -1.867 -3.026
0.00 -3.794
-5.00
-10.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Jumla(Avg)max 16.309 17.382 20.261 21.293 21.635 23.733 25.329 24.929 24.723 22.896 19.175 13.351
Jumla(Avg)Min -3.794 -1.5 1.958 3.57 9.735 13.943 16.396 16.209 14.586 8.674 -1.867 -3.026

• Annual range: 19.25-6.2

• Slightly Comfortable (26°C-28°C)(13°C-15°C)
• Day time : None
Night time: June, September

• Adaptive comfort(15°C-26°C)
Day time: January- November
Night time: July, august

• Underheated period:((<10°C)
Day time: None
Night time: January, February, March, April, May, October, November, December
• RAINALL

Jumla [Rain]
Jumla [Rain]

230

173.65
180 159.82 156.13
150.12

130 107.13 101.91

80
55.92
44.31
24.3
30 12.61 18.41
0

-20
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Jumla [Rain] 24.3 12.61 18.41 55.92 107.13 173.65 159.82 150.12 156.13 101.91 0 44.31

• Annual rainfall - 80
• Heavy rainfall- June July August September
• Low rainfall - January February March April
• Dry period - November December
• HUMIDITY

Jumla(Avg)RH
Jumla(Avg)RH

90
77.249
80 74.281 73.678
71.397
70 64.549 63.147
59.14
60 50.567 50.475 50.273
46.586 45.271
50
40
30
20
10
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Jumla(Avg)RH 46.586 50.567 50.475 45.271 64.549 71.397 74.281 77.249 73.678 63.147 50.273 59.14

• Low humid climate (<50): January, April

• Comfort humid climate (50-70): February, March, May,
• High humid climate (>70): June, July, August, September, October, November,
December
 Shelter in Jumla

Characteristics of climate:
• Cool temperate climate
• Short warm: May to June
• Long cool season: October to February
• Favorable: July to October and March
• Altitude: 2,500m
• Annual temperature: 23.837°C
• Diurnal range: 18°C
• Temperature: below 27°C on summer day
• Sky: mostly partly in winter and clear in summer
• Humidity: less than 50% in dry season
• Rainfall: mostly during monsoon season only, maximum of 697.17 mm annual rainfall
Vegetation: less

Design Requirements:
• Maximum solar radiation in building
• Protect from cold breeze from north
• Use maximum internal heat
• Minimum heat loss from building
• Orientation: Southeast and southwest faced orientation is recommended. South facing
Building Designs:
• orientation is convenient. North facing buildings area avoided
• Location: on southern slope of foot hill as traditional vernacular architecture Planning:
compact, semi compact and courtyard type to protect from cold breeze
• Openings: Towards sun, moderate size windows with double glazing in the south and no or
small windows in the north
• Roof: Attic as a buffer space, insulated flat roof
• Floor height: low height below 7 ft. for energy conservation
• Kitchen or fire place is located in the center of the building to warm up all around
Recommended buffer space between living spaces between living spaces and external space
i.e., vestibule and attic
Passive Designs:
• Cavity wall, multilayer and massive wall
• False ceiling with suspended floor is recommended
• Attic as buffer space highly recommended
• Earth shelter recommended with the northern side natural earthen wall
• Color: dark and dull in roof and wall
• Texture: rough texture in roof and wall
• Vegetation: only to protect cool breeze around buildings
• Passive heating: Trombe wall, solar chimney recommended
CONCLUSION

One of the key steps for an architect seeking to construct better, more comfortable, and fully
functional buildings for its occupants is the study of climatology. The climatological
information is crucial in meeting the aforementioned requirements. In a country like Nepal,
where all types of climates are present with the exception of tropical ones, a variety of
climate-related challenges occur that must be resolved by using diverse building techniques
and designs. Architecture has been considerably influenced by climatic variables, materials,
and appropriate technology to construct a more adaptable and natural built-up environment,
to the point where without building science, architecture cannot be designed comfortably on
its own.
The importance of comfort in today's environment has increased along with the climatic
approach.
From this research we got know how climatic condition of different region of Nepal have
influence the architecture of a building of that region (Terai, hilly, mountain)
We also got a knowledge about building design of a respective region to make a better
structure on that particular region

REFERENCE

• The Department of Hydrology and Metrology

• Notes By Prof. Dr. Sushil Bajracharya of Building Science
• News article