Petroleum Research xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Petroleum Research
journal homepage: http://www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/
petroleum-research/

Full Length Article

The effect of type waves on vibroseismic implementation of changes

properties of rock, oil viscosity, oil compound composition, and
enhanced oil recovery
Stevy Canny Louhenapessy*, Tutuka Ariadji
Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Bandung Institue of Technology, Indonesia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Based on the results of laboratory studies, the frequency of 35 Hz in longitudinal waves and 20 Hz in
Received 21 February 2020 circular waves is the optimum frequency that can increase the maximum oil recovery. Coreflooding test
Received in revised form results before the vibration effect can increase oil production by 51.96% and reduce the residual oil
15 May 2020
saturation by 59.03%. The surprising results when the vibration effect was applied to the coreflooding
Accepted 18 May 2020
Available online xxx
test method with P wave types continuously succeeded in increasing oil production by 60.54%, inter-
mittent P waves by 63.53% and circular waves by 64.76%, while also reducing Sor by 48.49% in continuous
P waves, intermittent P waves at 44.81% and C waves at 43.3%. The P wave type vibrational method has
Keywords:
Vibroseismic
an increase in oil gain by 16%, intermittently by 22%, Sor reduction by 18% and 24%, in circular wave oil
Longitudinal wave (P) gain increases by 25%, and Sor decreases by 27% from before the vibration effect given. Besides vibration
Circular wave (C) can change the physical properties of rocks, among others; permeability has increased by 7% using P
Enhanced oil recovery waves continuously, intermittently by 31% and C waves by 4%; porosity of 5.88% with P waves contin-
Coreflooding uously, intermittently of 6.46% and circular waves of 4.63%; grain size before vibration of 45.16 mm after
Residual oil saturation (sor) vibration using continuous P waves of 42.01 mm, intermittently of 47.98 mm, and circular of 50.46 mm;
Frequency changes in oil composition to contain more alkanes, and lack of aromatic compounds; oil viscosity
Chemical composition
increased by 3% with continuous P waves, intermittent of 5%, and circular 61%. The new point from this
Viscosity
paper is analyzing the vibroseismic effect by using SEM images in terms of the watershed segmentation
of the Rabbani algorithm compared to lab results, which have an error rate of under 2%, and a review of
oil composition by the GC-MS method.
© 2020 Chinese Petroleum Society. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi. This is an open
access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction has been summarized and explained by Barabanov and Pavlov

Viberoseismic is a technology that can be applied to increase oil
recovery, and some papers say that this vibroseismic research has
long been carried out in laboratory studies and applied to the field.
Moreover, the success rate obtained by the researchers also
differed, which reached an increase of 60% (Kouznetsov et al., 1998),
and some also reached an increase of 27%e47.6% (Zhu et al., 2005).
The idea of using elastic waves has introduced since the late 1950s
(adapted from Paper Cidoncha, 2007), with time the development
of vibroseismic was increasingly growing, which at the beginning of
his journey began and observed in the effect of earthquakes, this
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: stevycannyl@hotmail.com, stevycannyl@students.itb.ac.id
(S.C. Louhenapessy).
(2009). The increase in oil carried out by vibration can be done
on the surface or below the surface, with various technologies that
have developed and combined with the EOR method in general.
Experimental and theoretical studies of seismic stimulation
from oil reservoirs have begun at the Earth Physics Institute, RAS, in
the early 1980s. A standard seismic vibrator with a power of up to
20 t and an operating frequency range of 10e40 Hz used as a
seismic oscillation source. Even the first field experiments on oil
reservoirs of various types (350e1100 m deep) have brought about
the positive effect of this stimulation action. The water cut from the
well decreases with a total indicating an increase in oil recovery.
Other investigators obtained the same results. Despite the first
success, it still has questions about the mechanism of action of
seismic oscillations in the multiphase flow in the oil reservoir.
The application of elastic waves from the research stage in the
laboratory to the application stage to the field could provide

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2020.05.001
2096-2495/© 2020 Chinese Petroleum Society. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article as: Louhenapessy, S.C., Ariadji, T., The effect of type waves on vibroseismic implementation of changes properties of rock,
oil viscosity, oil compound composition, and enhanced oil recovery, Petroleum Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2020.05.001
2 S.C. Louhenapessy, T. Ariadji / Petroleum Research xxx (xxxx) xxx
surprising results with the addition of oil by 40%e50% (Barabanov
and Pavlov, 2009).
The application of vibration could increase oil recovery by 60%
(Kouznetsov et al., 1998). This increase obtained when after
waterflooding, which was only able to increase the oil spread by
32%. Observation of the application of vibration was carried out for
51 h with a frequency of 100e200 Hz, on sandstone rocks. Ac-
cording to Kouznetsov, that seismic waves can be emitted 1e2 Km
without significant attenuation.
Ridaliani et al. (2003) predict changes in the physical properties
of reservoir rocks by laboratory studies of vibration stimulation of
field rock samples at various overburden pressures. Where the
frequency sets tested were 5 Hz, 10 Hz, 15 Hz, and 25 Hz, with
variations in the effects of overburden pressure used 100psig,
125psig, 150psig, 175psig, and 200psig. In this study, two conditions
tested vertically or horizontally. Ridaliani explained that there was
an increase in porosity, permeability, and decreased Sor.
Acoustic waves is successfully used in cleaning well beds of cake
filters (Van Der Bas et al., 2004). The frequency used in this study is
20 KHz, with the amplitude maintained at 10e20 mm, which uses
equipment that can be derived using wireline or coiled tubing. The
researcher also explained that it is instrumental if the acoustic
wave treatment done in a burst rather than a continuous manner.
Zhu et al. (2005) describe the downhole harmonic vibration,
where this tool can increase oil production and also minimize water
cut. This tool is called the downhole harmonic vibration oil -
displacement (DHVOS) developed by CNPC (China National Petro-
leum Company), this tool provides waves that produce pressure
differences along the pore throat thereby reducing the capillary
effect on rock pore cavities. The frequency used is 88 spm (shocks
per minute; each shock has 5 tons of strength). The average cu-
mulative increase in oil for the field in this study was between 27%
and 47.6%, and the water cut decreased between 8% and 75%.
Hamida and Babadagli (2005) explain the effect of high fre-
quency and intensity of ultrasonic wave radiation on capillary
imbibition. Using an ultrasonic bath with a frequency of 40 KHz and
an intensity of 2 kW to produce a homogeneous ultrasonic. Almost
all experiments experienced an increase in oil recovery when ul-
trasonic waves were applied. Except in experiments using water-
water and mineral oil - surfactant 14%. In the case of mineral oil -
surfactants, there is no increase in recovery, which means it could
be due to very different rheology. Ultrasonic does not affect
wettability. At low IFT, ultrasonic does not affect the transport
mechanisms on porous media. Conversely, at high IFT, ultrasonic
can reduce IFT as well as capillary pressure. Oil recovery can be
influenced by wave energy intensity.
Ariadji (2005) explains the changes that occur in the physical
properties of rocks and fluids when vibroseismic. In the experi-
mental study used a variety of frequency variations to see in-
dicators of change. From the results of the research, the optimum
frequency results are 10 Hz and 15 Hz. With this optimum fre-
quency, it can reduce the remaining saturation of oil, increase rock
porosity, increase permeability, decrease oil viscosity, and change
capillary pressure. Research carried out on sandstone rocks.
The remaining oil trapped in rock pores as ganglia can overcome
by providing vibrational disturbance Barabanov and Pavlov, 2009.
With a low frequency and with a high amplitude will make the
mobilization oil develop. In this study, the frequencies tested were
10, 30, and 60 Hz, with wave variations of 0.5, 1.75, 3.5, and 7.5 m/s.
Anchliya (2006) explains and reviews the use of acoustic waves
to stimulate wells due to damage to formations around drill holes
where this damage usually occurs due to drilling, completion,
production activities, in general, there is plugging of solid particles.
A. Anchliya discusses acoustic waves, especially about the equip-
ment used in seismic stimulation. Among them are In-Situ Seismic
Please cite this article as: Louhenapessy, S.C., Ariadji, T., The effect of type waves on vibroseismic implementation of changes properties of rock,
oil viscosity, oil compound composition, and enhanced oil recovery, Petroleum Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2020.05.001
Stimulation (ISS), Perfection Tool System, Pressure Pulse Technol-
ogy (PPT), and The Power Wave Technology. The benefits of
acoustic wave technology can selectively clean wells and increase
oil recovery.
Cidoncha (2007) describes the application of acoustic waves as
reservoir simulation. It can be seen from two aspects, namely lab
review, and application in the field. In his research, it concluded
that so far, the application of vibroacoustic could only be applied to
the onshore area, and based on vibrational tests in the field, it
recorded frequencies ranging from 20 to 200 Hz. In the Jirnovskiy
field, a vibration with low water saturation carried out against the
statement of Bresnev et al. which claims to be applied more than
90% water saturation. After the vibrations, the water cut has
decreased.
The increase in oil acquisition that can be applied with one of
them by in-situ seismic stimulation developed by Applied Seismic
Research Corporation (ASR) (Kostrov and Wooden, 2008). This tool
is called the ASR Hydro-Impact Tool. This tool produces hydrody-
namic shock waves between 2 and 10 million watts. Age in using
this tool is 8e10 months.
Using ultrasonic waves with waterflooding can improve oil re-
covery (Mohammadian et al., 2011). This research was conducted in
a laboratory using sandstone rocks, using two types of ultrasonic
generators, dynamically used an ultrasonic crest generator
(reducer) with a frequency of 40 KHz out of 100e500 power, while
the ultrasonic cleaner used a 40 KHz frequency with 110 W of po-
wer. From the results of this study, when tested using only water-
flooding, the increase in oil reached 64% after the ultrasonic wave
radiation experienced an increase in oil gain by 16%.
The effects of ultrasonic waves on controlled and uncontrolled
temperatures (Hamidi et al., 2013). This experiment uses an ultra-
sonic generator with a maximum power of 600 W. All three sam-
ples (Paraffin, Synthetic Oil, and Kerosene) will be irradiated with a
wave frequency of 25 kHz and 68 kHz. From the experiments found
to experience a significant viscosity depreciation. Ultrasonic waves
are more effective in light liquid than heavy liquid. It caused by the
viscous fluid of ultrasonic wave cavitation, which is difficult to
occur due to the presence of a large force. Therefore, viscous liquid
requires greater amplitude and intensity of the wave.
The experiment in improving oil recovery is conducted by using
ultrasonic waves during waterflooding (Alhomadhi et al., 2014).
This experiment observed at high frequencies with a value of
50 KHz power-dense of 300 W. From this study, it found an increase
of 5% from OOIP for horizontal coreflood and 8.1% vertical coreflood,
while the Sor for both cores increased between 5 and 10%. In this
study, Alhamidi stated that stimulation waves not recommended
for unconsolidated formations with compressive strength below
150 Psi. Whereas for vertically cased hole wells and perforations,
seismic waves highly recommended when the permeability de-
creases and the depth of the wells increases.
The use of elastic waves applied in the field utilizing in situ
combustions can effectively increase oil extraction and reduce
water cut (Marfin et al., 2015). This method is applied in the
Mardovo-Karmalskoye field, using a downhole oscillator with a
frequency variation of 1000 Hze2800 Hz, and the amplitude used
varies between one well with another well with 0.12 MPa, 0.17Mpa,
and 0.18Mpa.
Ultrasonic waves combined with surfactant-flooding and
waterflooding increase oil recovery (Agi et al., 2019). Using a fre-
quency of 40 kHz with intensities of 150 W, 300 W, and 500 W.
Using brine with 50,000 ppm NaCl using anionic surfactant Sodium
Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) with 96% purity and molecular weight
288.38 g/mol. Experiments use two different concentrations: 1).
0.1 wt% (under CMC); 2). 1 wt% (above CMC). Waterflooding,
combined with ultrasonic radiation, gets an increase of 11% OOIP.
 S.C. Louhenapessy, T. Ariadji / Petroleum Research xxx (xxxx) xxx
Surfactant-flooding. The combination of ultrasonic and surfactant-
flood gets a recovery increase of 12%. Recovery increases higher as
wave intensity and concentration added.
The purpose of this laboratory study is to determine the appli-
cation and implementation of efforts to optimally increase oil
production using longitudinal and circular wave types by changing
parameters of rock physical properties, fluid viscosity, oil compo-
sition, decreasing oil saturation, and increasing oil recovery.
2. Method
This study conducted to find the optimum frequency of vibro-
seismic with longitudinal and circular wave types. Longitudinal
wave frequency ranges between 35 and 50 Hz and circular waves
between 10 and 25 Hz, which can increase the value of porosity,
absolute permeability, and residual oil saturation (Sor) to the
maximum. Also, this study wants to see changes in the physical
properties of fluids between other viscosities, and the effect of vi-
brations on the results of components seen from the results of gas
chromatography.
2.1. Research data
This study is conducted using crude oil samples from the field
and using berea cores, where the cores used in vibroseismic testing
are focused only on the permeability of 200e265mD, and porosity
between 20-23%. Cleveland Quarries, sandstone cores are used. The
fluid tested has a density of 450API. The brine used was 9,993 ppm,
with viscosity and of 0.51cp and density of 1,098g/cc.
2.2. Research flow
Research on vibroseismic to enhanced oil recovery has been
widely carried out by previous researchers, and in general, seismic
waves used by researchers, which have two wave effects namely
longitudinal waves (P) and transverse waves (S) or even both waves
P and SV waves, are called Rayleigh waves. Based on previous
research, this study is to compare the use of longitudinal waves and
circular waves (Rayleigh) utilizing vibration. In addition to using
variations of the two waves, frequency variations are also carried
out to obtain optimum results in changing rock structure, changing
fluid viscosity, and affecting the composition of petroleum in terms
of gas chromatography results. Besides that, an increase in oil
production is maximized by using intermittent longitudinal waves.
2.3. Coreflooding
Coreflooding test uses a modified Hassler Permeameter with a
vibration unit by the scheme designed in Fig. 1a and Fig. 1b as a
support for the needs of vibroseismic testing with longitudinal and
circular wave types utilizing vibration. Berea sandstone core sam-
ples are inserted into the core holders that are met by the oil phase
using the vacuum method and given an overburden pressure of
100psig. The brine used as an oil pressing process, the brine from a
field sample. During the coreflooding process vibration, effects are
given simultaneously with the frequency variations that have
determined in this study, and fluid will be produced to the point
where only the brine produces. It is assumed that the cores filled
with oil are fulfilled by brines. The oil that does not come out again
due to pressure by brine can be said to be residual oil saturation,
while the amount of oil volume found due to vibrations while doing
coreflooding can be said to be RF (recovery factor). In this study,
three scenarios are conducted. The first scenario carries out core-
flooding testing without vibroseismic influence, the second sce-
nario coreflooding testing given a vibration effect simultaneously,
Please cite this article as: Louhenapessy, S.C., Ariadji, T., The effect of type waves on vibroseismic implementation of changes properties of rock,
oil viscosity, oil compound composition, and enhanced oil recovery, Petroleum Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2020.05.001
3
carries out with a frequency variation of 35e50 Hz for longitudinal
waves and 10e25 Hz for circular waves, and the third scenario
optimizes the results of increasing oil with time variations on the
longitudinal waves.
2.4. Core and fluid sample testing
Core and fluid sample testing is carried out before and after the
pressing testing process. It is done to determine the process of
change that occurs in the core and oil samples. The parameters
measured in the core sample are: dry weight, wet weight, porosity,
permeability, oil viscosity, and oil composition. Core cleaning using
the distillation method uses soxhlet extraction equipment; the
solvent used as a core cleaner is toluene. The toluene can clean up
the remaining oil and brine in the core sample. This cleaning is
carried out at a temperature of 65
C. After cleaning the core
samples, proceed to the drying stage using an oven, is proceeded at
a temperature of 60
C for 48 h. Measurement of permeability,
porosity using PORG-200, and PERG-200 equipment are made by
corelab, for SEM analysis using, tools with the Jeol brand with type
JSM IT-300LA are used.Whereas for fluid samples, the viscosity and
oil composition are measured. Oil viscosity is measured using
Brookfield viscosimeter equipment at a temperature of 60
C, with
a measurement speed of 40e90 rpm. The oil composition is
measured Gas Chromatography (GC) using GC-MS QP-2010 Ultra,
using Rtx-5MS type column gas, with a column length of 30 m,
thickness of 0.25 mm, and column diameter of 0.25 mm. The testing
of oil composition is carried out at an injection temperature of
270
C, oven temperature of 80
C column, with the pressure of
87.2 kPa. The gas used in testing uses Helium gas. Whereas Mass
Spectrometry (MS) temperature measurements is carried out using
ion temperatures of 230
C, interface temperatures of 280
C.
2.5. Core sample analysis
This study uses two methods in analyzing core samples. The first
method uses laboratory equipment, and the second method uses
SEM results. The parameters compared by the two methods are
porosity and permeability. Measurement of porosity and perme-
ability values from SEM results are done using a watershed seg-
mentation algorithm which the algorithm is developed by Arash
Rabani (Rabbani et al., 2014; Rabbani and Ayatollahi, 2015; Rabbani
and Salehi, 2017). The algorithm developed by Rabani is only able to
produce porosity values and grain size, whereas to find out the
permeability value calculated using the Carman & Kozeny equation,
it can see in Equation (1a) and Equation (1b) Al-bazzaz (2007).
d2 : 43
k ¼ 3:631: 109 : (1a)
ð1  4Þ2
Where: k ¼ permeability,mD; d ¼ grain size, inch; 4 ¼ porosity,
fraction
d2 : 43
k ¼ 5:6281 : (1b)
ð1  4Þ2
Where: k ¼ permeability,mD; d ¼ grain size, mm; 4 ¼ porosity,
fraction.
2.6. Analysis of fluid samples
This study analyzes the oil viscosity that occurs due to the ef-
fects of longitudinal and circular waves with the implementation of
vibrations. The value of viscosity observed in this study is carried
4 S.C. Louhenapessy, T. Ariadji / Petroleum Research xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 1a. Vibroseismic testing tool scheme in the laboratory for longitudinal waves.

Fig. 1b. Vibroseismic testing tool scheme in the laboratory for circular waves.

out for changes in frequency and compared the changes with the
two types of waves tested. In addition to viscosity, observations
made of changes in the chemical composition of the crude oil are
tested through the results of gas chromatography. The results of gas
chromatography analysis are based on changes due to vibrational
effects on groups of compounds found in hydrocarbons. The
analyzed compounds include alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics, and
polar compounds.
3. Result & discussion
The yield of oil before vibration is 51.96%, Sor is 48.04%. The re-
sults of the oil treatment after vibration with the longitudinal wave
continue by 60.54% and decrease Sor by 39.46 Fig. 2a and b, while in
the intermittent longitudinal wave, the results of the oil acquisition
is 63.53% and Sor 36.47% Fig. 3. Oil acquisition by the effects of
circular wave-type vibrations at frequencies is increased by 64.76%

Please cite this article as: Louhenapessy, S.C., Ariadji, T., The effect of type waves on vibroseismic implementation of changes properties of rock,
oil viscosity, oil compound composition, and enhanced oil recovery, Petroleum Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2020.05.001
 S.C. Louhenapessy, T. Ariadji / Petroleum Research xxx (xxxx) xxx 5

Fig. 2a. Comparison of the results of enhanced oil recovery on the effects of frequency on longitudinal and circular waves.

Fig. 2b. Comparison of the results of the reduction in residual oil saturation on the effects of frequency on longitudinal waves and circular waves.

and decreases Sor by 35.34% Fig. 2a and b. The optimum frequency
that can increase oil recovery is 20 Hz for circular waves and 35 Hz
for longitudinal waves. The vibrational effect on the core can in-
crease the acquisition of oil that was previously still attached to the
rock, and this justifies the opinion of Nikolaevskiy et al. (1996),
which states the vibrational effect gives rise to droplets of oil which
fuse and flow as liquid fines, which simultaneously pressed by
brine to produce.
An intermittent longitudinal wave is an effort to increase oil
acquisition with time variation. The time variation is assumed based
on the effect of the sweep of the seismic truck. The intended sweep
effect is an intermittent vibration process with a specified time in-
terval. Usually, when the vibration is turned on for only a few seconds,
while the vibration when it stops depends on the desired time. Based
on the sweep effect process, a sufficient time search is conducted in
the process of increasing oil recovery. The assumed time when the
engine turns off for 5 min, and the period of the vibration engine
turned on varies from 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min. The sweeps effect is
suitable if applied when the vibration position is turned on for 8 min
and extinguished for 5 min. Fig. 4 shows the comparison of the results
of the increase in oil gain and Sor decrease with the three scenarios.
The vibration effect with longitudinal wave continue can in-
crease porosity by 6% and permeability by 7%, while intermittent
longitudinal waves increase porosity by 6% and permeability by
31%. Circular waves can increase porosity by 5% and permeability by
41%. SEM results can be seen in Fig. 5a, Fig. 5b, and Fig. 5c. A
comparison of SEM and lab digitization results can be seen in
Table 1.
The oil viscosity increased after the vibration results for circular
wave vibrations of 2.04cp, the longitudinal continue, and inter-
mittent waves of 1.46cp and 1.47cp Fig. 6.
Circular waves are still better at increasing oil recovery and
decreasing saturation of residual oil than longitudinal waves; this is
evidenced by the results of the acquisition of tests and observations

Please cite this article as: Louhenapessy, S.C., Ariadji, T., The effect of type waves on vibroseismic implementation of changes properties of rock,
oil viscosity, oil compound composition, and enhanced oil recovery, Petroleum Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2020.05.001
6 S.C. Louhenapessy, T. Ariadji / Petroleum Research xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 3. comparison of residual oil saturation results and enhanced oil recovery in continue longitudinal waves and intermittent longitudinal waves (time variation).

Fig. 4. comparison of enhanced oil recovery and decreased residual oil saturation after vibration.

made in the study. Besides this research, it can also be linked to
literature review on waves as is described (Novotny, 1999) in his
book about the understanding of longitudinal waves that propagate
parallel to the direction of propagation or opposite direction in the
direction of its propagation. Rayleigh is a wave that occurs due to
the influence of 2 waves, namely the P wave and SV wave. The SV
wave itself is part of a transverse wave or better known as a shear
wave whose direction of propagation moves perpendicularly but in
a vertical plane.
The statement (Barabanov and Pavlov, 2009), describes the cir-
cular wave radiation that can form vortex flow, in which the vortex
flow moves turbulently in mobilizing oil droplets in the porous
walls of rocks. It is what makes pressing oil with the help of circular
wave-type vibrations more effective in increasing oil gain and
decreasing oil saturation.
The results of gas chromatography tests on longitudinal waves
have a little more alkane than between circular waves and before
vibrations. The difference in alkane compounds after vibration and
before vibration has a difference of 12%, while the circular waves
have a smaller yield of 10%. Whereas for cycloalkanes or called
naphthene compounds have a difference that is not too far between
before and after vibration, the longitudinal waves have a difference

Please cite this article as: Louhenapessy, S.C., Ariadji, T., The effect of type waves on vibroseismic implementation of changes properties of rock,
oil viscosity, oil compound composition, and enhanced oil recovery, Petroleum Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2020.05.001
 S.C. Louhenapessy, T. Ariadji / Petroleum Research xxx (xxxx) xxx 7

Fig. 5a. SEM results a). Base case scenario; b). Scenarios after P wave vibrations; c). Scenarios after intermittent P wave vibrations; and d). The scenario after the vibrations of the C
wave. (this image was zoom 2000X).

Fig. 5b. Porosity analysis results a). Base case scenario; b). Scenarios after P wave vibrations; c). Scenarios after intermittent P wave vibrations; and d). The scenario after the
vibrations of the C wave. (this image was zoom 2000X).

of 3%. This result decreases compared to the results before vibra-
tion, while the circular waves by 4%. Aromatic compounds have
decreased, the ratio of the results of the decrease experienced after
vibrations by using circular wave types by 5%, and for longitudinal
wave types by 7%. Moreover, the last polar compound also
decreased by 2% from before and after vibration with the type of
longitudinal wave, while 1% by using circular waves. The main
difference that occurs during the process before and after the vi-
bration made is that the oil after vibration increases oil recovery
and changes to the composition of the oil by having a little more
composition of alkane compounds and less composition of aro-
matic compounds Fig. 7.
Observation of the distribution of n-alkane carbon compounds,
which compares between before and after vibrations. The distri-
bution of the n-alkanes carbon atom value is similar for the three
test results before and after the vibration by both types of waves. It
sees using the same oil sample Fig. 8. The difference can be seen
when viewed from the carbon atom values of C6 to C16 where the
results of prior vibrations of the oil with the composition of the C6-
C16 atoms are 22%, whereas after vibrations the results obtained
increase by 7%e29% for circular wave types and longitudinal waves
increased by 5%e27%. The results show from C6 to C16 are different
from before vibrations where changes in the composition of oil are
not much, but this is reversed when viewed from the solid phase

Please cite this article as: Louhenapessy, S.C., Ariadji, T., The effect of type waves on vibroseismic implementation of changes properties of rock,
oil viscosity, oil compound composition, and enhanced oil recovery, Petroleum Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2020.05.001
8 S.C. Louhenapessy, T. Ariadji / Petroleum Research xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 5c. Grain size analysis results a). Base case scenario; b). Scenarios after P wave vibrations; c). Scenarios after intermittent P wave vibrations; and D). The scenario after the
vibrations of the C wave. (this image was zoom 2000X).

Table 1
Results of SEM analysis validation of the laboratory results.

Test Item Laboratorium Result SEM Result Error (%)

f, % k, mD f, % Grain Size, mm k, mD f k

Base Case 20.74 164 20.84 45.1623 166 0.46 0.99

Continue Longitudinal Wave 21.96 176 22.14 42.011 178 0.80 0.93
Intermittent Longitudinal Wave 22.08 215 21.78 47.9801 219 1.34 1.83
Circular Wave 21.70 232 21.63 50.4505 236 0.32 1.74

Fig. 6. The results of viscosity to the research scenario (comparison of the results of the viscosity of circular waves, continuous longitudinal waves, intermittent longitudinal waves,
and coreflooding without vibrational effects).

Please cite this article as: Louhenapessy, S.C., Ariadji, T., The effect of type waves on vibroseismic implementation of changes properties of rock,
oil viscosity, oil compound composition, and enhanced oil recovery, Petroleum Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2020.05.001
 S.C. Louhenapessy, T. Ariadji / Petroleum Research xxx (xxxx) xxx 9

Fig. 7. comparison of the results of changes in the composition of compounds after vibration.

Fig. 8. Distribution of carbon number #C atoms before and after the vibro effect.

with carbon atom chains between C18-C36, which shows the in-
crease in solid due to the effect of vibrational effects. The increase
occurs in C18-C36 by 18% in circular waves and 22% by using lon-
gitudinal waves. These results are compared with the results before
the vibration, which only produced a value of 13%. The distribution
of #C atoms can be seen in Table 2.
The results of gas chromatography testing, if associated with vis-
cosity, are complicated; the possibility is to determine and declare this
oil classified as viscous or not. However, according to Schobert, 2013,
the number of carbon values or long chains of carbon or the incor-
poration of nitrogen or oxygen atoms can increase the density of oil
relative to hydrocarbons of the same molecular weight. Overall the
results of gas chromatographic tests prove the existence of changes in
chemical composition due to the effect of vibration. Changes can be
seen in an increase in the composition of alkane compounds and a
decrease in the composition of aromatic compounds.
In which alkane compounds have a lighter density compared to
aromatic and polar groups of compounds. Polar compounds also
decrease with the effect of vibration. Polar compounds themselves
consist of a resin or asphaltene fraction, or both (Schobert, 2013).
However, for this study, the polar compound contained in this oil
sample is resin. This reason is that the asphalt in compound forms
when the molecular weight contained is between 500 and 2000gr/
mol (adapted from Aske, 2002).

Please cite this article as: Louhenapessy, S.C., Ariadji, T., The effect of type waves on vibroseismic implementation of changes properties of rock,
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10 S.C. Louhenapessy, T. Ariadji / Petroleum Research xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 2
Results of comparison of the distribution of #C atoms before and after vibration.

Compound n-Alkanes #C Area% Atmosphere

Condition
Before Vibration After Vibration

Circular Wave Longitudinal Wave

n-Hexane 6 2.07 0.30 0.57 liquid

n-Octane 8 1.40 0 0 liquid
n-Decane 10 3.25 2.38 2.19 liquid
n-Undecane 11 2.51 2.92 2.54 liquid
n-Dodecane 12 3.04 3.34 3.26 liquid
n-Tetradecane 14 5.15 7.62 7.99 liquid
n-Pentadecane 15 0 3.80 0.00 liquid
n-Hexadecane 16 4.56 8.97 10.61 liquid
n-Octadecane 18 0.62 0.76 0.68 Solid
n-Nonadecane 19 0.35 2.51 0.51 Solid
n-Eicosane 20 3.55 2.26 8.01 Solid
n-Pentacosane 25 1.47 9.51 1.99 Solid
n-Hexacosane 26 2.50 0.95 6.99 Solid
n-Dotriacontane 32 4.34 1.80 4.04 Solid
n-Hexatriacontane 36 0.22 0.23 0 Solid

Visible with the effect of fluid vibrations experiencing viscous, Acknowledgments

this happens because there is a possibility of a turbulent flow effect
when the fluid flows when testing coreflooding while mechanical
vibration effects are given, in which the vibration factor itself ex-
periences kinetic energy during the vibration process. Kinetic en-
ergy can make the oil viscosity lighter, but it is also able to make the
oil viscous because of the turbulence effect or known in Barabanov
research with the term vortex flow. This turbulence effect causes
pressure to decrease so that gas trapped in the oil out. It is proven
by the formation of a solid fraction in gas chromatography testing,
which is seen on the C18-C36 atom, where the percentage of results
before vibration is smaller than the results after vibration.
The increase in viscosity in circular waves is higher than in P
waves because when the vibrations are applied, the elliptical wave
propagation that propagates in the pore media makes turbulence
flow more significant than the effect of P waves. P waves have wave
propagation in compression so that the flow of moving fluid tur-
bulence has a smaller effect than circular, although the propagation
ability of the P wave is considerable.
4. Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, circular waves are better at
increasing oil recovery by 3% and decreasing Sor by 3% compared to
intermittent longitudinal waves, this relates to the way circular
wave propagation produces P and SV waves so that it has a more
significant effect on oil recovery. Coreflooding testing with the
application of vibration in frequency sensitivity, to get the optimum
frequency that can increase oil gain and decrease Sor optimally,
obtained a frequency of 20 Hz when used circular waves and a
frequency of 35 Hz when used longitudinal waves. Circular waves
give changes in porosity and permeability of 10%e34% compared to
longitudinal waves from the results of lab tests and SEM digitiza-
tion analysis. Longitudinal waves and circular waves can change the
composition of oil by producing fewer alkane compounds and the
lack of aromatic compounds, so that it becomes easier to flow.
However, this can also result in viscosity after the vibration in-
creases, so it recommended to produce oil in the field with this
technology carried out during the vibration. Vibroseismic can have
an impact on increasing oil acquisition and changing the compo-
sition of oil that should be considered as an alternative method of
EOR or IOR, which is applied by propagating waves that are
implemented vibrative.
We want to thank the researchers who provided input and di-
rection related to the research and writing of this thesis; Barabanov
as a Russian vibroseismic researcher, Arash Rabbani University of
Manchester researcher, Huang Zeng BP Chemist, Diana Chirkova
University of Manitoba researcher, Prof. Yana Maolana Syah, M.S.,
Ph.D. as ITB chemistry lecturer, and LPDP scholarships.
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