Challenges and Opportunities of 4P's Grantees in the Malaybalay City

Grety V. Fabricante

Waysly T. Cubayan

Jessa T. Fabores

Arielle P. Alvarez

Cristine B. Redira

Grade 11- Emilio Aguinaldo

Submitted to the research teacher of Bukidnon National High School,

Division of Malaybalay City, In partial fulfilment of

the requirements for the subject

Practical Research 1

May 2023
 Chapter 2

Literature Review

Mandates and legal basis

The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4P's) is a social

protection program of the Philippine government that provides

conditional cash transfers to poor households to improve their health,

nutrition, and education. The legal basis for the 4P's is Republic Act

No. 11310, also known as the "Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program

Act," which was signed into law on April 17, 2019. This law

institutionalized the 4Ps and provides the legal framework for its

implementation. The program is also supported by several executive

orders, including Executive Order No. 867, which created the National

Advisory Council for the 4P's, and Executive Order No. 841, which

directed the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) to

develop and implement a comprehensive social protection program

that includes the 4Ps.

Furthermore, the 4P's is mandated by the Philippine

Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022, which aims to reduce poverty

and promote inclusive growth. The PDP includes the 4P's as a key

strategy for poverty reduction and human capital development.

Overall, the 4P's is grounded on various legal instruments, policies,

and development plans, which provide the legal and institutional

framework for its implementation and continuity.

Theories and concepts

The program is grounded in the human development approach,

which emphasizes the importance of investing in people's capabilities

to improve their well-being. The program's objectives are aligned with

the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's), particularly SGD 1 (No

Poverty) and SGD 4 (Quality Education).

Social Protection. According to Barrientos, (2020). Social

Protection refers to the ability of social protection systems to adjust

and respond to changing needs and risks faced by individuals and

households. In the context of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino

Program, this theory highlights the program's flexibility to adapt its

interventions based on evolving circumstances. It recognizes that

social protection programs should be designed to address not only

current vulnerabilities but also anticipate and respond to emerging

challenges. Social Protection emphasizes the importance of monitoring

and evaluation to inform policy adjustments and ensure the program's

effectiveness.

Conditional Cash Transfer. According to Duflo and Banerjee,

(2021). Behavioral Economics explores how human behavior and

decision-making can be influenced by psychological and social factors.

In the context of conditional cash transfers (CCTs), this theory

suggests that individuals' responses to cash incentives can be

influenced by behavioral factors such as cognitive biases, social

norms, and peer effects. Understanding these behavioral factors can

help policymakers optimize the design of CCT programs like 4P's. By

considering the behavioral aspects of cash transfers, policymakers can

enhance the program's impact by aligning incentives, leveraging social

norms, and addressing behavioral barriers to participation.

According to Sen, (2014). The Capability Approach, focuses on

individuals' freedom to achieve valuable functioning and well-being. It

emphasizes that development should not be solely measured by

income or material wealth but should consider people's capabilities

and freedoms to live the lives they value. In the context of the

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, the Capability Approach

underscores the importance of providing cash transfers as a means to

expand the opportunities and choices available to individuals and

families. The program aims to enhance the capabilities of beneficiaries

by alleviating poverty, improving access to education and healthcare,

and promoting social inclusion.

Sustainable Development Goals. According to Raworth, (2023).

Transformative Pathways to Sustainable Development refers to a

holistic and regenerative approach to development that integrates

social, economic, and environmental dimensions. This theory

recognizes the interconnectedness of these dimensions and the need

to move beyond traditional growth-oriented development models. In

the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's), including

those addressed by the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, this

theory highlights the importance of pursuing sustainable and

inclusive development that respects planetary boundaries, promotes

social equity, and fosters ecological resilience. It encourages

transformative changes in policies, institutions, and practices to

achieve long-term sustainability and well-being.

Overall, this theory suggests that the program should align with

the broader sustainable development goals of the country. By

considering the social and environmental impacts of the program, it

can contribute to a more inclusive and sustainable development

pathway, ensuring that the benefits reach not only the current

generation but also future generations. These theories and concepts

provide frameworks for understanding and designing social protection

programs such as 4P's in a way that maximizes their impact,

responsiveness, and sustainability. By incorporating these ideas into

policy and implementation, governments can enhance the

effectiveness of such programs and improve the well-being of their

citizens.

Studies Conducted

Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the impact of

the 4P's program on poverty reduction and human development

outcomes. These studies have found that the program has been

effective in increasing school enrollment and attendance, improving

health outcomes, and reducing poverty. However, there are also

challenges that need to be addressed, such as targeting error,

administrative inefficiencies, and issues related to compliance

monitoring.

Demographic Profile of 4P's Grantees in Malaybalay City. This

study focuses on providing a description of the demographic

characteristics of the beneficiaries of the 4P's program in Malaybalay

City. It involves analyzing data related to the age, gender, educational

level, household composition, and socioeconomic status of the

program's grantees. By understanding the demographic profile of the

beneficiaries, policymakers and researchers can gain insights into the

specific needs and challenges faced by different segments of the

population and tailor the program accordingly.

Impact of 4P's on Poverty Reduction and Human Development

Outcomes. This study examines the effects of the 4P's program on

poverty reduction and various indicators of human development

outcomes. Studies evaluating the impact of the program assess factors

such as school enrollment and attendance rates, healthcare

utilization, nutrition, and household income levels among the

beneficiaries. The goal is to measure how the program has contributed

to reducing poverty and improving the overall well-being and

development of the participating households.

Compliance with Conditionalities. Conditionalities are specific

requirements that 4P's beneficiaries must meet to continue receiving

cash transfers. This study focuses on examining the level of

compliance among beneficiaries in fulfilling these conditions.

Conditionalities often include requirements related to health check-

ups, immunizations, school attendance, and family development

sessions. Assessing compliance helps determine the effectiveness of

the program in encouraging beneficiaries to engage in behaviors that

promote their own well-being and human development.

Challenge and Opportunities Identified in Previous Studies. This

study highlights the challenges and opportunities that have been

identified in previous research and evaluations of the 4P's program. It

addresses issues such as targeting errors, administrative

inefficiencies, and problems with compliance monitoring. These

challenges provide insights into areas that need improvement to

enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the program. Additionally,

the identified opportunities may suggest potential strategies for

optimizing the program's impact and achieving better outcomes.

Methodology. The methodology section of a study on the

challenges and opportunities of 4P's grantees in Malaybalay City

describes the research design, data collection methods, and analytical

techniques used in the study. It outlines the sample selection process,

data sources, survey instruments, and statistical methods employed

to gather and analyze information. The methodology section ensures

transparency and replicability, allowing other researchers to

understand how the study was conducted.

Findings. This study presents the key findings of the study

conducted in Malaybalay City regarding the challenges and

opportunities faced by the beneficiaries of the 4P's program. The

findings may include insights into the effectiveness of the program in

achieving its objectives, the specific challenges experienced by the

grantees, and the potential opportunities for improvement and

innovation. These findings contribute to the knowledge base on the

4P's program and inform policymakers and program implementers

about the areas that require attention and intervention to enhance the

program's impact.

Insight

This study found that while the 4P's program has provided

significant financial assistance to poor households in Malaybalay City,

it also faced several challenges. Despite these challenges, the study

also found that the 4P's program has created several opportunities for

grantees, including increased access to healthcare services and

improved education outcomes for their children.

Program Coverage Needs Improvement. This study identified

that the 4P's program in Malaybalay City needs improvement in terms

of program coverage. This implies that there may be eligible

households that are not currently benefiting from the program. It

suggests the importance of reaching out to a larger number of eligible

households to ensure that the program's benefits are accessible to

those who need them the most. Improving program coverage can

contribute to a more effective poverty reduction strategy.

Compliance with Conditionalities is Crucial. This study

emphasized the significance of compliance with the conditionalities set

by the 4P's program. Conditionalities are intended to encourage

behaviors that promote human development, such as regular health

check-ups, school attendance, and family development sessions.

Ensuring compliance with these requirements is crucial to maximizing

the impact of the program. It is important for program implementers

to design effective mechanisms for monitoring and supporting

beneficiaries in meeting these conditions.

Challenges Faced by 4P's Grantees. This study identified

various challenges faced by the grantees of the 4P's program. These

challenges may include administrative inefficiencies, targeting errors,

difficulties in accessing program benefits, or insufficient support

services. Understanding and addressing these challenges are essential

to enhance the program's effectiveness. By addressing these issues,

policymakers and program implementers can ensure that the program

effectively supports households in overcoming poverty and improving

their human development outcomes.

Potential Impact of the Program. Despite the challenges faced,

the study found that the 4P's program has the potential to make a

significant impact on the lives of the grantees. The financial assistance

provided by the program has played a crucial role in alleviating

poverty among the participating households. Additionally, the

program has created opportunities for beneficiaries, such as increased

access to healthcare services and improved education outcomes for

their children. These findings highlight the positive effects of the

program and its potential to contribute to poverty reduction and

human development in Malaybalay City.

Opportunities Created by the Program. This study also

identified several opportunities created by the 4P's program. These

opportunities include improved access to healthcare services,

increased enrollment and attendance in schools, and enhanced social

inclusion for the beneficiaries. By providing financial assistance and

support services, the program has empowered households to

overcome barriers and improve their overall well-being. These

opportunities indicate the potential for the program to create positive

and lasting change in the lives of the grantees, leading to improved

human development outcomes.

Overall, the study provides insights into the challenges faced by

the 4P's program in Malaybalay City while also highlighting its

potential impact and the opportunities it creates. Understanding these

insights can inform policy decisions and program improvements to

further enhance the program's effectiveness in reducing poverty and

improving human development outcomes.