Roofing BUQS1006

Roofing BUQS1006
Presenter: Dr. Nthatisi Khatleli

Department of Construction
Economics and Management
Roofing
• A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof
protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather and
the invasion of animals.
• The roof is the uppermost external envelope of a building that spans
the walls. It is a critical element in the visual image of a building and it
can be classified as either being flat or pitched or according to its
structure, or its shape.
• Structures that require roofs range from a letter box to a cathedral or
stadium, dwellings being the most numerous.
• In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. In Persia the
citizens used their roofs for milling wheat, farming, gardens and extra
space. Depending upon the nature of the building, the roof may also
protect against heat, sunlight, cold, snow and wind. Other types of
structure, for example, a garden conservatory, might use roofing that
protects against cold, wind and rain but admits light. A verandah may
be roofed with material that protects against sunlight but admits the
other elements.
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A house without a roof
Roofless House

Typical House Roof shapes
Hipped
Gable roof roof

Roof Basic Shapes

Other roofing styles

More shapes

Typical House Roof shapes
Hip and Valley

roof
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BUQS1006 Wits University roof 9
Roof Edges Nomenclature
ridge
hips

Roof nomenclature vs Natural
landscape
Ridge
Valley

Type of Pitches
Flat roof

Dominating Dormer

Flat Roof and Parapet wall

Flat Roof with a parapet wall
A parapet is a barrier which is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof, terrace,
balcony, or other structure. Where extending above a roof, it may simply be the portion of
an exterior wall that continues above the line of the roof surface, or may be a continuation
of a vertical feature beneath the roof such as a fire wall or party wall. Parapets were
originally used to defend buildings from military attack, but today they are primarily used as
guard05rails and to prevent the spread ofBUQS1006
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fires. Wits University 15
Parapet wall detail

The parapet wall
A good coping stone will overhang the wall either side and will
incorporate small drips to prevent water running back under the
coping. A full-width DPC should be bedded in mortar to prevent
water penetrating the coping through the coping joints. Unlike
the example on the left and below the DPC should be laid on a
rigid support to prevent it sagging into the cavity and allowing
water to pond where it may freeze and expand in cold weather.
Any sagging may also form a trough and allow water to penetrate
the cavity where the DPC is lapped.

The parapet wall
parapet walls are exposed on both sides
aBecause cavity tray is required to prevent
water running down the cavity face of the inner
leaf and penetrating the building. The example
on the left shows the tray stepping down to the
outer face; water escapes through weepholes.
Although this may cause minor staining of the
wall it is sometimes preferable to sloping the
tray inwards. This is because sloping the tray
inwards may allow rainwater to run along the
underside of the tray and reach the internal leaf.
In moderate or sheltered exposures this is not
normally an issue. However, if the cavity
contains cavity batts the tray should always
slope outwards to protect the top of the
insulation. If it slopes inwards there is the risk of
water running down the cavity face of the
external leaf and crossing the cavity on top of
the batts.

Roofing Materials

Thatch

Suitable grasses for thatching
Hyparrhenia Hirta
The type of grass known as Tambookie Cape Reed

grass (Tamboekie) is often used in the - Life Span: 20-30 years with a longer lifespan Life Span: 20-30 years (if thatched &
rural areas for thatching, but there are expected inland away from harsh coastal climates compacted to the correct specifications laid out
coarse varieties, with stalks thicker than (if thatched & compacted to the correct by TASA)
4 mm, that are not considered suitable specifications laid out by TASA) Durability: Very well suited to coastal
for thatching. - Durability: the solid core of Cape Reed means less conditions but not as wind resistant as Cape
Natal thatching grass has a finer texture, chance of bending when compacted & less chance Reed
when laid, than the grass found in of wind damage. Cape Reed is a very sturdy reed - Colour: light yellow
Mpumalanga and the Northern and is less susceptible to damage than other reeds - Harvesting: Hyparrhenia Hirta is harvested
Province, and is often preferred for this in the harsh coastal climates of South Africa annually after the first or second frosts which
reason. The stalks of thatching grass are - Colour: rich golden brown cure the thatch and prevent fungal and insect
normally hollow and about 3 - Harvesting: Cape Reed is harvested every 3-6 infestations. An indication that this grass is
mm thick. Cape dekriet stalks, however, years. Harvesting the reed promotes growth & the correct maturity is that the seed heads
are solid and about 3-4 mm thick. The improves the quality of the stalks have all fallen off
quality of the material
improves with cultivation and regular
cutting
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Thatch supply chain

Thatch roof detail
Complete product
Fire Resistance
Fire Retardant Spray
•A fire retardant spray created specifically to

protect thatch roofs from fire. This water-based
formula is applied to the thatch internally and
•Additional benefits:
externally and, whilst not preventing a flame
- inhibits the growth of fungus & bacteria which
from catching, drastically reduces the chances
cause allergies and sinus problems
of the fire growing and the rate of growth.
- binds the thatch together making monkey and
Thatch Marshal 8000 is SABS tested.
• bird damage less likely
- seals the thatch and prolongs the life of the roof

Fire blanket
The application of a thatch fire blanket
which is woven into the roof as it is
being thatched. The blanket is a
membrane which sits between the
layers of thatch and prevents the spread
of fire. Once installed the fire retardant
blanket is not visible from inside or
outside of the building.
Additional benefits:
- perforated fire blanket allows for the
airation of thatch preventing rotting and
fungal growth
- dust is prevented from falling from the
roof as thatch ages

Corrugated Iron sheets

Other Profiles of roofing metal sheets

Other roofing materials

Clay Tiles
Clay--- The clays used in the manufacture of roofing
tile are similar to those used for brick. Unglazed tile
comes in a variety of shades, from a yellow-orange
to a deep red, and in blends of grays and greens.
•Highly glazed tiles are often used on prominent
buildings and for landmark purposes.
•Clay roofing tiles are produced as either flat or roll
tile. Flat tile may be English (interlocking shingle)
or French. Roll tiles are produced in Greek or Roman
pan-and-cover, Spanish or Mission style (fig. 3-27).
Roll Tile.— Roll tile is usually installed over two
layers of hot-mopped 15-pound felt. Double-
coverage felts, laid shingle fashion, lapped 19 inches,
and mopped with hot asphalt, may be required as an
underpayment.
•The individual tiles are nailed to the sheathing
through
prepunched holes. Special shapes are available fo
r starter courses, rakes, hips, and ridges. Some
manufacturers produce tiles in special tile-and-a-
half units for exposed locations, such as gables and
hips
Different tile styles

Roofing Tiles Patterns

Limitless variety of colours

Solar metal roof installation (new
innovative roof materials)

Green Roofs (innovative new roof materials)
Helps cool
the building
and
minimize
water run-
off

Green Roofs
The Chicago City Hall green roof

Elements of a Roof

Water

Roof Components

Roof Projections
A Dormer : a window that projects
vertically from a sloping roof.
--The projecting structure that houses
such a window.

A seeing dormer?

Dormers

Metal dormers for ventilation

Timber structure for a Dormer
A dormer is a structural
element of a building that
protrudes from the plane of a
sloping roof surface. Dormers
are used, either in original
construction or as later
additions, to create usable
space in the roof of a building
by adding headroom and
usually also by enabling
addition of windows

Major Components of a Roof
Drip Edge The strip of metal extending out

beyond the eaves or rakes to prevent
rainwater from curling around the shingles
back into the wooden portion of the
house.
Eaves The lower edge of a roof (often
overhanging beyond the edge of the
Built-up Roof A low-slope or flat roof covered with house).
alternating layers of roofing felt and hot-mopped Eave, Ice, and Snow Guard A 3-foot wide
asphalt and topped off with a layer of gravel. rubber membrane adhered to the
Cornice The wood or metal finishing at ends or edges sheathing at the roof's edge that attempts
of building, including a fascia, frieze, or rake. to stop migrating water from entering your
Counter Flashing The flashing that is embedded, or home during severe ice dams.
attached, and sealed at its top in a wall or other
vertical structure and is lapped down over base
flashing. Courses Horizontal rows of shingles or tiles

EPDM A synthetic rubber membrane (ethylene Laced Valley A laced valley, or woven valley, is a
propylene diene monomer), used on low-slope and continuous run of shingles where two sloping roofs
flat roofs. meet.
Felt The bituminous paper used by roofers, usually Rafter Structural wood, usually slanted, to which
made of a combination of asphalt and either paper sheathing is attached.
or rags. Rake The slanting edge of a gable roof at the end
Fascia A decorative board extending down from the wall of the house.
roof edge either at the eave or at the rake. Ridge The horizontal line at the top edge of two
Flashing Sheet metal or other material used at sloping roof planes.
various planes on a roof to prevent water leakage. Sheathing Boards or sheet material that are nailed to
Frieze Board A board at the top of the house's the rafters to which shingles or other outside roofing
finished wall, forming a corner with the soffit. materials are secured.
Shingle Flashing Flashing that is laid in strips under
each shingle and bent up at the edge of a chimney or
wall.

Pitch (slope) The number of inches of vertical rise in a roof per
12-inches of horizontal distance.
Soffit The area that encloses the underside of that portion of
the roof that extends out beyond the sidewalls of the house.
Square One hundred square feet of roof or the amount of
roofing material needed to cover 100 square feet when
properly applied.
Underlayment The material (usually roofing felt) laid on top of
sheathing before shingles are applied.
Valley Where two sloping roof sections come together.
Shingles in the valley are cut in a “V” direction exposing the
valley flashing fabric.
Valley Flashing The metal or fabric in valleys, extending in
under the shingles on both sides.

The Roof Structure

Supporting a hipped roof

Supporting a hipped roof

Basic Rafter Cuts
The only cuts used on a common rafter are the

plumb and level.
The same three basic rafter cuts are used on common, jack, valley, and hip rafters.
Plumb cuts represent the vertical or straight up and down cuts once the rafter is placed in
position. It is used on the top, tail, and bird's mouth.
Level cut refers to the horizontal line after the rafter is set in place. It is used on the bird's
mouth and tail cuts.
Bevel cuts also known as side or cheek cuts are used on the top of valley or hip rafters where
they meet a ridge board.
On top of hip jacks where they meet the hip.
On05the
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bottom of valley jacks where they tie into the valley. 51
Rafter cuts illustrated

Different timber cuts

Cuts and where they are used
Jack Rafters
• Hip jack rafters have a bird's mouth, tail, and beveled plumb cut
where they meet the hip rafter.
• Valley jack rafters have a square top plumb cut for the ridge board
and a bottom beveled plumb cut for where they meet the valley
rafter.
• Cripple jack rafters have a top and bottom beveled plumb cut for
where they meet the hip and valley rafters.
Flying Hip
• Also called a mystery hip (its a mystery where it goes) have cheek
plumb cuts on both ends.
• Flying hips run from an upper ridge to a lower ridge and tie in uphill
of where a valley meets the lower ridge board.

Rafters and cuts (for illustration purposes, normally
they will be underneath roof covering)

Timber roof structure for a mono-
pitched roof

Trusses
Truss: a framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts,

and struts, supporting a roof, bridge, or other structure:
"roof trusses".

Complete timber roof structure without roof
coverings

Complete timber roof structure
without roof coverings

Limitless design configurations

Truss detail (typical)

Trusses
• Members can be nailed together, if pre-
fabricated gusset plates are used.

Steel roof structure for domestic
house

Steel roof structure for a warehouse

Steel Structure for an industrial
structure

Load bearing walls

Dead weight Live load/imposed weight Snow load

Wall plates
a horizontal timber
If you are not wearing
member placed along
the skis you will sink
the top of a wall to
support the ends of
joists, rafters, etc., and
distribute the load
Skis distribute the

load and the skier
will not sink in the
snow
Wrong tires
Correct tires
(ballon tires) are
needed to avoid
being stuck in the
A wall plate sand--- they
similarly distribute the load
distributes the
weight along the
entire length of
the wall

Roof Members
Potential
stress
points

Flat Roof Structure

Flat root timber structure

Simple flat roof timber structure (no
firings)

Typical timber flat roof structure

Flat Roof timber structure

Conical roof Structure

Supporting structure for a rondavel

Different designs to support a rondavel
thatch

Eaves

Eaves

Eaves

Eaves

Waterproofing

Roof Flashing
Some
. These include roof valleys, the
intersection between a dormer wall and the roof
surface, and chimney and skylight perimeters—
These
Although roof flashing is occasionally fabricated from

plastic, roofing felt, or rubber, it is usually made
of rust- resistant metal—
Galvanized
Aluminum flashing is very popular for do-it-

yourself installation because it’s Copper
Flashing

Chimney Flashing
Chimney flashing is applied around the
base of a chimney in several parts—
continuous flashing along the bottom,
step flashing up the sides, and saddle
flashing at the top. Cap flashing,
mortared or caulked into the chimney,
laps over the top edges of the other
flashings to prevent water from running
behind them.

Valley Flashing
Valley flashing protects the valleys where two roof planes meet. This W-shaped
channel is placed over the top of building felt before the roof’s finishing material is
installed.

Skylight Flashing
Skylights often have their own
integral flashing. Otherwise, their
curbs are flashed with continuous
flashing along the base, step
flashing up the sides, and saddle
flashing across the top.

Vent Pipe Flashing
Vent pipe flashing fits over

flues and pipes. It is cone-
shaped with a flange at the
base, which is worked into the
shingles as the roofing is applied
Hood Vent Flashing

Dormer Flashing
Dormer Flashing

Critical points for moisture penetration

Drip Edge
Drip Edge

Insulation

Fibreglass insulation

Fibreglass Insulation

Roof Insulation

Ceiling joists

Roof Anatomy


Roofing BUQS1006

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Roofing BUQS1006

Presenter: Dr. Nthatisi Khatleli

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Hip and Valley

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The type of grass known as Tambookie Cape Reed

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Fire Retardant Spray

•A fire retardant spray created specifically to

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Drip Edge The strip of metal extending out

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The only cuts used on a common rafter are the

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Truss: a framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts,

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