A Compilation of Filipino Thinkers and Philippine Movements

in Fulfillment for Partial Requirement of the course

PSIE 2 – Philippine Political Thought

Submitted to

FLORALICE BASCO RENGEL–JOSOL

Course Professor

By

Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, 2R

Tuesday and Friday Class | 8:30–10:00 AM class

Second Semester, AY 2022-2023

Alisuag, Alexsandra Rain G.

Ferdinand Edralin Marcos

General Background

Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was born on September 11, 1917 in Sarrat,

Ilocos Norte, Philippines and died while he was in exile on September 28, 1989
In Honolulu, Hawaii.

His parents, Mariano Marcos and Josefa Marcos were both teachers,
additionally, his father was also a politician, that is why Marcos was exposed in a
political atmosphere at a young age. Mariano also had a strong influence on what
was to become Ferdinand's competitive, win-at-all-costs nature. Mariano and
Josefa pushed Ferdinand to excel at everything, not only his studies at school,
but also at activities such as wrestling, boxing, hunting, survival skills, and
marksmanship (skill with a gun or rifle). In college, Marcos's main interest was
the .22-caliber college pistol team.

Ferdinand Marcos was an Aglipayan Catholic but he was converted to

Roman Catholic when he married Imelda Romualdez Marcos on May 1, 1954.
They had three children, who are Maria Imelda Josefa Trinidad Marcos (Imee),
Ferdinand Marcos Jr. (Bongbong), and Irene Victoria Marcos.

Professional Background

Ferdinand Marcos graduated from UP Law in the late 1930s. Ferdinand

Marcos was a law student in the late 1930s, when he was tried for the
assassination of a political opponent of his politician father. Convicted in 1939, he
personally appealed the case before the Philippine Supreme Court and won an
acquittal (Julio Nalundasan case).

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  The Julio Nalundasan Case

Julio Nalundasan was a political Rival of Mariano Marcos in the 1930s.

When Nalundasan won the position of the Assemblyman in 1935, his supporters
conducted a “provocative” parade that was allegedly designed to shame the
losing party in the elections which is Mariano Marcos. The night after the parade,
Nalundasan was shot dead inside his house. Ferdinand Marcos, Pio Marcos,
Mariano Marcos, and Quirino Lizardo were suspects for the murder of Julio
Nalundasan. Pio Marcos and Mariano Marcos were eventually found guilty of
contempt of court. Ferdinand Marcos and Quirino Lizardo were found guilty of
contempt of court and murder. When Ferdinand Marcos Passed the bar in the
late 1930s, he filed an appeal for the case before the Philippine Supreme Court
and won an acquittal.

From 1946 to 1947 Marcos was a technical assistant to Manuel Roxas. He

was a member of the House of Representatives (1949–1959) and of the Senate
(1959–1965), serving as Senate president (1963–1965). In 1965 Marcos, who
was a prominent member of the Liberal Party founded by Roxas, broke with it
after failing to get his party’s nomination for president. He then ran as the
Nationalist Party candidate for president against the Liberal president, Diosdado
Macapagal. Marcos won and was inaugurated as president on December 30,
1965. In 1969 he was reelected, becoming the first Philippine president to serve
a second term.

Main Ideology/ Thought

The 1972 Manila bombings were a series of about twenty explosions

which took place in various locations in Metro Manila. A week before the
declaration of Martial law, there were already rumors that President Marcos was
going to use these bombings to justify his proclamation of the Martial.
 Marcos cited a sizeable Communist force (Communist Party of the
Philippines) that had obtained weapons from China that sought to overthrow the
government and violate the peaceful lives of ordinary Filipinos. Marcos even
compared the current state of the nation to a war, one which he intended to put a
stop to.

According to Marcos, society needed to be "reformed" by being put under

the rule of a "benevolent dictator" in a "constitutional authority" who could lead an
unruly public through a time of anarchy. In response, Marcos declared that he
would place the Philippines under a state of Martial Law, as according to the
president’s powers described in the 1935 Philippine Constitution. Such powers
included command over the Armed Forces of the Philippines to maintain law and
order, as well as exclusive decision-making powers for whether or not a person
would remain detained for any crime.

The connected ideas of "constitutional authoritarianism" and the "Bagong

Lipunan," or "new society," were among Marcos' justifications for the imposition
of martial law.

In everything he did, Ferdinand Marcos took great pains to ensure that his
actions would align with the dictates of the law. When necessary measures fell
outside the scope of existing laws, he changed the laws to suit his needs before
proceeding.

Promises of the New Society

 End Poverty and Create Equality

 End Hunger and Drive Development
 End Corruption and Enact Justice
 End Deception and Promote Truth
 End Violence and Usher in Peace

Barone, Edriane Ace P.

 Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay

Kampeon ng masa
Magsasaysay is my guy

BACKGROUND

Ramon Magsaysay, (born Aug. 31, 1907,

Iba, Phil.—died March 17, 1957, near Cebu)
Parents; Exequiel Magsaysay y de los
Santos and Perfecta del Fierro y Quimson.
Magsaysay was a schoolteacher in the
provincial town of Iba on the island of Luzon.
Magsaysay was of Malay stock, like most of
the common people. Working his way through José Rizal College near Manila,
he obtained a commercial degree in 1933 and became general manager of a
Manila transportation company.

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay

Seventh President of the Philippines 30 December 1953 – 17 March 1957
Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay was the seventh president of the Philippines.
President Magsaysay’s life is a testament to man’s ability to harness his
greatness of spirit. He was one of the most outstanding global leaders of his
time.

Servant Leader with a Hopeful Vision

Pres. Ramon Magsaysay attracted admiration, respect, and devotion from the
public due to his simplicity and humility, his concern for and belief in the value of
all people as unique individuals, and the courage of his convictions. He handled
the assignment with unselfish devotion with the goal of bettering the situation of
his fellow Filipinos. He was of the opinion that for a government to function
properly and last, it must be honest and reflect the wishes of the populace. A
man of enormous spirit, he believed that everyone had the right to
Servant Leader with a Hopeful Vision live in liberty and happiness from the
moment they are born. He was incensed by the injustice and the transgression of
moral standards. He worked to create a country—a world—where everyone was
free to live their lives in dignity and harmony with one another. Ramon
Magsaysay made the world a better and richer place through living. His
inspirational spirit will go on. He is a good example of the best kind of leadership.

HISTORY/ROLES

Even though Carlos P. Romulo, who had created a third party, supported
Magsaysay, the Nacionalista Party was able to support him for president against
Quirino in the 1953 elections despite the fact that he was a Liberal. Magsaysay
pledged transformation in every aspect of Philippine life, but a conservative
congress that served the interests of the wealthy thwarted his plans. Magsaysay
was unable to implement significant land-reform legislation in July 1955, despite
the support of Congress; government indifference to the condition of the
peasants therefore undone the majority of his good work in garnering support
from the populace against the Huks. He was nevertheless still incredibly well-
liked and had a well-earned reputation for being uncorruptible. He joined the
motor pool of the 31st Infantry Division of the Philippine Army. When Bataan
surrendered in 1942, Magsaysay escaped to the hills, narrowly evading
Japanese arrest on at least four occasions. On April 22, 1946, Magsaysay,
encouraged by his fellow ex-guerrillas, was elected under the Liberal Party to the
Philippine House of Representatives. In 1948, President Manuel Roxas choose
Magsaysay to go to Washington, D.C. as Chairman of the Committee on
Guerrilla Affairs, to help to secure passage of the Rogers Veterans Bill, giving
benefits to Philippine veterans. In the so-called "dirty election" of 1949, he was
re-elected to a second term in the House of Representatives. During both terms,
he was Chairman of the House National Defense Committee.
DOMESTIC POLICIES

Presidential Inauguration Day - Ushering a new era in Philippine government,

President Magsaysay placed emphasis upon service to the people by bringing
the government closer to the former.

Agrarian reform - To amplify and stabilize the functions of the Economic

Development Corps (EDCOR), President Magsaysay worked for the
establishment of the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration
(NARRA). Vast irrigation projects, as well as enhancement of the Ambuklao
Power plant and other similar ones, went a long way towards bringing to reality
the rural improvement program advocated by President Magsaysay.

Foreign policies

 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

 Defense Council
 Laurel-Langley Agreement
 Bandung Conference
 Reparation agreement

The Magsaysay Credo

 believe that government starts at the bottom and moves upward, for
government exists for the welfare of the masses of the nation.
 I believe that he who has less in life should have more in law.
 I believe that the little man is fundamentally entitled to a little bit more food
in his stomach, a little more cloth in his back and a little more roof over his
head.
 I believe that this nation is endowed with a vibrant and stout heart, and
possesses untapped capabilities and incredible resiliency.
 I believe that a high and unwavering sense of morality should pervade all
spheres of governmental activity.
 I believe that the pulse of government should be strong and steady, and
the men at the helm imbued with missionary zeal.
 I believe in the majesty of constitutional and legal processes, in the
inviolability of human rights.
 I believe that the free world is collectively strong, and that there is neither
need or reason to compromise the dignity of man.
 I believe that communism is iniquity, as is the violence it does to the
principles of Christianity.
 I believe that the President should set the example of a big heart, an
honest mind, sound instincts, the virtue of healthy impatience and an
abiding love for the common man.
Bien, Olsen

Luis Mangalus Taruc

Name: Luis Mangalus Taruc

Born: June 21, 1913, San Luis, Philippines

Died: May 4, 2005, Quezon City,

Philippines

Founded: Democratic Alliance

Party Affiliation: Independent politician,

Democratic Alliance (Philippines)

Spouse: Feliciana Bernabe, Gregoria

Calma, Enna Cura

Luis Taruc a Philippine Marxist–Leninist politician (1913–2005)

Luis Mangalus Taruc (Tagalog pronunciation: [ˈluwis ˈtɐɾuk]; June 21,

1913 – May 4, 2005) was a Filipino political figure and rebel during the agrarian
unrest of the 1930s until the end of the Cold War. He was the leader of the
Hukbalahap group (from Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon) between 1942 and
1950. His involvement with the movement came after his initiation to the
problems of agrarian Filipinos when he was a student in the early 1930s. During
World War II, Taruc led the Hukbalahap in guerrilla operations against the
Japanese occupants of the Philippines.

Pedro Abad Santos

 Influenced by his socialist
idol Pedro Abad Santos of San
Fernando, and inspired by earlier
Katipunan revolutionaries such as
Felipe Salvador, Taruc joined the
Aguman ding Maldang Tala-
pagobra (AMT, Kapampangan for
'Union of Peasant Workers') and in
1938, the Partido Socialista
(Socialist Party). The latter merged
with the Partido Komunista ng
Pilipinas as part of the Common Front strategy, and Taruc assumed the role of
Commander-in-Chief of the military wing created to fight the Japanese.

At age eight, Luis attended public school in San Miguel, Bulacan. 10  At
fifteen, he attended high school in Tarlac City. 11  He attended to the University
of Manila for two years (June 1932–December 1934), studying medicine and law,
but no longer able to afford the expenses, 11–12  returned to Batasan without
getting a degree to set up a tailor shop with his brother.

As a teen he was inspired by

the stories of the Katipuneros who
had fought for independence and for
agrarian reform against Spain.
Certain people within his home village
and province came to regard him as
the incarnation of the prominent
Katipunan leader Felipe Salvador.[6]
He was influenced by Pedro Abad
Santos, a Marxist, whom Luis
regarded as a true socialist.
 In June 1935, he married Feliciana Bernabe, and his son Romeo was born
in March 1936. 14–15 Before the end of 1935, he joined Santos as a full-time
organizer of the Socialist Party of the Philippines, which numbered a few hundred
members and several thousand sympathizers.   His wife died in Dec. 1938,
suffering from goiter and anemia. He then married Enna Cura on 4 June 1939.
Luis would serve time in prison three times before the war, in his struggle for the
militant workers' and peasants' unions.  Enna died of sepsis and diabetes on 8
March 1946. Luis later married Gregoria Calma (Liza).  She was killed by
government soldiers on 11 April 1952.

Philosophies

"In my youth, the Christian faith dominated my spiritual life. But the
landlord dominated the material life I knew."

"For ruthlessness and cruelty are alien to Christian thought, and when
men in the Free World use such methods, they do so in defiance of their own
morality and ideals. The atheist Communist, however, believes that the end
justifies the means, or in Lenin's words, 'Morality is subordinate to the class
struggle.' For this reason, the Communist can pursue a policy of terror and
cruelty with a clear conscience."

Main Philosophy

"I know now from experience, that the nationalism of the Communists is
indeed opportunism, and that they use it for their own ends. Any nationalist who
makes an ally of the Communist is going for a ride on a tiger.”
Caballero, Mark Adrean C.

Nur Misuari

Personal Information

Date of Birth: March 3, 1939

Place of Birth: Tapul, Sulu, Philippines

Nationality: Filipino

Ethnicity: Tausug

Education: Nur Misuari studied political science at the University of the

Philippines and later earned a master's degree in Islamic studies at the University
of Tripoli in Libya. Political Affiliation: Nur Misuari is the founder and chairman of
the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), a political organization that has been
at the forefront of the Muslim separatist movement in the Philippines.

Brief Background of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)

The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) is a political organization founded by

Nur Misuariin1969. The MNLF emerged as a response to the perceived
marginalization and grievances of the Muslim population in the southern region of
Mindanao, Philippines. Their objective is to secure autonomy and self-
determination for the Moro people and establish an independent Islamic state
called Bangsamoro. The MNLF engaged in armed resistance duringthe1970sand
1980s, leading to casualties, displacements, and destruction. In 1996, they
signed the "Final Peace Agreement" with the Philippine government, represented
by then-President Fidel V. Ramos, resulting in the creation of the Autonomous
Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). Nur Misuari served as its governor until
2001 but faced allegations of fund misuse. Implementation challenges and
dissent within the MNLF persisted despite the peace agreement. Internal
divisions and splinter groups emerged with different views on peace and
autonomy. Nevertheless, the MNLF remains influential, advocating for the Moro
people and participating in peace negotiations with the government.
Main Political Thoughts

Nur Misuari's political thoughts and ideology are heavily influenced by his Islamic
background and his advocacy for the rights of the Bangsamoro people.
"Freedom, Equality, and Autonomy"

Political Philosophies (verbatim and not verbatim)

 "We are a people longing for freedom and justice. Our struggle is not for
power or personal gain but for the basic rights and dignity of the
Bangsamoro people."
 "The path to peace lies in recognizing the historical injustices committed
against the Bangsamoro people and addressing their legitimate
grievances."
 "We will not rest until the Bangsamoro people are able to determine their
own destiny and live in a society that respects their rights and values their
culture."
 "The conflict in Mindanao can only be resolved through sincere dialogue
and a genuine commitment to finding a just and lasting peace."
 "Our struggle is not against the Filipino people but against the oppressive
system that has marginalized the Bangsamoro people for far too long."
 "The Bangsamoro people deserve the right to govern themselves and
control their own resources. It is time for the Philippine government to
recognize this and work towards meaningful autonomy for our people."

Achievements

 Founding the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF): In 1969, Nur Misuari
founded the MNLF, an organization dedicated to advocating for the rights
and self-determination of the Muslim population in the southern
Philippines, particularly in the Mindanao region.

 Leading the armed struggle and peace negotiations: Misuari played a

significant role in leading the armed struggle of the MNLF against the
 Philippine government to address the grievances of the Muslim
population. He engaged in peace negotiations with the government, which
eventually led to the signing of the Tripoli Agreement in1976.

 Autonomy for Muslim regions: One of Misuari's key achievements was the
establishment of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) in
1989. This marked a significant step towards granting self-governance
and greater autonomy to the Muslim-majority areas in Mindanao.

 Signing the Final Peace Agreement: In 1996, Misuari signed the Final
Peace Agreement with the Philippine government, formally ending the
armed conflict between the MNLF and the government. The agreement
aimed to promote peace, reconciliation, and economic development in the
Muslim-majority areas.

 Becoming Governor of the ARMM: After the peace agreement, Misuari

served as the Governor of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
from1996 to 2001. During his tenure, he worked on implementing
programs and initiatives to improve the lives of the people in the region.

Cacho, Justin
Emilio Jacinto
 Emilio Jacinto, often referred to as the "Brains of the Katipunan," was a
Filipino revolutionary and intellectual who played a significant role in the
Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule. He was born on December
15, 1875, in Trozo, Manila, Philippines.

Emilio Jacinto's political thought revolved around the ideals of nationalism,

revolutionary activism, social justice, moral principles, and opposition to
imperialism. His ideas were instrumental in shaping the goals and direction of the
Katipunan and continue to inspire discussions about Philippine history,
independence, and national identity. Jacinto emphasized the importance of moral
and ethical conduct in the pursuit of independence. His writings, particularly the
Kartilya ng Katipunan, laid out a code of conduct for members of the secret
society. The Kartilya advocated principles such as love of country, honesty, self-
discipline, and respect for fellow Filipinos.

His achievement is the drafting the foundational documents of the

Katipunan, including the Kartilya ng Katipunan). The Kartilya outlined the
society's principles, code of conduct, and aspirations for Philippine
independence. It served as a guide for Katipunan members. His literary
contributions, including articles, essays, and manifestos, encouraged Filipinos to
resist Spanish colonial rule and embrace the fight for independence. His works
reflected his deep nationalist sentiments and commitment to social justice.
Daquer, Rafael Rio L.

Partido Demokratiko Pilipino – Lakas ng Bayan

A call out to Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao to inform, and gather the
people that are unaware and with the inaccurate contents of media during the
Marcos regime. It may form an advantage to those people who already know
how to integrate which it true and which is not. through educational purposes and
experience of having the reality in front of us, it is very helpful since we can
already see the events that we will need to understand as part of our studies and
understanding between the fact and not. Second, it is not only about what we will
discover, but also about the individuals, we call out and inform. Similar in a
situation of what happened during the martial law of our ex-president Ferdinand
Marcos, that there are two types of victims in the Philippines, the one who are
victims of the so-called media blackout, that turns out to be the people who are
quiet in terms of the government that we have.

PDP LABAN is the result of the union of the Lakas ng Bayan (Laban) party
of Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. of Tarlac and Metro Manila with the Partido
Demokratiko Pilipino (PDP) of Senator Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr. and other
leaders from Cebu City, Davao City, and Cagayan de Oro. The PDP and Lakas
ng Bayan, the party established in 1978 by former senator Benigno Aquino Jr.,
officially united in February 1983. Aquino was assassinated in August 1983. PDP
was mass-based and had jurisdiction over Visayas and Mindanao, while LABAN
was made up of traditional politicians and had jurisdiction over Luzon and Metro
Manila. This caused Marcos' popularity to plummet and spurred protests, along
with an economic catastrophe. By using imposition, we can apply it to find the
greatest solution or the greatest decision in making such choices and action. The
imposition will help us to treat things clear and to correct an idea that will lead
something into the bad side of it. It is a matter of choice but it will always give us
the proper and right outcome rather staying in any bad habit of thinking. The right
versus the wrong side of it, it cannot be combined because there is a possibility
of right or wrong consequence as the outcome between the two, we are always
tending to find the positive side rather about the negative side, but does it affect
the reality? Yes, because our obligation always continues with an outcome that
will help or will become the hindrance of our future. The idea of it is to find the
greatest action rather than combining it that will lead to the reality of the world
that is full of hindrances to the humanity. The fact that my point of view is about
to find the greatest things possible, that will be applicable and be sensible to a
person’s way of choosing something that will affect not just the person itself but
the people surrounding it.

PDP Laban’s contribution during the presidency of late Ferdinand

Marcos (1965-1986) and Cory Aquino (1986-1992).

The authoritarian regime gave rise to grave national issues, which became
the rallying points of all opposition forces. Human-rights violations, mistreatment
of political prisoners, militarism, social and economic concerns, and labor unrest
have united our people in opposition to the government. The unified opposition
lost many battles, but they finally won the historic EDSA Revolution, which
overthrew the tyrannical dictatorship and gave us our first breath of freedom after
14 years of martial law. The PDP-Laban played a significant part in restoring
many of our liberties. Historically, the unwavering opposition of its founders and
leaders to injustices, abuses, and corruption prevented authoritarian dictators
from entrenching themselves and their descendants in power. In a situation of
what happened during the martial law of our ex-president Ferdinand Marcos, that
there are two types of victims in the Philippines, the one who are victims of the
so-called media blackout, that turns out to be the people who are quiet in terms
of the government that we have. The next one will be the people who become
against with the government and the one who fight for what is right with the
democracy that the Philippines have or the direct victims of the martial law. It is
the integrated truth of what happened during those experiences from the past,
the combination of the two types of idea between the truth of the Philippines. The
integration of direct and indirect victims of the Marcos administration. Carrying
out the experiences of the past will help us in the future to for it to never happen
again. The idea of it, is to answer the different conceptions and perspective of the
people not just with what is right and what is wrong but the reality of something of
what happened that becomes the trauma of our constitution. All in all, it is a
process of any structure that combines people’s point of view and applying it in
the process of integrated truths. The PDP-Laban then allied with UNIDO, which
became the primary organization and leader of the opposition alliance to Marcos.
Following the People Power Revolution of 1986, which saw Aquino and Laurel
elected president and vice president, respectively, the PDP-Laban maintained its
collaboration with UNIDO until its dissolution in 1987. the coalition that led to the
victory of Corazon C. Aquino as the11th President of the Philippines. In2010, the
party produced its first Vice-president, Jejomar Binay, the 13thVice President of
the country. By 2016, PDP Laban produced another president, Rodrigo Roa
Duterte, the first Filipino President from Mindanao, the bailiwick of the party.
Through his “tapang at malasakit" brand of leadership, Duterte and the PDP
Laban became a strong force for reforms.

The reason for continued existence or demise.

The Party President said, "Nine promises, six already fulfilled, all done
within one year and a half (1½) of a six-year term! What a way to start a term!
We did it because of team work. This is what we can deliver because our Team
is united, not by personalities, but by ideology. We are all moving in the same
direction, guided by common principles." Due to changes in ideas and members,
this political party still continues because there are goals that they haven't
achieved or fully accomplished. It has touted as its five guiding principles the
following: theism, authentic humanism, enlightened nationalism, democratic
socialism, and consultative and participatory democracy.
Escala Dave Ameil S.

Liberal Party

Date of Origin: January 19, 1946.

Founders: Senate President Manuel Roxas, Senate President Pro-Tempore

Elpidio Quirino.

History:

Its first major electoral victory was in the 1946 presidential elections when
Manuel Roxas was elected the first president of the independent Republic of the
Philippines. Roxas was succeeded by his vice-president, Elpidio Quirino, who
also belonged to the Liberal Party.

Under the Quirino administration, the Liberal Party implemented several

social welfare and economic policies, including establishing a minimum wage
law, expanding the public school system, and implementing land reform.

In the 1961 presidential elections, the Liberal Party's Diosdado Macapagal

defeated Garcia, becoming the country's first president from outside the old
landed elite.

In the post-Marcos era, the Liberal Party supported the candidacy of

Corazon Aquino, the widow of the slain opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr., in
the 1986 snap presidential elections. Aquino won the presidency and appointed
several Liberal Party members to her cabinet.

In recent years, the party has been associated with the "Daang Matuwid"
or "Straight Path" platform, which aimed to promote good governance,
transparency, and accountability in government.

In 2010, the Liberal Party's Benigno Aquino III was elected president of
the Philippines. During his administration, the government implemented several
anti-corruption measures and pursued economic reforms, which led to sustained
economic growth.
Main Political Thought

- Liberalism

Its ideology is based on individual freedom, human rights, the rule of law, and
equality. Additionally. The Liberal Party advocates for good governance and
transparency in government.

Achievement

Seated past presidents: Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino, Diosdado Macapagal,

Benigno Aquino III

- Promoting economic growth and development: During the

administration of President Diosdado Macapagal, Macapagal implemented
policies to reform the tax system, stimulate agricultural production, and
attract foreign investment.
- Implementing social welfare policies: During President Benigno Aquino
III's administration, they implemented several social welfare policies to
improve the lives of Filipinos, particularly the poor and marginalized.
- Advancing gender equality: During the Aquino administration, the
Magna Carta of Women was passed, a law that promotes the rights and
welfare of women, and established the Philippine Commission on Women
to oversee its implementation.

Purpose or Aim

It aims to promote a democratic, prosperous, and just society in the

country, where individual rights and freedoms are protected, national interests
are safeguarded, and social equity is promoted.
Flora, Crizalyn M.
Nacionalista Party (Partido Nacionalista)
ABOUT:
The oldest political party in the Philippines and all of Southeast Asia is the
Nacionalista Party (Partido Nacionalista in Filipino and Partido Nacionalista in
Spanish). Since its founding in 1907, the party has been in charge of governing
the nation for the majority of the 20th century. It held that position from 1935 to
1946 (during the administrations of Presidents Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio
Osmea), 1953 to 1961 (during the administrations of Presidents Ramon
Magsaysay and Carlos P. Garcia), and 1965 to 1972 (during the administration of
President Ferdinand Marcos).
The Liberal Party and the Philippine Progressive Party were the
Nacionalista Party's main electoral challengers for the presidency of the
Philippines by the second part of the twentieth century. This leadership persisted
until partisan politics were violently suppressed under the Ferdinand Marcos
government. Similar to the Japanese occupation, various political parties were
forced to unite in 1978 to form the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan, a coalition that was
governed by the dictatorship. The Nacionalistas went into hibernation because
they would rather not be involved. Years later, in the late 1980s, Salvador Laurel
resurrected the party, which he did until his death.
IDEOLOGY:
The Ideology of the Nacionalista Party Prior to 1946, when the United
States granted independence to the Philippines, the Nacionalista Party was
founded as a Filipino nationalist party that backed Philippine independence.
Since then, numerous academic works on the history of political parties in the
Third Republic have concurred that the party has become more populist, yet
others have stated that because they oppose the Liberal Party and the
Progressive Party, they have conservative tendencies. As stated on their
website, the party's populist doctrine is still in place today.
Function/ Purpose:
To recognize talent and character as the only conditions for appointment
and promotion in order to keep politics and nepotism out of the civil service. All
educational institutions should work to foster students' moral character, self-
discipline, civic consciousness, professional aptitude, and knowledge of their
civic responsibilities.
Current Status:
Former senator Manny Villar currently serves as the leader of the
Nacionalista Party. In 2016, the party presented three vice presidential
candidates, Alan Peter Cayetano, Bongbong Marcos, and Antonio Trillanes, who
ran either individually or in cooperation with other political parties.
ACHIEVEMENTS:
Nacionalista Party which for more than thirty years, has merited the
confidence of the Filipino people and has been the unfailing instrument in their
struggles for liberty and social progress; seeks a reaffirmation of that confidence,
through its representatives in convention assembled on the strength of its record
of public service. It won the people increasing participation in the exercise of
governmental powers and brought signal advancement of the public welfare
Ferdinand Marcos won under the Nacionalista Party.
Presidential Candidates Who Won Under Nacionalista Party:
President Term
Manuel L. Quezon 1935-1941
Ramon Magsaysay 1953-1957
Carlos P. Garcia 1957-1961
Ferdinand Marcos 1965-1986
Hermano, Joven Lloyd Adrian
Manuel L. Quezon

Life

Manuel Quezon, in full Manuel Luis Quezon y

Molina, was born on August 19, 1878 in Baler,
Philippines. Filipino statesman, leader of the
independence movement, and first president of the
Philippine Commonwealth established under U.S.
tutelage in 1935.
He died of tuberculosis outside the country at
Saranac Lake, New York, United States.
In 1899, Quezon left his law studies at the
University of Santo Tomas to join the independence
movement and was an aide-de-camp to Emilio
Aguinaldo During the Philippine–American War.
After this, he returned to finish his law studies and eventually got his degree in
1903.
Quezon started his political career in 1903 when Linebarger named him
the provincial attorney of Mindoro. Convinced that the only way to independence
was through cooperation with the United States, he ran for governor of Tayabas
province in 1905. Once he was elected, he served for another two years before
being elected a representative in 1907 to the newly established Philippine
Assembly. In 1909 Quezon was appointed resident commissioner for the
Philippines, entitled to speak, but not vote, in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Quezon resigned as commissioner and returned to Manila to be elected to
the newly formed Philippine Senate in 1916; he subsequently served as its
president until 1935. During his time as a legislator, he played a major role in
obtaining Congress’ passage in 1916 of the Jones Act, which pledged
independence for the Philippines without giving a specific date when it would
take effect.
In 1922 he gained control of the Nacionalista Party, which his rival Sergio
Osmeña had previously led. He won the election as the first president of the
Philippines in 1935 where he obtained nearly 68% of the vote against his two
main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay.
Belief and Political Thought
Quezon was nationalistic and believe that Filipinos are capable of doing
things themselves. He greatly advocated for the Philippine Independence which
he pushed to happen even if the 10-year contract was not yet finished due to
World War II. Quezon's philosophy of education is essentially local or Philippine
in orientation. It is a reflection of the need of a colonial people to upgrade
themselves intellectually, morally, and economically through the process of
education.
Quotes
“I prefer a government run like hell by Filipinos to a government run like heaven
by Americans.”
“Ang wika ay siyang nagpapahayag ng mga kaisipan at mithiin ng isang bayan.”
“Hindi ko nais na Kastila o Ingles ang wika ng Pamahalaan. Kailangan
magkaroon ng sariling wika ang Pilipinas, isang wikang nabatay sa isa sa mga
katutubong wika.”
Lorenzo, Jasmine S.
Jose P. Laurel
José P. Laurel (March 9, 1891 -November 6, 1959) , He was a Filipino
politician, lawyer, and scholar who served as the President of the Philippines
during World War II. Laurel graduated with a law degree from the University of
the Philippines College of Law in 1915. He later pursued further studies at Yale
University and the University of Santo Tomas, where he earned a doctorate in
civil law.
During World War II, when the Philippines was occupied by Japan,
Laurel0 was appointed by the Japanese as the president of the puppet
government known as the Second Philippine Republic. He assumed office on
October 14, 1943, and remained as president until the end of the war in 1945.
Laurel's collaboration with the Japanese during the occupation remains a
controversial aspect of his legacy. Some saw him as a traitor, while others
argued that he worked to protect Filipino interests under difficult circumstances.
After the war, Laurel was arrested and tried for collaboration but was granted
amnesty by President Manuel Roxas in 1948. He subsequently returned to
politics and served as a senator from 1951 until his death in 1959.
José P. Laurel is often remembered for his role as the president of the
Philippines during a tumultuous period in the country's history and for the
debates surrounding his collaboration with the Japanese during World War II. His
legacy is complex and remains subject to debate due to his collaborationist role
during the Japanese occupation. While some acknowledge his contributions to
Filipino nationalism and social reforms, others criticize him for cooperating with
the Japanese regime.
Lorenzo, Madelle R.
Andres Bonifacio

• Born: November 30, 1863

• Died: May 10, 1897 (33 years old)
• Birthplace: Tondo, Manila
• Family Background:
> Born to a working class family.
> Eldest of the 6 children. Three (3) brothers
and two (2) sisters.
> Father (Santiago Bonifacio): Tailor
> Mother (Catalina de Castro): Cigarette factory
worker.
> Parents died when he was 14 years old and
he had to stop school to help support his siblings.
• He originally worked as a handicraftsmen, and then later landed jobs such as a
messenger (British firm) and warehouse keeper (foreign trading firm) despite
having limited skills and lack of formal education.
Political Thought/Ideology
• He was naturally self-reliant and eager to learn and absorb new things. His new
job as a messenger and warehouse keeper gave him the opportunity to learn the
Spanish language by listening to Spanish conversations that expanded his
vocabulary and improved his facility in the medium.
• His job gave him access to a wealth of literature available in Spanish and the
bigger world of writers and philosophers. He was an avid reader, absorbing the
teachings of classic nationalism from the works of Victor Hugo’s “Les
Miserables”, Eugene Sue’s “The Wandering Jew”, etc. reinforced his exposure to
liberal thoughts and his passion for liberty and equality.
• Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo were more than literary masterpieces for
Bonifacio, they were a portrait of a society in agony, a mirror of his own sense of
oppression, and it placed a sharper focus on the tragic state of a forsaken
people. Rizal’s works intensified Bonifacio’s revolutionary spirit, absorbing every
thought, internalizing every message.
• Unlike José Rizal, who wanted to reform Spanish rule in the Philippines,
Bonifacio advocated complete independence from Spain.
Quotes
• “Ibigin mo ang iyóng Bayan nang sunód kay Bathalà, sa iyóng kapurihan, at
higít sa lahat sa iyong sarili.”
• “Itinuturo ng katwiran na tayo’y magkaisang-loob, magkaisang-isip at nang
tayo’y magkalakas na maihanap ang naghaharing kasamaan sa ating Bayan.
Panahon na ngayong dapat na lumitaw ang liwanag ng katotohanan; panahon ng
dapat nating ipakilala na tayo’y may sariling pagdaramdam, may puri, may hiya,
at may pagdadamayan.”
 English translation: "Reason teaches us that we must be united in will,
united in thought, and that we might have strength to search out the
reigning evil in our Nation. This is the time for the light of truth to
surface; this is the time for us to show that we have our own
sentiments, have honour, have shame, and have solidarity."
Achievements
• Bonifacio instigated the Philippine Revolution.
• He was the founder and leader of the Nationalist Katipunan Society (1892).
 Katipunan – Kataastaasang, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan (Supreme and Venerable Society of the Children of the
Nation).
• Titles:
> Philippine Patriot & Revolutionary Activist.
> The Father of the Philippine Revolution against Spain.
> The Father of the Katipunan (Presidente Supremo).
> Architect and the Father of the First Nationalist Revolution in Asia (The Filipino
Revolution of 1896).
Magbanua, Flordeliza Ann
Claro M. Recto
Claro M. Recto, nicknamed the “Great Academician” by prominent writers,
was born on February 8, 1890 in Tiaong, Tayabas (Quezon) province, to Don
Claro Recto, Sr., of Rosario, Batangas, and Dońa Micaela Mayo of LIpa. His
primary and secondary education was completed at Tiaong, and he completed a
portion of his high school education in Lipa, Batangas. Later, he enrolled at
Ateneo, where he earned his A.B. in 1909, a maxima cum laude. He then found
out about his LL.M. at the University of Sto. Tomas in 1914 and was admitted to
the Philippine Bar in the same year.
Recto was elected to the House of Representatives in 1919 for the 3rd
District of Batangas, where he served as Minority Floor Leader for several years,
earning the praise of both his friends and political adversaries for his command of
parliamentary procedure. Recto was elected senator for a six-year term in 1931,
representing the provinces of Batangas, Tayabas, Cavite, Mindoro, and
Marinduque, and served as Minority Floor Leader (1931–1934) and Majority
Floor Leader and President Pro-Tempore (1934). Recto was known as a "one-
man fiscalizer" in the Senate.
President Roosevelt named him Associate Justice of the Philippine
Supreme Court in 1935, and as a jurist, he was on par with any world lawyer of
renown. He was a worthy participant in many notable and well-known
discussions, even holding his own against the United States Attorney General on
the issue of ownership of military bases in the Philippines.
Recto was chosen president of the assembly that drafted the Philippine
Constitution (1934–1935) and personally handed the Commonwealth
Constitution to President Roosevelt for his approval and signature. Recto was re-
elected senator in 1941, 1949, and 1955.

He also served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (1935-

1936), Commissioner of Education, Health, and Public Welfare (1942-1943),
Minister of State for Foreign Affairs (1943-1944), and Cultural Envoy with the
rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary on a cultural
mission to Europe and Latin America (1960). Recto was a literary man and
author of political works and legal treaties, in addition to being a well-known
political figure and ardent nationalist.
Senator Claro M. Recto was the principal proponent of the Republic Act
No. 1425, known as the ‘Rizal Law." The full name of the law is "An Act to
Include in the Curricula of All Public and Private Schools, Colleges, and
Universities Courses on the Life, Works, and Writings of Jose Rizal, Particularly
His Novels Noli MeTangere and El Filibusterismo, Authorizing the Printing and
Distribution Thereof, and for Other Purposes.. He attempted to get the bill
introduced in Congress. The required Rizal subject in the Philippines was the
result of this measure, which later became law in 1956. The bill requires
educational institutions in the country to teach a course on the hero's life, works,
and writings, particularly 'Noli Me Tangere' and 'El Filibusterismo'. The plan was
met with strong opposition, mainly from the Catholic Church, during the transition
from bill to law. Because of the controversy, Claro M. Recto, the major proponent
of the Rizal Bill, was labeled a communist and anti-Catholic.
Recto describes nationalism as a Filipino's commitment to and support
for Filipino interests, unity, and independence. Recto remarked on the eve of the
1957 presidential elections that the country's nationalism could only be saved if
Filipinos learned to proclaim the nationalistic qualities espoused by our heroes
and implemented policies on nationalist industrialization. Recto believed that
national interests could not be compromised. He maintained that the people's
interests should not be surrendered in any type of negotiation with foreign
governments.
Manlavi, Jeanelle D.
Isabelo de los Reyes
Isabelo de los Reyes y Florentino, also known as “Don Belong”, was a
prominent Filipino patriot, politician, writer, journalist, and labor activist in the 19th
century and 20th century. Isabelo was born in Vigan, Ilocus Sur on July 7, 1864.
His parents are Elias de los Reyes and Leona Florentino. He acquired his early
education in the Seminary of Vigan, where he began to hate the friars because of
their maltreatment to the students. In 1880, at the age of 16, Isabelo went to
Manila and enrolled in the College of San Juan de Letran. After he received the
degree of Bachelor of Arts from Letran, he entered the University of Santo
Tomas, where he studied law and paleography. In 1886, he finished the course
on notary public, but he was not able to practice it because he was then 22 years
old – three years short of the minimum age required by law to qualify as notary
public. Isabelo married for three times, first with Josefa Sevilla, second is
Angeles Lopez Montero, and third is Maria Lim, and he had a total of 27 children
from his three wives.
Isabelo focused journalism because he was not able to practice notary
public. Writing was in his blood, he inherited his love for writing from his mother.
He wrote articles for El Diario de Manila, La Oceania Espanol, El Comercio, La
Revista Popular, La Opinion, and other Manila newspaper. One of the greatest
achievements of Isabelo was he founded El Ilocano, the first vernacular
newspaper in the Philippines, with himself as the editor as well as the publisher.
This periodical did not last long. However, it achieved distinction in the history of
Philippine journalism. As a journalist, Don Belong aroused the hostility of the
friars and officials because he openly criticized the evils of the Spanish rule and
advocate reforms.
In January 1897, Don Belong was arrested and jailed in the Bilibid Prison.
He was one of the many patriots who were jailed and tortured because of their
complicity in the ranging revolution. When he was inside the Bilibid Prison, he
was able to talk with other inmates, who were katipuneros, and learned from
them the history of Katipunan and the reasons why they rose in arms against
Spain. Accordingly, he wrote within his prison cell the Sensational Memoria sobre
la Revolucion Filipina, which became one of the valuable works on the history of
the revolution. During the Filipino-American War (1899-1902), Don Belong used
his pen to attacked Americans and defended the First Philippine Republic. He
wrote two books, both published in Madrid, namely, Independencia y Revolucion
(1900) which urged the Filipinos to carry on their war against American and La
Religion de Katipunan which discussed the teachings and organization of the
K.K.K.
 Don Belong was known in the Philippine history for organizing the first
labor union in the Philippines, the Union Obrera Democratica on February 2,
1902. Don Belong was named president while Hermenegildo Cruz served as
secretary of the union. Don Belong also founded the La Redencion del Obrero
(The Redemption of the laborer), the first labor newspaper in the Philippines
which rallied for the rights of the ordinary laborers. As the first president of the
Union, Don Belong also initiated the celebration of the first labor day on May 1,
1902. His inspiration to establish a labor union in the Philippines was based from
his readings of the works of European thinkers namely, Karl Marx, Friedrich
Engels, Victor Hugo, Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Mikhail Bakunin and other
European socialists.
In 1912, at the age of 48, he had his election as councilor of the City of
Manila. By winning a seat in the city council, he began his political career.
Impelled by his nationalista sentiment and hatred for the friars, he passed
through the city council several resolutions changing the names of certain streets
bearing the names of the friars to those Filipino patriots. Owning to his popularity
among the asses, he was re-elected for another term and served as city
councilor until 1919. In the senatorial election of 1922 he launched his candidacy
in the First Senatorial District. His opponent was Representative Elpidio Quirino,
a rising Ilokano politician. He won after a hard campaign.
Upon the expiration of his senatorial term, Don Belong gave up politics
and devoted the last years of his life to religion and writing. As a honorary Bishop
of the Aglipayan Church, he wrote many sermons and other religious tracts. It
should be noted that he was the author of most of the Aglipayan literature, such
as Biblia Filipina (Philippine Bible), Oficio Divino (Mass-book), Catequesis
(Catechism), Plegarias (Prayers), Genesis Cientifico y Moderno (Scientific and
Modern Genesis), and Calendario Aglipayano (Aglipayan Church).
In January 1829, Don Belong was stricken with paralytic and became bed-
ridden until his death on October 10, 1938, at the age of 74.
His main political thought was to organize the labor in the Philippines by
protecting the rights of ordinary laborers.
Monsanto, Ronelyn M.
Jose P. Rizal
In my early years in elementary, my
teacher taught me about an unusual hero who
doesn’t have powers, a magical cape, or a
burning fist. And from what my child’s mind could
conceive, heroes are those who have
superpowers. They break bones and fight the
evildoers—they are always beyond death.
However, “Pepe” wasn’t like them. But as I get to
learn more about him, I realized that just like the
rest of the heroes in the story books that I read,
Pepe also sacrificed his life to save humanity.
Background
Dr. José P. Rizal, with his complete name Dr. José Protacio Rizal
Mercado y Alonso Realonda was a Filipino nationalist, writer, polymath, author,
visual artist, an opthalmologist, a polyglot, a novelist, and a revolutionist.
José Rizal, son of a Francisco Mercado, a Filipino, and a Teodora Alonso
Realonda, a Chinese. Rizal came from a 13-member family consisting of his
parents, nine sisters, and one brother. Despite his family’s wealth, they suffered
discrimination because neither of his parent was born in the peninsula. Rizal
studied at the Ateneo, a private high school, and then to the University of St.
Thomas in Manila. He did his post graduate work at the University of Madrid in
1882. For the next five years, he wandered through Europe discussing politics
wherever he went. In 1886, he studied medicine at the University of Heidelberg
and wrote his classic novel Noli me Tangere, which condemned the Catholic
church in the Philippines for its promotion of Spanish colonialism. Immediately
upon its publication, he became a target for the police who even shadowed him
when he returned to the Philippines in 1887. He left his country shortly thereafter
to return to Spain where he wrote a second novel, El Filibusterismo, and many
articles in his support of Filipino nationalism and his crusade to include
representatives from his homeland in the Spanish Cortes.
 — —

Notable Works and Achievements

Dr. José Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, is not only admired for
possessing intellectual brilliance, but also for taking a stand and resisting the
Spanish colonial government. While his death sparked a revolution to overthrow
the tyranny, Rizal will always be remembered for his compassion towards the
Filipino people and the country.
Some of his most important literary works includes To the Filipino Youth,
Goodbye to Leonor, Kundiman, Junto Al Pasig, Memorias de un Estudiante de
Manila, and more. Among his best works were his two novels which stood out
from the rest — Noli Me Tángere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo (The
Reign of the Greed).
In addition, I would say that one of his greatest achievements was to be
declared the National Hero of the Philippines.
Philosophies
The following are some of his notable philosophies:
 “He who does not love his own language is worse than an animal and
smelly fish.”
 “It is a useless life that is not consecrated to a great ideal. It is like a stone
wasted on the field without becoming a part of any edifice.”
 “While a people preserves its language; it preserves the marks of liberty.”
 “There can be no tyrants where there are no slaves.”
 “He who does not know how to look back at where he came from will
never get to his destination.”
 “The youth is the hope of our future.”
 “Mamamatay akong hindi man lang makikita ang ningning ng bukang-
liwayway sa aking Bayan. Kayong mga makakakita, salubungin ninyo siya
at huwag ninyong kalimutan ang mga taong nalugmok sa dilim ng gabi,”
Elias, Noli Me Tangere.
Main Political Thought
Like José Rizal, our many other historical figures are all as important.
They shaped the Philippines that we know today. It is important to have someone
where the present and the coming generations could look up to wherein they
could mirror their actions and decisions from. Rizal’s main political thought is
centered in reforming the society and educating the Filipino people through his
writings.
Gat. Jose Rizal’s tragedy still echoes today, with the Anti-Terror Law being
weaponized to silence and suppress those who use their voice to stand up
against injustices and inequalities. In his early age of dissent, we must all be
reminded that you and I, the youth of today, are our nation’s heroes. Despite their
attempts of silencing us, let’s hold on tighter to our pens and remember that we
have to power to spark and create change.
Palanca, Leanne Faye
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
Background
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan, commonly known as KBL, is a political party
founded by late former President Ferdinand Marcos Sr. for the 1978 interim
National Assembly (Batasang Pambansa or Batasan). It is composed of
coalitions of mostly right wing and some left leaning party factions in the
Philippines. Right Wing are political parties that promotes free enterprise and
private ownership while Left Wing are political parties that promotes socialism
and egalitarianism. These political parties are the Nationalists, Liberals and
others.
Closely linked to the existence of KBL is the National Assembly (Batasang
Pambansa) which was to change the legislative body of the Philippines from a
presidential form of government mandated by the 1973 Constitution to a semi-
presidential form. Presidential means the executive branch of the government is
independent of the legislature in regards to an extent while Semi-Presidential
means the President exists alongside a Prime Minister whose confidence is
dependent upon the parliament. It was established as an interim on June 12,
1978, meaning to say, only temporary as of that time.
The political party of KBL won the elections for the Batasang Pambansa,
occupying majority of the sits which arouse suspicions of fraud, bribery, protests
and complaints about irregularities. The principal opposition of the party was the
Lakas ng Bayan--Bayan (People’s Power Movement) led by Benigno S. Aquino
Jr. wherein none of their candidates won a single seat. The members of the
National Assembly were called the Mambabatas Pambansa (MP).
From an interim, the Batasang Pambansa became an official body in
1984. But this was only short lived as things went south for the government when
Marcos Sr. called for the SNAP Elections on February 7, 1986 as his response to
the impeachment bill against him, his family’s ill-gotten wealth scandal and the
economic crisis the country was facing at that time. Marcos Sr. wanted to prove
that he was innocent by showing that the Filipinos still choose him amidst the
problems the country was facing. His opponent during the elections was the late
former President Corazon Aquino. However, when the results of the elections
was released showing Marcos Sr. to have been the emerging victor, this fueled
the fire of the People Power Revolution as the people did not want to accept for
they believed the results were tampered with. The revolution led to Marcos Sr.’s
downfall and along with it was the disbandment of the Batang Pambansa in
March 25, 1986 with Aquino becoming the new President.
 In terms of the KBL, they reorganized as a political party in 1986, as the
party furthest to the right of the politcal spectrum among the active parties after
Marcos’ ouster. Far-Right are political parties that tends to be radically
conservative, ultra-nationalist and authoritarian, which may also include nativist
ideologies. As such, this became the end of Marcos Sr.’s 20-year dictatorship
and restoration of the Congress with the passage of the 1987 Constitution. KBL’s
status as of present is unknown. They have once attempted to nominate
Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr. for the 2022 presidential elections, but the
latter did not accept their nomination.
Achievements
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) was the dominant and leading party
during Ferdinand Marcos Sr.’s regime wherein the political party won the
elections for the interim National Assembly (Batasang Pambansa).
Main Political Thought
Ferdinand Marcos Sr.’s aim with Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) was to
serve as a training ground for the young leaders who will ultimately take the
official positions of the government in the future. This is in line with his main
ideology of enforcing Constitutional Authoritarianism that according to Niembro
(n.d.) is a concept that refers to elites with an authoritarian mentality to rule not
fully democratic states in a very sophisticated way. Marcos Sr. justified
constitutional authoritarianism in the Philippines as a necessary method to reform
society to create a new one under his authority who is a benevolent dictator,
hence where he got the name “Kilusang Bagong Lipunan.”
Peñalosa, Emherline
Maximo Kalaw
Maximo was born in the then-town of Lipa on 20 May 1891, seven years
after his older brother Teodoro, to Valerio Kalaw and the former Maria Manguiat.
He graduated from an elementary school in Lipa, after which he enrolled and
finished secondary education at the Batangas High School. Maximo went to
Manila after finishing high school to study at the Normal School, a “normal
school” being a training institution for teachers. From 1909-1910, he was at the
University of the Philippines’ College of Liberal Arts.
2 years later he appointed as a private secretary by future Philippine
President Manuel L. Quezon. This gave Maximo the opportunity to study in the
United States, since Quezon at the time was one of two Filipino Resident
Commissioners representing the Philippines in the United States Congress.
In 1916, he had obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University
of Washington and Bachelor of Laws degree from Georgetown University.
Returning to the Philippines, Maximo would work as Associate Editor of The
Manila Times in 1918 and serve as Secretary of the Philippine Mission to the
United States the following year.
University of the Philippines, where he was listed as a member of the
faculty in school year 1916-1917. he was a pioneer of the Department of Political
Science. By 1919, he become the first Filipino head of University of the
Philippines’ Political Science Department and also be appointed Dean of the
university’s College of Liberal Arts, a position he would occupy until he retired
from the university in 1935. In 1923, Maximo became UP’s exchange professor
to the University of Michigan, which would honor him with a Ph.D. in 1924. He
published many notable works that educate the Filipino about the political
dynamics of his era.
Maximo would serve two consecutive terms as Assemblyman for the Third
District of Batangas in the National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth.
Upon Manuel L. Quezon’s death in New York in 1944, Sergio Osmeña, Vice-
President of the Philippine government-in-exile, appointed Maximo Secretary of
Public Instruction and Information. He would also serve as Chairman and
General Manager of the Philippine Coconut Corporation7 during the Presidency
of Manuel L. Roxas.
Maximo married the former Marieta Tejico in Iloilo back in April of 1918.
The couple would have five children: Augusto, Erlinda, Edgardo, Azucena and
Lydia. He passed away in March of 1954 just short of his 63rd birthday.
Main Thought of Maximo Kalaw
• He defined as a study of the state
• Focused on the political saga of the Philippines
• Dr. Kalaw became the defender of an ill-starred independence law r: the Hare-
Hawes-Cutting Law of 1933 – which was won from the United States by the
Osmenia-Roxas (OSROX) independence mission
• Dr. Kalaw's political science, defined as the study of the state and making use
of the legalistic, historical, institutional, and philosophical approaches, was
learned initially by him from Dean George A. Malcolm. The influence of Dean
Malcolm on Dr. Kalaw is profound owing to the following facts: (1) while the
young Kalaw was an instructor in political science, his Chief of the Department
was Dean Malcolm. (2) The only textbook on Philippine government existing in
the Philippines before the 1920s which was used by the young Kalaw in Political
Science 4, Philippine Government, was Dean Malcolm's treatise entitled
Government of the Philippine Islands, which was published in 1916.
Notable Works
 The Case for the Filipinos (1916)
 Self-Government in the Philippines (1919)
 Philippine Government, co-authored with Dean Malcolm (1923)
 The Development of Philippine Politics (1926)
 Philippine Government Under the Jones Law (1927)
 The Filipino Rebel, a novel (1930)
 An Introduction to Philippine Social Science (1933 and 1939);15
 Philippine Government (1948).
MAXIMO KALAW
• Nationalism
Nationalism, to Kalaw, then, was defending Filipino dignity both for the
individual and the nation and the nation's right to independence. In 1916, Kalaw
summarized the Filipino struggle for dignity and independence in a book of the
same title as that of his oration. Kalaw wrote:
“With the laying down of their arms, the Filipino people continued their
struggle for independence with the implements of peace... to defer independence
for the Philippines until after several generations have gone by... is practically to
deny the Filipino people their right to govern themselves ... Independence should
be recognized at once or within a reasonable times”
• Freedom and Democracy
Dr. Kalaw's view of democracy was comprehensively summarized in his
essay, "The New Philippine Ideology: An Exposition," which was a commentary
of President Sergio Osmeiia's statements on democracy in 1946.51 President
Osmeiia said:
“We condemn the totalitarian ideology which the enemy has sought to
impose on us under a government by. self-constituted or God-chosen rulers, and
we hereby reaffirm our devotion to the principles of popular sovereignty, of a
government of the people, for the people, and by the people....”
Ponce de Leon, Charrie Mae E.
Carlos Peña Romulo
Carlos Peña Romulo (January 14, 1898 – December 15, 1985) was
a Filipino diplomat, statesman, soldier, journalist and author. He was a co-
founder of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines, a general in the US Army and the
Philippine Army, university president, and president of the United Nations
General Assembly. Also, he was proclaimed a National Artist for Literature of the
Philippines, in recognition of his contributions to Philippine Literature.

He helped lead the island territory through the brutality of World War II and
into an independent future. Romulo was a tireless advocate for the
commonwealth. Romulo was appointed to the House in the summer of 1944,
where he helped secure Congress’s support in rebuilding the Philippines. And,
Romulo was a champion of global democratic reforms.
Prudencio, Arvie Jay
Jose Maria Canias Sison
Jose Maria Canlas Sison was born on February 8, 1939, in Cabugao,
Ilocos Sur to a prominent landowning family with ancestry from Spanish-
Mexican-Malay mestizos and from Fujian, China and with connections to other
prominent clans such as the Crisólogos, Geraldinos, Vergaras, Azcuetas,
Sollers, Serranos and Singsons. His great-grandfather Don Leandro Serrano was
the biggest landlord in northern Luzon at the end of the 19th century. His
grandfather Don Gorgonio Soller Sison was the last gobernadorcillo of Cabugao
under Spanish colonial rule, the municipal president under the Philippine
revolutionary government and first mayor under US colonial rule. His great-uncle
Don Marcelino Crisólogo was the first governor of Ilocos Sur. His uncle Teófilo
Sison was a governor of Pangasinan and the first Defense Secretary in the
Commonwealth government. He was convicted in 1946 of having collaborated
with the Japanese occupation forces but was amnestied in 1947. During his
childhood in Ilocos, he learned about the Huk rebellion in Central Luzon from
Ilocano farm workers and from his mother who belonged to a landlord family in
Mexico, Pampanga. In his early high school years in Manila, he talked to his
barber about Hukbalahap activities. Unlike his elder siblings, he attended a public
school before entering Ateneo de Manila University and later studying at Colegio
de San Juan de Letran.

PHILOSOPHIES
Jose Maria Sison is a Filipino activist, writer, and philosopher known for
his contributions to the development of the Philippine left movement, particularly
the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) and its armed wing, the New
People's Army (NPA). His philosophy is deeply rooted in Marxist-LeninistMaoist
thought, which he has adapted to the Philippine context.
Sison's philosophy is grounded in the belief that the root cause of poverty,
inequality, and oppression in Philippine society is the unequal distribution of
wealth and resources, which is perpetuated by the ruling elite and foreign
imperialists. He argues that genuine social change can only be achieved through
a revolutionary struggle that aims to overthrow the ruling class and establish a
socialist system that is controlled by the working class.
Sison also emphasizes the importance of a united front that brings
together different sectors of society, including the peasantry, workers, students,
and other marginalized groups, in the struggle for social justice. He sees the
CPP-NPA as the vanguard of this struggle, providing leadership and guidance to
the broader mass movement.
 In addition to his political philosophy, Sison has also written extensively on
topics such as history, culture, and literature, often using a Marxist framework to
analyze these subjects. He has been an influential figure in the development of
Filipino critical theory, which seeks to understand Philippine society and culture
from a perspective that is rooted in the experiences of the marginalized.
Overall, Sison's philosophy is characterized by a deep commitment to
social justice and a belief in the transformative power of revolutionary struggle.
While his ideas have been controversial and have often been met with opposition
from the Philippine government and other critics, they continue to inspire and
influence many activists and scholars in the Philippines and beyond.

ACHIEVEMENTS
Jose Maria Sison is a highly influential figure in the Philippine left
movement, and his contributions to the development of the Communist Party of
the Philippines (CPP) and the New People's Army (NPA) have been significant.
He has also made notable contributions as a writer, philosopher, and activist.

Here are some of his achievements:

Founding of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP): Sison played a
key role in founding the CPP in 1968, which has since become one of the most
influential left-wing organizations in the Philippines.
Development of Marxist-Leninist-Maoist ideology: Sison has adapted
Marxist-Leninist-Maoist thought to the Philippine context, providing a theoretical
framework for the CPP's political and military activities.
Leadership of the New People's Army (NPA): As the founding chairman of
the CPP, Sison provided guidance and leadership to the NPA, which has been
engaged in armed struggle against the Philippine government since the 1970s.
Contributions to Filipino critical theory: Sison's writings on history, culture,
and literature have been influential in the development of Filipino critical theory,
which seeks to understand Philippine society and culture from the perspective of
the marginalized.
Political asylum in the Netherlands: Sison was granted political asylum in
the Netherlands in 1987, after spending several years in prison under the Marcos
regime. He has since remained in exile in the Netherlands, where he continues to
be active in the Philippine left movement.
 International influence: Sison's ideas have been influential beyond the
Philippines, particularly in other countries where Marxist-Leninist-Maoist
movements have been active.
Overall, Sison's achievements are marked by his commitment to social
justice, his leadership in leftist movements, and his contributions to marxist
theory and practice in the Philippines. While his ideas have been controversial
and divisive, there is no denying his impact on Philippine politics and activism
Segovia, Keziah Genz R.

Communist Party of the Philippines-

New People’s Army

Crisanto Evangelista first laid the groundwork for the Communist

Party of the Philippines. The CPP-NPA was re-established by Jose Maria Sison
on December 26, 1968. The Communist Party of the Philippines is the
revolutionary party of the Filipino working class and the driving force behind both
the revolution in the Philippines and the Filipino people. The party's objectives
are to overthrow the Philippine government in favor of a new government headed
by the working class, eliminate American influence out of the country, and to
carry on the unfinished revolution that the Katipunan began in 1896.

The New People's Army is the CPP's re-establishment; it adheres to the

Marxism-Leninism-Maoism school of thought. In his book, Philippine Society and
Revolution, Sison, the founder of CPP-NPA, listed three pressing issues in the
Philippines. These are bureaucrat capitalism, feudalism, and US imperialism.
Bureaucrat capitalism can be manifested in a form of graft and corruption of the
government officials. Feuadalism, a socioeconomic structure that started in
Europe that required citizens to work and fight for aristocrats in exchange for
security and access to land. The party has proven that it is capable of
overthrowing corrupt regimes like Estrada's in 2001 and Marcos' fascist
dictatorship in 1986. The classic writings of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin, and Mao
Zedong, as well as its fundamental documents and the works of its top cadres,
on the fundamental ideas of Marxist-Leninist-Maoist theory in a variety of
subjects, have all been published by the CPP-NPA.

We may think that CPP-NPA is just a political party aiming to win

governmental positions through elections, but that is not the case since the left
wing of the party, the New People’s Army, was led by Bernabe Buscayno, and
there is a conflict within the party itself. The CPP-NPA ruined the lives of many
people by influencing them with their ideologies and by hurting them. Thousands
of military and civilians have killed in the more than 40-year conflict. The militants
have solid foundations in the various regions where they operate and have
proven resilient to eliminate.

Sison met with CPP-NPA Central Committee members in February

1971 to talk about his idea of attacking a Liberal Party event in Manila that was
opposed to President Marcos. The assault was planned to start another
government operation and, ideally, to win support for the CPP-NPA. Before
leaving the city for a CPP-NPA camp on August 21, three CPP-NPA members
threw four grenades into the stage during a rally in Manila's Plaza Miranda.
Members of the Liberal Party blamed President Marcos for the assault, which
had murdered a large portion of his opponents. In response, Marcos eliminated
leftist political activities and suspended habeas corpus, accusing the CPP-NPA
for the attack. Marcos' authority strengthened as a result of these actions.
Because of this, hundreds of students joined the CPP-NPA. They plan their
operations and acquire weapons and money locally. It is a threat to the
Philippines security since, even now, the party is still actively engaged in society.

In conclusion, although aiming for an idealistic cause, the Communist

Party of the Philippines' objectives are not beneficial at all since they have an
impact on those who lack power and the party employs violence, which is wrong.
It only instills in the Filipinos a dread of terrorism, making them insecure and
unsafe.
Suniga , Justine Mae

Apolinario Mabini

Life

• Born on July 23, 1864

• Born at Barangay Talaga, Tanauan, Batangas

• 2nd among 8 children

• Mother; Dionisia Maranan y Magpantay

Father; Inocencio Leon Mabini y Lira

Education

• Attended the historical school of Father Valerio Malabanan

Able to get educated due to Malabanan school’s matriculation of students based

on academic merit rather than their ability to pay.

• 1881- he received a scholarship from Colegio De San Juan de Letran

• His mother wants him to enter the priesthood but he wants to defend the poor
so he took law

• Received Bachelor of Arts with highest degree honor and the title professor of
Latin from Letran

• Moved to UST and received law degree year 1894

• Didn’t practice law in professional capacity, instead he worked at the office of

notary public

 FREEMASONRY- joined this fraternity in September 1892

 Became a member of LA LIGA FILIPINA (secret society founded by
Jose Rizal)
 LA LIGA FILIPINA- secret society founded by Jose Rizal
- Mabini was made secretary of its new Supreme Council, its first time to
join an explicitly patriotic organization.
 Mabini’s advocacies favored the reformist movement
- Pushed organization to continue its goals of supporting La Liga Filipina
and the reforms it advocated.
 LA SOLIDARIDAD- organization created in Spain on December 13,
1888, composed of Filipino liberals exiled in 1872 and students
attending Europe’s universities