Basic Electrotechnology

Ch-01 Electron Theory, The Electric Circuit, Terms and Laws

Prepared by-
Shahriar Akbar Sakib
B.Sc. Engg. in Mechanical Engineering (BUET)
Engineering Instructor, IMTA
Overview:
Series and Parallel Connections: Finding current and voltage drops
EMF and Internal Resistance
Ammeter and Voltmeter

1. Laws and Formula:

Ohm s Law V
' : = IR
I
R V voltage Volts
I Current Ampere
= [ ]

R Resistance Ohm
= [ ]

= [Ω / ]

V -
+

Rseries R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
= + + + ...

Rparallel =
R1 R2 R3+ + + ....

R1 R2 R3 Rseries
≡

R1
R2 Rparallel
≡

R3

In a circuit: Vgains = Vdrops

1
 R Vgains Vdrops
E IR Ir
=

= +

E r

R
Vgains Vdrops
E1 E2 IR
=

+ =

E1 E2
R
Vgains Vdrops
E1 -E2 IR
=

E1 E2

2. Series and Parallel Connections: Finding current and voltage drops

Q. 1) A circuit is built up from five resistors. Resistors of values 4 , 6 and 8 are connected in parallel
Ω Ω Ω

to form a group, whilst resistors of 3 and 6 are connected in parallel to form another group. The two
Ω Ω

parallel groups of resistors are connected in series across a 10V supply. Find the voltage dropped across
each parallel group, the main supply current and the current in each resistor. (p-15, ex6)

4 Ω

3
Ω

6 Ω

6
Ω

8 Ω

B
A
10 V
Here,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
RA 4 6 8
= + +
RB 3 6
= +

RA 1 85
= . Ω RB 2
= Ω

2
 Total Resistance R RA RB 3 85
I VR 31085 2 6 A
∴ , = + = . Ω

= = = .
.

VA IRA 2 6 1 85 4 8 V
= = . × . = .

VB IRB 2 6 2 5 2 V
= = . × = .

Now
I4 V4A 448 1 2 A
:

.
Ω
= = = .

I6 468 0 8 A
Ω
.
Ω
= = .

I8 488 0 6 A
Ω
=
.
= .

Similarly
I3 V3B 532 1 73 A
:

.
Ω
= = = .

I6 562 0 87 A
Ω
.
Ω
= = .

HW One resistor group consists of 4 , 6 and 8 connected in parallel and a second group consists of
Ω Ω Ω

3 and 6 in parallel. The two groups are connected in series across a 24V supply. Calculate (a) the
Ω Ω

circuit current, (b) the p.d. across each group, (c) the current in each resistor.
(p-23, 2)
4 Ω

3 Ω

6
Ω

6 Ω

8
Ω

24 V

Q. 5) Two groups of resistors A and B are connected in series. Group A consists of four resistors of values 2
Ω , 4 , 6 and 8 connected in parallel and group B consists of two resistors of values 10 and 15
Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω

in parallel. If the current in the 4 resistor is 1.5A, calculate, (a) the current in each of the remaining
Ω

resistors, (b) the supply voltage, (c) the voltage drop across the groups A and B. (p-23, 7)

3
 2 Ω

4
Ω 1 5A
.

10 Ω

6 Ω

15 Ω

8 Ω
B
A

V
VA = I4 R4
Ω
× Ω
= 15 4 6V
. × =

∴ I = I2 I4
Ω + Ω + I6 I8 62 1 5 66 68
Ω + Ω = + . + + = 6 25 A
.

-1
1
RB 10 15 6
=
1 + = Ω

VB I RB 6 25 6 37 5 V
= = . × = .

VA 6V =

Voltage gains Voltage drops

=

∴ V VA VB 6 37 5 43 5 V ans
= + = + . = . ( .)

3. EMF and internal resistance of battery

Q. 2) A battery of e.m.f. 42V and internal resistance 7 feeds a circuit consisting of three resistors Ω

connected in parallel. The resistors have values of 2 , 4 and 8 . Find the battery current, the Ω Ω Ω

battery terminal voltage and the current in each resistor. (p-16, ex7)
Vterminal
+
2 Ω
-
4 Ω

8 Ω

A
r 7 E 42 V
= Ω =

1 1 1 -1
RA 2 4 8 = 1 14
+ + = . Ω

Rtotal r RA 7 1 14 8 14
= + = + . = . Ω

E
I Rtotal 42 5 16 A
=
8 14 =
.
= .

4
Vterminal = I RA× = 5 16 . × 1 14
. = 5 88 V
.

I2 Vterminal 5 88 .
2 94 A
Ω
=
2 =
2 = .

I4 Vterminal 5 88 .
1 47 A
Ω
=
4 =
4 = .

I8 Vterminal 5 88 .
0 74 A
Ω
=
8 =
8 = .

CW When a 10 resistor is connected across a battery, the current is measured to be 0.18A. If similarly
Ω

tested with a 25 resistor, the current is measured to be 0.08A. Find the e.m.f. of the battery and its
Ω

internal resistance. Neglect the resistance of the ammeter used to measure the current.(p-23, 6)

10 Ω 0 18A
. 25
Ω 0 08A
.

E r E r
For Circuit 1:
Voltage Gains Voltage Drops
E IR Ir 10 0 18 0 18 r 1
=

= + = × . + . × .... ( )

For Circuit 2:
Voltage Gains Voltage Drops =

E IR Ir 25 0 08 0 08 r 2
= + = × . + . × .... ( )

Now: from (1) and (2)

10 0 18 0 18r 25 0 08 0 08r
0 18r - 0 08r 25 0 08 - 10 0 18
× . + . = × . + .

. . = × . × .

r 01 02
r 2 ans
( . ) = .

= Ω ( .)

Now Putting the value of r in (1):

E = 10 0 18 0 18 2 2 16V ans
× . + . × = . ( .)

Q. 6) The voltage of a d.c. generator, when supplying a current of 75A to a load, is measured to be
108.8V at the switch board. At the load, the voltage recorded is 105V and when the load is switched off
the voltage rises to 110V. Find the internal resistance of the generator, the resistance of the supply cables
and estimate the fault current if a 'short circuit' of negligible resistance occurred at the load terminals. (p-
24, 8)

5
 Vswitch board - When no load no current
Vs 110 V
+

Vload -
:

+ =

Rcables Rload Vs Ir Vswitchboard

r 110 -75108 8 0 016
= +

.
= = . Ω

I = 75A
+ - Now
Vload IRload
:

Rload 105
=

Vs r 75 1 4
= = . Ω

Vswitchboard IRcables IRload

Rcables Vswitchboard
= +

-R load
108 8 -1 4 0 05 .
=
I 75 = . = . Ω

Fault Current:
Vs Ifault Rcables Ifault r
Ifault RcablesVs r 0 051100 016 1666 67 A
= +

= = = .
+ . + .

4. Ammeter and Voltmeter

Q. 3) Calculate the resistance of a shunt required to operate with a moving-coil milliammeter, which gives
full-scale deflection for a current of 15mA and which has a resistance of 5 . Ω

Note. 5 can be taken to include the resistance of the connecting leads, since no specific mention of lead
Ω

resistance has been made.

The combination of meter and shunt is required to read currents up to 100A. (p-19, ex8)

I ISh I 100 A
IM 15mA 15 10-3A
=

RM 5
= = ×

RSh Voltage across Ammeter VM

= Ω

IM RM-3
.

= ×

RM A 15 10 -3 5
75 10 V
= × ×

IM = ×

Here,
I Ish IM
= +

ISh I - IM 100 - 15 10-3 A

= = × = 99 985 A
.

VM VSh 75 10-3V
= = ×

Now
Rsh VIshsh 7599 985
10-3 0 000751
:

×
= = = . Ω
.

6
Q. 2) A moving-coil instrument has a resistance of 10 and requires a current of 15mA to give a full-
Ω

scale deflection. Calculate the resistance value of the resistor necessary to enable it to be used to measure
(a) currents up to 25A, (b) voltages up to 500V. (-p-23, 4)

I ISh RSe RM
V
RSh IM
RM A
IM Maximum voltage that can be measured
Im RM 15 10 10 0 15V
:

× =
-3
× × = .

Voltage drop required at Rse 500 - 0 15 499 85V

Now Rse VI 154991085-3 33323
: . = .

.
: = = = Ω
×

Q. 3) Two resistors of 60k and 40k value are connected in series across a 240V supply and a
Ω Ω

voltmeter having a resistance value of 40k is connected across the 40k resistor. What is the reading
Ω Ω

on the voltmeter? (p-23, 5)

RM = 40 Ω

V
60
Ω 40 Ω

240V

HW The ammeter on a switchboard, scaled 0-300A is accidentally damaged. The associated shunt is
marked 300A, 150mV. A small ammeter, scaled 0-1A with a resistance of 0.12 , is available, and the
Ω

possibility of using this is considered. Find if such an arrangement is possible, and if so, how it could be
achieved using surplus resistors which are also available. (p-24, 9)

7
 150mV
I ISh 300A
=

RM 0 12
= . Ω

A
Rextra
IM 1A
= ?

8
 Basic Electrotechnology
Ch-02 Electric Circuit (Continued)
Prepared by-
Shahriar Akbar Sakib
B.Sc. Engg. in Mechanical Engineering (BUET)
Engineering Instructor, IMTA
Overview:
Power, Efficiency
Combination of batteries in series and parallel

1. Power and Efficiency

P VI IR R I2R V2
= = × = =
R
Pout
𝜂 =
Pin
Q. 1) A diesel engine has a measured indicated power of 7.5kW and a mechanical efficiency of 85 per cent.
It drives a generator which supplies a lamp load at 110V. How many 60W lamps can be supplied, if the
efficiency of the generator is measured to be 88 per cent? Find the total load current. [p-34, ex 15]
Pout engine Pin engine engine 7 5 0 85 6 375 kW
= ×𝜂 = . × . = .

Pin gen Pout engine 6 375 kW

, ,

= = .

Pout gen 6 375 0 88 5 61 kW

, ,

,
= . × . = .

Number of Lamps PPoutlampgen 5 6160 10 93 5 93

3 , . ×
= = = . ≈

P VI 3 =

5 61 10 110 I
5 61 10
. × = ×
3
I =
110
.
51 A ans
×
= ( .)

Q. 2) A pump is required to lift 12 tonnes of water through 10m in 2 minutes. Calculate the power
required to drive the pump, the current taken if driven by a 220V motor and the cost of pumping at 5p
per unit. Assume the efficiency of the pump to be 60 per cent and the efficiency of the driving motor is 85
per cent. [p-35, ex16]
Pout pump mgh 12 103 9 81 10 9810 W × × . ×
9 81 kW
9 81t 16 35 kW
2 60
, = = = = .
×

Pin pump,
06 = ans
.
= . ( .)

Pin pump Pout motor

.

16 35 19 235 kW
, = ,

Pin motor
,
0 85 =
.

.
= .

I P 19 235
V 220 87 43A
.
= = = .

1
1 unit = 1 kWh
Energy used W Pt 19 235 602 0 641 kWh
, = = . × = .

Cost of pumping 0 641 5 3 2p = . × = .

Q. 3) A storage battery is provided for emergency use aboard a ship. The battery is arranged to supply
certain essential services during the period of time taken to start-up the 'stand by' generator. The principal
load to be supplied by the battery is the 'emergency' motor for an electric-hydraulic steering gear. This
motor is rated at 220V, 15kW, and has an efficiency of 88 per cent. The battery is to be of a capacity
sufficient to operate this motor and an additional lighting load of twenty 60W lamps for a period of 30
minutes. Estimate the size of the battery and also its discharge current. [p- 36, ex18]

20 Lamps Pin motor Pout motor 01588 17 045 kW

,
=
,

𝜂
=
.
= .

Plamps 60 20 1200 W 1 2 kW
= × = = .

M Total Power 17 045 1 2 18 245 kW

P VI
= . + . = .

I VP 18 245220 10 82 9318 A
=
3 . ×
= = = .

Size of the battery I t 82 9318 3060

= × = . ×

41 47 Ah = .

Q. 2) A pump delivers 12700 litres of water per hour into a boiler working at 15 bars. The pump which is
82 per cent efficient is driven by a 220V motor, having an efficiency of 89 per cent. Calculate the current
taken by the motor. Assume 1 litre of water to have a mass of 1kg and 1 bar = 10 5 N/m². [p-43, 3]
Work done per hour W␒ out pump , = m␒ gh V␒ gh = 𝜌

pV␒ 5 p h g -3
,

15 10 12700 10
= [ = 𝜌 ]

= × × ×

= ?

W␒ in pump =
Wout pump
␒
,
= ?
pump
,
𝜂

P W␒ in motor
= =
W␒ out motor ,
= ?
motor
,
𝜂

P VI
I VP 220
=

?
= = = ?

HW A five-tonne cargo winch is required to lift a load of 5 tonnes at 36.5m/min. Calculate the power
rating of the 220V driving motor if the efficiency of the winch gearing is 75 per cent and that of the motor
can be taken as 85 percent. Calculate also the current taken from the ship's 220V mains. [p-43, 5]

2
 Q. 5) A 150W, 100V lamp is to be connected in series with a 40W, 110V lamp across a 230V supply. The
lamps are required to operate at their rated power values. Determine the values of suitable resistors to be
used with the lamps and make a sketch showing how they would be connected. [p-44, 8]

RB

RA
150W I2 40W
I1 100V 110V

+ -
230V
I1 VP11 150
=
100 1 5 A
= = .

I2 VP22 110
=
40 0 3636 A
= = .

RA VI1A 1205 13 33
= =
.
= . Ω

IB I1 -I2 1 5 - 0 3636 1 1364 A

RB VIBB 1 110
= = . . = .

=
1364 96 8
=
.
= . Ω

2. Batteries in series and parallel

V1 V2 V3 V4 Vseries V1 V2 V3 V4
= + + + + ...

V
Vparallel V
=

V ≡

3
 V1 V2 V3 V4

V1 V2 V3 V4
V V1 V2 V3 V4
= + + +

V1 V2 V3 V4 ≡

V1 V2 V3 V4

V1 V2 V3 V4 r1 r2 r3 r4 V1 V2 V3 V4
V1 V2 V3 V4 r1 r2 r3 r4 V1 V2 V3 V4 r1 r2 r3 r4
V1 V2 V3 V4 r1 r2 r3 r4 ≈
V1 V2 V3 V4
V1 V2 V3 V4 r1 r2 r3 r4 V1 V2 V3 V4

r r1 r2 4 r3 r4
=
+ + +

V V1 V2 V3 V4
= + + +

Q. 4 (a) Ten cells each of internal resistance 3 and e.m.f. 2V are connected in two banks of 5 cells per
Ω

bank. They are then connected to an external load resistance of 20 . Find the load current and the p.d.
Ω

across the battery terminals.

(b) If the battery is rearranged with 5 banks of 2 cells in each, find the new current and voltage. [p-41,
ex 21]

5cells 2 banks

r 3 5 ×

7 52
= Ω

= . Ω
5 2
V 01 =
×

R 20
=

= Ω
V

4
 r 3 2 ×
=
5 Ω

2cells 5 banks = 12
. Ω
2 2 ×

R 20
V4=

= Ω
V =

Q. 1) Thirty cells each having an e m.f. of 2.2V and an internal resistance of 0.3 are so connected to Ω

give a supply e.m.f. of 22V. If the arrangement is then connected to three 20V 10W lamps in parallel,
calculate
(a) the terminal voltage of the battery.
(b) the current taken by each lamp.
(c) the power wasted in each cell. [p-43, 2]

10cells 3 banks r 0 3 3 10 1
=
. ×
= Ω

P VR
2
=

Rlamp VP 2010 40
01 2 2

2 2
×

V 22 =

= = = Ω
V .
=

Total resistance of lamps Rlamps 403 , = Ω

Total resistance in the circuit R 1 403 14 33 , = + = . Ω

EMF V 22 V
Current I VR 142233 1 535 A
, =

, = = = .

Terminal Voltage Vterminal IRlamps 1 535 403 20 467 V

.

, = = . × = .

Ieach lamp 3I 1 535

=
3 0 512A1 535
=
.
= .

Current in each bank Ibank ,

3 0 5122 A=
.
= .

Power lost in each internal resistor Plost Ibankrcell 0 5122 0 3

, = = . × . = 0 0785W
.

Q. 3) A resistor of 5 is connected to a battery made up of four similar cells in series. Each cell has an
Ω

e.m.f. of 2.2V and the current which flows is 1.4A. If the cells were connected in parallel, find the current
which would flow through the 5 resistor. [p-43, 4] Ω

5
 rtotal = 4r
I 1 4A
= .
22 4
.

V8 8

5
×

Ω
=
V=

rtotal r
=
4
I = ?
V2 2

5
.

Ω
=
V

HW A resistor of 0.525 is connected to the terminals of a battery consisting of 4 cells, each of e.m.f.
Ω

1.46V joined in parallel. The circuit current is found to be 0.8A. Find the internal resistance of each cell.
[p-44, 9]

6
 Basic Electrotechnology
Ch-03 Conductors and Insulators
Prepared by-
Shahriar Akbar Sakib
B.Sc. Engg. in Mechanical Engineering (BUET)
Engineering Instructor, IMTA
Overview:
Heat
Temperature, Resistance and Resistivity

1. Heat
Q. 1) A 120W electric soldering-iron is plugged into the 120V ship's mains for five minutes, the ambient
temperature being 15°C. The mass of the copper bit is 133g and 50 per cent of the heat generated can be
assumed to be lost in radiation and heating the other parts of the iron. Find whether the iron has reached
working temperature in the time specified. Take the specific heat capacity of copper as 0.39kJ/kgC and
the temperature of melting solder as 310°C. (p-62, ex-30)
Solution:
Qrequired = mS 133 10-3 0 39 310-15 15 34 kJ
𝛥𝜃 = × × . ×( ) = .

Qrequired loss Qsupplied

Qrequired 15 34 30 68 kJ
= % ×

Qsupplied =
loss 0 5
=
.
= .

P Wt Qsupplied
% .

= =
t
t QP= =
30 68 1000 J s
. ×

120 J s
/ 60 min 4 27 min
= ? =
?
= .

∴ The iron will reach working temperature.

Q. 1) An electric kettle is fitted with a heater unit of 120Ω resistance. The efficiency is 84 per cent and
the voltage is 220V. How long will it take to heat 0.75 litre of water from 6°C to 100°C? Take the specific
heat capacity of water as 4.2kJ/kgC. (p-74, 3)
Solution:
1L of water 1 kg of water
m V 1 kg L 0 75 L 0 75 kg
=

= 𝜌 = / × . = .

1
Qrequired mS 0 75 4 22 100-6 296 1 kJ
Psupplied VI V VR V 220 403 31 W
= 𝛥𝜃 = . × . ×( ) = .
2
= = =
R 120 = = .

Pgained 403 31 0 84
= . × . =338 8W .

Pgained Qrequired
=
t
t P Q 296 1000 s 60 min min
× ?
=
338 8
=
.
= ? = = ?

Q. 3) A 200V, 200kW electric furnace is required to raise 500kg of brass from an initial temperature of
15°C to the melting point of 910°C. If the overall efficiency is 0.8, calculate the time of the operation.
Specific heat capacity of brass is 0.39kJ/kg0C. (p-75, 9)
Solution:
Qr mS= 𝛥𝜃 = ?

Qsupplied 0Q8r
=
.
= ?

P Qsupplied
=
t
t= ?

2. Resistance Vs. Temperature

R AL ∝

R AL =
𝜌

Resistivity RA
,𝜌 =
L
R R0 C 1
𝜃
= °
( + 𝛼𝜃)

Q. 2) A resistance unit consists of 500 turns of nickel chrome wire, 0.5mm diameter. It is wound on a
former 30 x 100mm and its resistivity can be taken as 1060µ mm at 15°C. At 100°C, its resistance is 2
Ω

per cent greater than at 0°C. Determine the current taken at a temperature of 300°C, when the resistance
is connected across a 250V supply. (p-63, ex-31)
Solution:

2
 Nickel chrome wire Former R L
1
∝

R A
30 mm
∝

R L
∝
A
100 mm R AL =
𝜌

Lone turn 2 30 100 mm Where resistivity m

L 500 Lone turn 500 2 30 100 mm
= ×( + ) , 𝜌 = [Ω ]

130 m
= × = × ×( + )

A D4 0 196 10-3 2 m2
=
2
=
𝜋
= . × R R0 C 1
𝜃
= °
( + 𝛼𝜃)

R15 C 15AC L 1060 10 10-3 2 130 Where

-6 -3
Thermal resistance co-effecie
𝜌 ° × × × ,

0 196 10
° = =

1
𝛼 =
. ×

702 C
R100 C R0 C 1 100
= Ω

in degree Celsius
°

102 100 1 100

°
= °
( + 𝛼)
𝜃 =

1 02 1 100
= ( + 𝛼)

1 02-1 0 02 2 10 4 1
. = + 𝛼

. .

100 100 C
=
𝛼 = = = ×
°

R300 C R0 C 1 300 010002 --- 1

°
= °
+ ×
.
( )

R15 C 702 R0 C 1 15 010002 --- 2

°
= = °
+ ×
.
( )

R300 1 300 010002 + ×

.

702 1 15 010002 =

+ ×
.

R300 742 = Ω

I VR 250
742= = = 0 337 A ans
. ( .)

Q. 2) The cold resistance at 15°C of the field coil of a motor is 200Ω and the hot resistance is 240Ω .
Determine the temperature rise assuming the temperature coefficient of resistance to be 0.0042 /°C at
0°C. (p-74, 5)
Solution:
R R0 1
= ( + 𝛼𝜃)

for 15 C,
𝜃

R15 R0 1 15 --- 1
= ( + 𝛼) ( )

for C, hot resistance = 240

𝜃° Ω

R R0 1
𝜃 = ( --- 2+ 𝛼𝜃) ( )

3
R15 1 15 + 𝛼

R 1 =

200 1 15 0 0042
𝜃 + 𝛼𝜃

+ × .

240 1 0 0042=

1 0 0042 240
+ . ×𝜃

+ .
200 1 15 0 0042
𝜃 = ( + × . )

0 0042 240 1 15 0 0042 - 1

.
200×𝜃 = ( + × . ) = ?

0 0042 65 6 C
?
𝜃 = = . °
.

Temperature rise of the element = 𝜃 -15 C

° = 50 6 C
. °

4
 Basic Electrotechnology
Ch-04 Electrochemistry
Prepared by-
Shahriar Akbar Sakib
B.Sc. Engg. in Mechanical Engineering (BUET)
Engineering Instructor, IMTA
Overview:
Battery Charging and Discharging

1. Battery Charging and Discharging

I A Qt sC
[ ] =
[ ]

Q It
[ ]

Battery Capacity Charge Q It [Ah]

Q
= = =

Charging Efficiency of battery = Qdischarging

charging
Energy of battery, W VIt Pt Wh
W
= = [ ]

Energy efficiency of battery = discharging

Wcharging

Q. 3) A battery of 40 cells in series delivers a constant discharging current of 4A for 40h, the average p.d.
per cell being 1.93V during the process. The battery is then completely recharged by a current of 8A
flowing for 24h, the average p.d. per cell being 2.2V. Calculate the ampere hour and the watt hour
efficiencies for the battery. [p-111, 8]
Qdischarging It 4 40
= = × = ?

Qcharging It 8 24
Amp-hour efficiency charging QQdischarging
= = × = ?

, 𝜂 = = ?
charging
Discharging Energy Wdischarging VIt 1 93 40 4 40
, = = ( . × )× × = ?

Charging Energy Wcharging VIt 2 2 40 8 24

, = = ( . × )× × = ?

Watt-hour efficiency Wd ?

Wc , 𝜂 = =
?
= ?

Q. 1) A 24V emergency battery is to be charged from the 110V ship's mains when the e.m.f. per cell has
fallen to a minimum value of 1.8V. The battery consists of 12 cells in series, has a capacity of 100Ah at a
10h rate and the internal resistance is 0.03 Ω/cell. If charging continues until the voltage/cell rises to
2.2V, find the value of the variable resistor needed to control the charging. The charging current can be
assumed to be equal to the maximum allowable discharge current. [p-105, ex-38]
Here,
1
Size of battery or Charge Capacity of battery, Q = 100Ah
Time to charge t 10h
Q 100 10A
, =

∴ Charging current =
t =
10 =

At the start of charging :

r 12 0 03
= × . Ω
Vgain Vdrops
110-1 8 12 IR Ir
=

I 10A =
R 88 4
. × =

10 R 12 0 03
+

88 4
= ? . = ( + × . )

Vmains 110V R 12 0 03
.

Ebattery 1 8 12V -
+ + × . =
10
R 8 48
=
= . ×
= . Ω

At the end of charging Vgain Vdrops

110-2 2 12 IR Ir
=
:

83 6 10 R 12 0 03
. × = +

r 12 0 03 .

83 6
= ( + × . )

R 12 0 03
= × . Ω
.

I 10A R
+ × . =
10
R 8
=
= ?
= Ω

Ebattery 2 2 12V
= . × -
+
Vmains = 110V

∴ Variable resistor should have a range 8 48-82 or 9 -2 8 in practice

. Ω , Ω ( )

Power rating of variable resistor should be I R 10 9 900W= = × =

If fan speed is reduced, will the power consumption be reduced?

R 10 R 100 220 2Amp
Regulator Fan I
= Ω = Ω

110= =

W I2 110 22 110
= ( ) = × = 440 W

I 220 2 1 Amp
105= = .

220V W I2 105 2 12 105

= ( ) = . × = 463 05 W
.

2
Q. 1) A 90V d.c. generator is used to charge a battery of 40 cells in series, each cell having an average
e.m.f. of 1.9V and an internal resistance of 0.0025 . If the total resistance of the connecting leads is 1 ,
Ω

calculate the value of the charging current. [p-111, 3]

r 40 0 0025
= × . Ω Rleads 1
= Ω
Vgain Vdrops
90-1 9 40 IR Ir
=

I = ?
. ×

I 1 40 0 0025
= +

I
= ( + × . )

Vmains 90V
= ?

Ebattery 1 9 40V
= . × -
+
=

HW A battery of 80 lead-acid cells in series is to be charged at a constant rate of 5A from a 230V, d.c.
supply. If the voltage per cell varies from 1.8 to 2.4V during the charge, calculate the maximum and
minimum values of the required control resistor. If the ampere hour capacity of the cells is 60, state the
probable charging time required, assuming that the cells were in a completely discharged condition at the
commencement of the charge. [p-111, 6]

3
 Basic Electrotechnology
Ch-05 Magnetism - Electromagnetism
Prepared by-
Shahriar Akbar Sakib
B.Sc. Engg. in Mechanical Engineering (BUET)
Engineering Instructor, IMTA
Overview:
Force and Torque on a coil due to magnetic field
Magnetic Circuit
1. Magnetic Field
A magnet has two poles. Magnetic strength is measured by a quantity called magnetic flux. A magnet creates
magnetic flux . Unit of magnetic flux is Wb Weber
𝜙 ( ).

To visualize magnetic field, some imaginary field lines are drawn from North pole to South pole.
Magnetic Flux represents the number of field lines. The higher the field lines, the higher the magnetic flux.
𝜙

Field lines

N S

The closer the magnetic field lines, the stronger the magnetic field.

Field lines Field lines

N S N S

Weak Magnetic Field Strong Magnetic Field

To evaluate whether a magnetic field is strong or weak, we define another quantity called flux density.
Flux density, B A , Unit of flux density = Wb m 2 T Tesla
=
𝜙
/ = [ ]

2. Force and Torque on a coil due to magnetic field

Force on a wire of l length conducting I current,
F = BIl

1
 I S I
N N S
B l B l
F
⨂
F
⨀

⨂ Inside the page

⨀ Outside the page

I I
N S T F b
BIlb
= ×

F B F l =

= BIA
⨂ ⨀

Q. 1) In an electric motor the armature has 800 conductors cach carrying a current of 8A. The average
flux density of the magnetic field is 0.6T. The armature core has an effective length of 250mm and all
conductors may be taken as lying on an effective diameter of 200mm. Determine the torque and
mechanical power developed when the armature is revolving at 1000 rev/min. [p-136, 9]
Here,
Number of conductors, N 800
Current, I 8A
=

Flux density, B 0 6 T= .

length , l 250 mm
Diameter, d 200 mm
=

Number of revolutions per minute, n 1000 rpm =

2
Now,
Force on each conductor, Feach conductor = BIl = 0 6 8 250 10-3
. × × × = ?

Force on 800 conductors, F800 conductors = NBIl = 800 0 6 8 250 10-3

× . × × × = ?

Torque, T NBIl d 800 0 6 8 250 10-3 200 10-3 Nm

T 2n
= × = × . × × × × × = ?

Power, P T 𝜋
= 𝜔 = ×
60 = ?

Q. 4) The magnetic field in the air gap of a two-pole motor has a flux density of 0.8T. The armature is
wound with 246 conductors, each of 400mm effective length, mounted at 150mm effective radius, and at
full load each conductor carries a current of 20A. Assuming that the actual torque produced is equivalent
to that due to two-thirds of the number of conductors cutting the lines of force at right angles, find (a)
the torque in newton metres, and (b) the shaft power developed at 500 rev/min. [class 1, p-563, 17]
3. MMF, Flux Density, Flux
Magnet can be of two types: 1) Permanent Magnet 2) Electromagnet
The flux density of the electromagnet depends on the current passing through the wires, number of turns in
coil, length of coil, permeability of the core etc.
Magnetomotive force or MMF is the product of current passing through a coil and the number of turns of
that coil. MMF F NI Its unit is At Ampere-turns
, = . [ ]

N
MMF F, = NI

l
I

3
 Toroid

mean circumference l =

Magnetizing Force (H), is the ratio of mmf and the length of the coil. H F NI .
l
= =
l
Its unit is At m /

Flux density B is the result of magnetizing force H . B

( ) H. ( ) = 𝜇

The more magnetizing force we apply on a core, the more flux density will it produce.
The flux density depends on the medium whereas magnetizing force does not depend on the medium.
Here, 𝜇 = permeability of the core medium . The more 'permeable' a material is, the more flux density will
it create.
𝜇 0 = Permeablity of free space 4 10-7 AtT m Tm Wb
At Atm
= 𝜋×
/
= =

𝜇 = Permeability of any other matter r 0 = 𝜇 𝜇

𝜇 r =
𝜇0
𝜇
Relative Permeability unitless
= [ ]

Q. 1) A wooden ring having a mean diameter of 200mm and a cross-sectional area of 400mm 2 is wound
uniformly with a coil of 300 turns. If the current passed through the coil is 5A, calculate the value of flux
produced in the coil. [p- 134, ex42]
Here,
number of turns, N 300t turns = [ ]

Current, I 5A =

∴ MMF magnetomotive force NI 300 5 1500 At Ampere-turns

( ) = = × = [ ]

Circumference, l D 200
NI 1500 2387 32 At
= 𝜋 = 𝜋× = ?

Magnetizing force, H
l 02 =
m =
𝜋× .
= .

Flux Density, B o H 4 10 -7 2387 32 3 10 -3 T

= 𝜇 = 𝜋× × . = ×

4
Flux, 𝜙 = BA = 3 10-3 400 10-3 2 1 2 Wb
× × × = . 𝜇

5
 Basic Electrotechnology
Ch-06 Electromagnetic Circuit (Continued)
Prepared by-
Shahriar Akbar Sakib
B.Sc. Engg. in Mechanical Engineering (BUET)
Engineering Instructor, IMTA
Overview:
Magnetomotive Force (MMF), Magnetizing Force, Flux Density, Permeability, Flux
Reluctance
Energy stored in air gap between two magnetic poles and the pull force
1. Flux, Flux Density, Magnetizing Force, Permeability, Magnetomotive Force
N

l coil length
=

I
Solenoid

Toroid

MMF F NI
F
, =

Magnetizing Force H , =
l
l = mean circumference
Q. 1) A wooden ring having a mean circumference of 300mm and a uniform cross-sectional area of
400mm², is wound uniformly overall with 300 turns of insulated wire. If the current is 3A, calculate (a) the
magnetising force (b) the flux density inside the toroid and (c) the total flux produced. [p-140, ex44]
Solution:
a) The total mmf (magnetomotive force) produced, mmf NI 300 3 900 At = = × =

The mean circumference = 300 mm

Magnetizing Force, H mmf NI 900
=
l l
=
300 10-3 -73000 At m
= = /

(b) The flux density is given by B 0 H 4 10 3000 3 678 10 -3 T 3 768 mT

×

= 𝜇 = 𝜋× × = . × = .

(c) The total flux produced B A 3 768 10-3 400 10-4 Wb 1 5 Wb

𝜙 = × = . × × × = . 𝜇

Q. 2) A cast-steel ring has a cross-section of 400mm 2 and a mean diameter of 240mm. It is wound with a
coil having 200 turns. What current is required to produce a flux of 400 Wb, if the relative permeability of
the steel is 1000? [p-144, ex46]
Solution:
Here,
1
Area of steel 400 10-6-6 m2
B A 400 10
= ×

400 10-6 1T
𝜙 ×
∴ = = =
×

Again,
B 0 rH
= 𝜇 𝜇

H 0B r 4 10-71 1000 104 At m

4
= = = /

Now mmf F Hl 104

𝜇 𝜇 𝜋× × 𝜋
4
, , 240 10-3 = = × 𝜋× ×

600 At
𝜋

Again
=

F NI
I FN 600
=

=
200 3A ans
= = ( .)

2. Reluctance
The magnetomotive force creates magnetic fluxes. Reluctance of a magnetic circuit is the ratio of the
magnetic force to the magnetomotive flux.
S F Its unit is At Wb
= /

V
𝜙

It is analogous to resistance in electric circuit R =

I
Q. 1) An iron ring having a mean circumference of 1.25m and a cross-sectional area of 1500mm², is wound
with 400 turns of wire. An exciting current of 2.5A produces a flux of 0.75mWb in the iron ring. Calculate
(a) the permeability (relative) of the iron (b) the reluctance of the iron (c) the m.m.f. of the exciting
winding. [p- 160, 4]
Solution:
(a) H F NI 400 2 5 800 At m × .
=
1 -325
l
=
l
= = /

0 75 10
.

Also, B 𝜙 . ×
05T
A 1500 10-6
= = = .

B 05
×

Again, B H =
H 𝜇 ⟹ 𝜇 =
800
=
.
=

05 .

Also, r 𝜇 800 497 5 ans

𝜇
o
=
𝜇
=
4 10-7
𝜋×
= . ( .)

(b)
Reluctance, S F NI NI l 1 25
.
1 33 MA Wb
=
HA
𝜙
=
𝜇
=

𝜇
NI A
l
=
𝜇A =
05
800
.
× 1500 10
×
-6
= . /

(c)
Since, F = NI = 400 2 5 × . = 1000 At (ans.)
3. Air gap between magnetic poles

2
 A Area of air gap
=

N S

lair gap
Pull between the poles:
F 1H 1 B BA B2A
=
2 2 0
𝜙 =
𝜇
×
20 =
𝜇

Energy stored in the air gap between two magnetic poles:

E F lair gap B2 A0 lair gap B2 V0
2 2
= × = × =
𝜇 𝜇

Q. 2) Two coaxial magnetic poles each 100mm diameter are separated by an air gap of 2.5mm and the
flux crossing the air gap is 0.004Wb. Neglecting fringing calculate (a) the energy in joules stored in the air
gap (b) the pull in newtons between the poles. [p-161, 9]
(a)
D 2 100 10 -3 2
Area of air gap, A m2 ×
𝜋
=
4 4 = 𝜋

100 10 -3 2
Volume of air gap ,V A lair gap 2 5 10-3 m3
×
= ×
4
0 004 0 508 T
= 𝜋 × . × = ?

Flux density in gap, B 𝜙 .

A =
100 10-3 2
=
×
= .

𝜋
4
Energy stored in air gap, E B2 V 0 5082 .
100 10-3 2 2 5 10-3 2J
×
=
20
𝜇 2 4 10-7
× =
× 𝜋×
×𝜋
4 × . × =

(b)
-3 2
B2A 0 5082 100 410 ×

The pull between the poles, F 806 N ans

. × 𝜋
=
20
𝜇
=
2 4 10-7× 𝜋×
= ( .)

3
 Basic Electrotechnology
Ch-07 Electromagnetic Induction
Prepared by-
Shahriar Akbar Sakib
B.Sc. Engg. in Mechanical Engineering (BUET)
Engineering Instructor, IMTA
Overview:
Generation of EMF due to EM induction

1. Generation of EMF due to EM induction

If a magnet is kept at rest in a electrical conductor, nothing remarkable happens.
But, when we start to move the electrical conductor in the magnetic field, some emf is generated in the
conductor. Again, if we move the magnet while keeping the conductor at rest, same thing happens, as long as
there is relative motion between magnetic field and the conductor.

EMF induced in the wire, E d𝜙

=
dt
N S 𝜙 = flux linkage in the conductor
B d Change in flux linkage in the conductor
𝜙 =

dt = Change in time
y

x
z

v
EMF induced in the wire,
N B S E ddt dBA
=
dBly Blv
𝜙

dt dt = = =

1
 v
EMF induced in the wire,
N B S E Blv
= sin 𝜃

Q. 1) An iron-cored coil of 2000 turns produced a magnetic flux of 30mWb when a current of 10A is
flowing from the d.c. supply. Find the average value of induced e.m.f. if the time of opening the supply
switch is 0.12 second. The residual flux of the iron is 2mWb. [p-191, 3]
Solution:
Change of flux d 2- 1 30 - 2 mWb 28 mWb
d 28
, 𝜙 = 𝜙 𝜙 = ( ) =

Induced emf E N dt 2000 0 12 466 6 V ans

, =
𝜙
= ×
.
= . ( .)

2. DC Generator

2
 Maximum EMF produced, E Blv Bl n60D
= =
𝜋

Armature v r 2 n D nD
𝜋 𝜋
= 𝜔 =
60 2 60
× =

D
N S

B
EMF per conductor, Eper conductor Blv =

EMF in one turn coil = EMF in 2 conductors

=Eper conductor 2 ×

If N turns of coil,
Etotal Eper conductor 2 N
= × ×

Q. 1) A slow-speed d.c. generator has an armature of diameter 3.0m and active conductors of length
510mm. The average strength of the field in the air-gap is 0.8T and the armature speed is 200 rev/min. If
the armature has 144 conductors arranged in 8 parallel paths, find the e.m.f. generated at the machine
terminals. [p-190, ex60]
Solution:
Here,
Here
Armature speed n 200 rpm
,

emf produced per conductor E Blv

Linear velocity of each conductor v n 602 r
, =

E 0 08 510 10 31 4
, =
-3 × 𝜋

12 8 volts
= . × × × . , =

= .
n D 200 3 31 4 m s
×𝜋 ×𝜋×
=
60 =
60 = . /

Total EMF produced for 144 conductors in 8 parallel paths

Etotal = Eone conductor 144
8
× 12 8 144 230 4 V ans
=
8 . × = . ( .)

Q. 2) A coil of 200 turns is rotated at 1200 rev/min between the poles of an electromagnet. The flux
density of the field is 0.02T and the axis of rotation is at right angles to the direction of the field. The
effective length of the coil is 0.3m and the mean width 0.2m. Assuming that the e.m.f. produced is
sinusoidal, calculate (a) the maximum value of e.m.f. (b) the frequency. [p-191, 6]
Solution:

3
Diameter of coil, D 0 2 m= .

Circumference of coil, C 2 r D 0 2 0 628 m

Linear velocity of coil, v n 2
r 1200 0 628 12 56 m s
= 𝜋 = 𝜋 = 𝜋× . = .

× 𝜋 × .

60
=
60 = = . /

Now,
Eper conductor Blv 0 02 0 3 12 56 V
= = . × . × .

Total EMF E 400 Eper conductor 30 144 V

, = × = .

This is the maximum value of emf generated. (ans.)

Since, in 1 revolution, 1 cycle is completed,
Frequency, f n 1200 20 Hz (ans.)
∴ = =
60 =

Q. 12) State Faraday's and Lenz's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction. A 4-pole, 250V motor has its
armature removed in order to test the continuity of the field windings which are connected in series and
consists of 2000 turns each. What is the average e.m.f. induced when the current is switched off, if the
flux falls from 0.026Wb to 0.001 Wb in 0.2s? [class 2, p-539, 37]
Faraday's Law: Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, an electromotive force is induced.
E d𝜙
=
dt
Lenz's Law:
An induced electric current flows in a direction such that the current opposes the change that induced it

4
 Basic Electrotechnology
Ch-08 Electrostatics and Capacitance
Prepared by-
Shahriar Akbar Sakib
B.Sc. Engg. in Mechanical Engineering (BUET)
Engineering Instructor, IMTA
Overview:
Capacitors in series and parallel
Capacitance of two parallel plates
Energy stored in a capacitor

1. Electrostatic Force
Electrostatic Force between two point charges q1 and q2 :
F q1 q2
=
4 d2
𝜋𝜖

Here,
𝜖 = permittivity of medium
𝜖0 permittivity of free space
= = 8 85 10-12 F m
. × /

r Relative Permittivity
𝜖
𝜖 = =
𝜖 0
q
+ 1+
q
+ 2+
+ + + +
+ + ++ d + + ++

2. Capacitor
Capacitance of a capacitor, C Charge Stored Q
Voltage difference
= =
V
Q CV
Unit of capacitance : C Coulomb
=

V Volts F Farad = [ ]

+ Q -Q

V
1 1 1
Cseries =
C1 C2
+

1
Cparallel = C1 C2
+

Q = C1V1 V1 CQ1 → =

Q = C2V2 V2 CQ2
→ =

Q = CseriesV Cseries V1 V2
= ( + ) → +
Q
V1 V2 Cseries
=

Q Q Q
C1 +
C2 Cseries
=

1 1 1
C1 +
C2 Cseries
=

C1 C2 C2
Q2
+ -Q2
+ Q -Q + Q -Q
+ Q1 -Q1
C1
V
V

Energy stored in the capacitor, W 1 QV 1 CV V 1 CV2

=
2 =
2 × =
2
If two capacitors of values 100𝜇F and 50𝜇F respectively, are connected (a) in series (b) in parallel, across a
steady applied voltage of 1000V, calculate the joint capacitance. [p-205, Example 62]
Solution:
(a)
Cseries = C1-1 C2-1 -1
+ = 100-1 50-1 -1 33 33 F ans
+ = . 𝜇 ( .)

(b)
Cparallel = C1 C2
+ = 100 50 + = 150 F ans
𝜇 ( .)

Q. 1) Consider the capacitor arrangement of Example 62 and calculate the total energy stored for a steady
applied voltage of 1000V, for both the series and parallel connection. [p-207, ex64]
For series connection:
W 1 CV2 1 33 33 10-6 10002 16 67 J
=
2 2 = × . × × = .

For parallel connection:

W 12 CV2 12 150 10-6 10002 75 J
= = × × × =

3. Two Parallel Metal Plates

Capacitance, C A
𝜖
=
d
2
 𝜖 = permittivity of the material between the plates

A Area of plate
=

d distance between parallel plates

=

Q. 2) A capacitor consists of two parallel metal plates, each 300mm by 300mm, separated by a sheet of
polythene 2.5mm thick, having a relative permittivity of 2.3. Calculate the energy stored in the capacitor
when connected to a d.c. supply of 150V. [p-209, ex65]
Solution:
Capacitance of two parallel metal plates
A 8 85 10 -12 2 3 300 10 -3 2
C 𝜖 0 r
×𝜖 × . ×
733 10-12 F 733 pF
× . × ×
=
d =
2 5 10-3 . ×
= × =

Energy stored, W 1 CV 2 1 733 10 -12 150 2 8 25 10 -6 J 8 25 J

2 2
= = × × × = . × = . 𝜇

Q. 1) A capacitor consists of two parallel metal plates, each 200mm by 300mm, separated by a sheet of
polythene 3.5mm thick, having a relative permittivity of 3.0. Calculate the energy stored in the capacitor
when connected to a d.c. supply of 300V. [p-215, 6]
Solution:
C dA 𝜖
8 85 10-12 3 200 10-3 300 10-3 4 55 10-10 F
. × × × × × ×
= =
3 5 10-3 = . ×

1 CV2 1 4 55 10-10 3002 20 475 10-6 J

. ×

Energy, W =
2 2= × . × × = . ×

3
 Q. 2) Two capacitors A and B having capacitances of 20µF and 30μF respectively are connected in series
to a 600V d.c. supply. Determine the p.d. across each capacitor. If a third capacitor C is connected in
parallel with A and it is then found that the p.d. across B is 400V, calculate the value of C and the energy
stored in it. [p-216, 8]
Solution:

20 F 30 F
Cseries CA-1 CB-1 -1 20-1 30-1 -1 12 F
𝜇 𝜇
= + = + = 𝜇

We know
A B Charge stored Q CV 12 600 10-6 72 10-4C
VA CQA
, = = × × = ×

= = ?

600 V VB CQB
= = ?

+ 200V - Q CBVB 30 10-6 400 C

= = × ×

C Q CA CC VA
= ( + )×

30 10-6 400 20 10-6 CC 200

× × = × + ×

400V - CC 40 F
W 12 CCVC2 12 40 10-6 2002 0 8J
+ ∴ = 𝜇

= = × × × = .

A B

+ 600V -

4
 Basic Electrotechnology
Ch-09 Basic AC Theory
Prepared by-
Shahriar Akbar Sakib
B.Sc. Engg. in Mechanical Engineering (BUET)
Engineering Instructor, IMTA
Overview:
Sinusoid
RMS value
Phasor

1. Sinusoid

v Vm t Vm 2 ft vt
( )

v t i t R i Im t Im 2 ft
= sin(𝜔 ) = sin( 𝜋 )

vt
= sin(𝜔 ) = sin( 𝜋 )
R
f T1
( ) = ( )

it
( )

( ) =
it
( )

Q. 1) Find the first time after zero, when the instantaneous value of a sinusoidal current wave is 6.8A. The
maximum value is 12A and the frequency is 50Hz. Find also the second time after zero. [p-220, ex70]

it ( )

t1 t2 t

1
i im 2 ft
i 12 2 ft
= sin( 𝜋 )

6 8 12 2 50 t
= sin( 𝜋 )

100 t 6128 0 5666

. = sin( 𝜋 × × )

.
sin( 𝜋 ) = = .

100 t -1 0 5666 0 6023

t1 0100 6023 0 0019 s
𝜋 = sin ( . ) = .

Remember to keep your calculator mode in Radians

.
= = .
𝜋 [ ]

Again
t2 T2 -t1 2f1 -0 0019
,

= = .

1
=
2 50 - 0 0019 .

0 0081s ans
×
= . ( .)

Q. 1) A sinusoidal, 25Hz a.c. voltage has a maximum value of 282.8V. Find the time interval, after the
zero value, when the voltage wave reaches (a) its first, (b) its second instantaneous value of 200V. [p-236,
2]
Since the signal is sinusoidal, v Vm t Vm 2 ft
200 282 8 2 25t
= sin(𝜔 ) = sin( 𝜋 )

t1 2 1 25 sin-1 282
200 0 0050 s
= . sin( 𝜋 × )

=
𝜋× 8 Remember to keep your calculator mode in Radians
×
.
= .

T 1
[ ]

t2 2 -t1 2 25 -0 0050 0 015 s

= =
×
. = .

2. RMS (Root Mean Square Value)

it Iav 2 Im IRMS Im
2
( ) = =
𝜋

Im peak value of current

=

Q. 3) An alternating voltage, in the form of a sine wave, having a peak value of 340V, is applied to the
ends of a 24 resistor. Calculate the r.m.s. value of the current in the resistor. [p-237, 6]
Ω

Peak value of current Im VRm 340

24 14 1666 A , = = = .

RMS value of current IRMS Im 14 1666 10 0172A .

2 2
, = = = .

2
 Q. 1) If the instantaneous value of a current is represented by i 70 7 sin 520t , calculate the current's = . ( )

(a) maximum value, (b) r.m.s. value, (c) frequency, (d) instantaneous value 0.0015s after passing through
zero. [class 2, p-534, 4]
From the equation i 70 7sin 520t and comparing it with i Im
= . ( t ) = sin(𝜔 )

Im 70 7 A (ans. a)
Im 70 7 49 9924 50A ans b
= .

RMS value of current, IRMS .

2 2
= = = . ≈ ( . )

Angular frequency,
𝜔 520 rad s
= /

2 f 520 rad s
frequency f 520
𝜋 = /

∴
2 , =
𝜋
= 82 7605 Hz ans c
. ( . )

Now,
i = 70 7 520 0 0015
. sin( × . ) = 49 7218 A ans d Use radians mode in calculator
. ( . ) [ ]

Q. 14) The average value of a sinusoidal waveform is 125A and the frequency is 60Hz. Calculate the first
time from zero when the instantaneous value of the current is 95A. Find also the r.m.s. value of the
current. [class 2, p-539, 40]
Average value of sinusoidal waveform, Iav =
2 Im
125 2 Im
𝜋

= ×

Im 1252 196 3495 A

𝜋
𝜋
= = .

i t Im 2 ft
( ) = sin( 𝜋 )

95 196 3495 sin 2 60 t

t 2 1 60 sin-1 196953495 0 0013s 1 3ms
= . × ( 𝜋× × )

= × = . = .
𝜋× .

RMS value of current IRMS Im 196 3495 138 8400 A .

2 2
, = = = .

2.1. Graphical evaluation of Average and RMS value

Graphically,
Iav Sum of mid-ordinates
=
number of mid-ordinates
IRMS Squared sum of mid-ordinates
=
number of mid-ordinates

3
 it
( )

Q. 4) Define the average value and r.m.s. value of an alternating quantity. Calculate the average r.ms.
value for the stepped half wave given.
Time (ms) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
Steady
current 2 4 6 8 6 4 2
(A)
[class 2, p-536, 18]

it
A
( )

( )
8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 t

Sum of mid-ordinates 2 4 6 8 6 4 2 4 57 A
Average steady current number + + + + + +
=
of mid-ordinates =
7 = .

RMS value Squared sum of mid-ordinates 2 4 6 82 62 42 22 5 0142 A

2 2 2 + + + + + +
=
number of mid-ordinates =
7 = .

3. Phasor
A sinusoidal signal has three characteristics:
1) Peak value
2) frequency

4
3) Phase angle
If frequencies in a circuit are all equal, then only peak values and phase angles of different elements differ.
Imagine three currents i1 i2 and i3 enters at a junction and the resultant current i leaves that junction. From
,

Kirchoff's Current Law, we can write: i i1 i2 i3 = + +

i3 5A
=

i2 4A
=
i = i1 i2 i3
+ + = 3 4 5
+ + = 12 A

i1 3A
=

But, if the currents were sinusoidal signals that differ in phase angles, adding the signals up is not so easy.

i3 5
= t
sin(𝜔 )

i2 4= sin 𝜔 t- 6𝜋
i = i1 i2 i3
+ + = 3 sin 𝜔 + t 6 4
𝜋
+ t- 6 5
sin 𝜔
𝜋
+ t
sin(𝜔 ) = ? A

i1 3
= sin 𝜔 + t 3 𝜋

In such cases, phasor diagrams become necessary to find the resultant of the currents.
How we draw phasor diagrams is illustrated in the following problems.
Q. 2) Find the resultant of the following currents
i1 = 5 sin t
(𝜔 )

i2 = 4 sin t 3
𝜔 +
𝜋

i3 = 3 sin t- 6
𝜔
𝜋

Express the resultant in a trigonometrical form ie in the same form as the individual quantities. [p-227,
ex71]

5
 I2 4A
= ∠+ 60 °

I1 = 5A 0 ∠ °
IV 5 0 4 60 3 -30 1 745 A
= sin °+ sin °+ sin( °) = .

I3 3A -30
= ∠ ° IH 5 0 4 60 3 -30 1 653 A
= cos °+ cos °+ cos( °) = .

I IH2 IV2 1 7452 1 6532 2 404A

= + = . + . = .

IH 1 653 .
cos 𝜙 =

𝜙
I rad
0 8126
=
2 404
.
=
.

∴ Resultant current I, = IH2 IV2 t

+ sin(𝜔 + 𝜙)

= 2 404 t 0 8126
. sin(𝜔 + . )

Q. 2) A sinusoidal e.m.f. of 100V maximum value is connected in series with an e.m.f. of 80V maximum
value, lagging 60° behind the 100V e.m.f. Determine the maximum value of the resultant voltage and its
phase angle with respect to the 100V e.m.f. [p-236, 3]

V1 100V 0 VH 100 0 80 -60 140 V

VV 100 0 80 -60 -69 28V
= cos °+ cos( °) =
= ∠ °

60
°
𝜃 = sin °+ sin( °) = .

V = VH2 VV2 +

1402 69 282
V2 80V -60 156 3 V
= + .

= ∠ ° = .

VH 140
cos 𝜃 =
V 156 3 =

140 26 5
.

𝜃 = cos-1 156 3 .
= . °

6
 Basic Electrotechnology
Ch-10 AC Circuit
Prepared by-
Shahriar Akbar Sakib
B.Sc. Engg. in Mechanical Engineering (BUET)
Engineering Instructor, IMTA
Overview:
Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance in AC circuit
Phasor diagram
Series Connection
Resonance Frequency
Power

1. Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance in AC circuit

R Ohm
[ ] L Henry
[ ] C Farad
[ ]

V I V I V I

vt vt vt
it
( )

it it
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )

t t t

current and voltage starts Current starts here Voltage starts here
at the same time Voltage starts here Current starts here
(same phase )

Current lags voltage Current leads voltage

Voltage and current has same frequency but different magnitude.
Resistance does not change the phase angle between current and voltage.
Inductor causes the current signal to lag the voltage signal.
Capacitor causes the current signal to lead the voltage signal.
2. Impedance
Voltage signal, v t( ) = Vm t
sin(𝜔 + 𝜃 )v → Phasor of voltage, V Vm v = ∠𝜃

Current signal, i t
( ) = Im t i
sin(𝜔 + 𝜃 ) → Phasor of current, I Im i= ∠𝜃

1
Impedance, Z VVm v - i
=
IIm = ∠(𝜃 𝜃 )

Magnitude of Impedance, Z
Vm VRMS
Im IRMS = =

Phase angle of impedance, v- i 𝜙 = 𝜃 𝜃

For Resistance, v - i
𝜃 𝜃 = 0
°

ZR VImm 0 R 0
= ∠ ° = ∠ °

For inductance, v - i 𝜃 𝜃 = 90 °

ZL VImm 90 XL 90
= ∠ ° = L 90 ∠ ° = 𝜔 ∠ °

Where, XL Reactance of Inductor

= L 2 fL ohms = 𝜔 = 𝜋 [ ]

For capacitance, v - i -90

𝜃 𝜃 = °

ZC VImm -90 XC -90 1C -90

= ∠ ° = ∠ ° =
𝜔
∠ °

Where, XC Reactance of Capacitor 1 1

=
C 2 fC ohms =
𝜔
=
𝜋
[ ]

Phasor Diagram
V XL I
Z R VI Z XL VI Z XC VI
=
= =
= = = =

V I I I
V XC I
=

Current and voltage Current lags voltage Current leads voltage

are in same phase by 90 ° by 90 °

XL = 𝜔 L 2 fL
= 𝜋
Xc 1 1
=
𝜔 C 2 fC
=
𝜋

3. Series Circuit

2
 ZR R 0
= ∠ ° ZL = XL 90 ZC XC -90
∠ ° = ∠ °

Z ZR ZL ZC
R 0 XL 90 XC -90
= + +

R 0 XL -XC 90
= ∠ ° + ∠ ° + ∠ °

= ∠ ° + ( )∠ °
Z X XL -XC
Z = R2 XL -XC 2
+( )
= ( )

v- i
Total Resistance R
𝜙 = 𝜃 𝜃

Total Reactance X XL -XC R

=

= =

Total Impedance =Z R2 X2
= +
R X X
power factor R cos 𝜙 =
Z ; sin 𝜙 =
Z ; tan 𝜙 =
R
, cos 𝜙
Z=

Power dissipated , P VrmsIrms

= VrmsIrms pf
cos 𝜙 = ×

Z1 R1 X1 90
= + ∠ ° Z2 R2 X2 90
= + ∠ °

Ztotal = ( R1 R2 2 X1 X2 2
+ ) +( + )

Q. 1) A 500W, 100V bulb is to be connected across 250V, f 50Hz mains. Find the value of the =

capacitor required to be connected in series. (p 258, example 81)

Solution:
Here,
Pbulb VRMSIRMS
= cos 𝜙

P VRMSIRMS v- i 0 for pure resistance

I VP 500
= [𝜙 = 𝜃 𝜃 = °, ]

=
100 5 A
= =

R VI 100
=
5 20
= = Ω

Now,
Z VI 250
=
5 50
= = Ω

Z R2 XC2
= +

XC Z2 -R2 502 -202 45 82

1 45 82
= = = . Ω

2 fC = . Ω

C 2 501 45 82 6 947 10-5F 69 47 F 1 F

𝜋

=
𝜋× × .
= . × = . 𝜇 𝜇 = 10-6F

3
 XC R R
100V Z Xc
250 V

Q. 2) Two coils A and B are connected in series to 50Hz mains. The current is 1A and the voltage across
each coil is measured to be 45V and 70V respectively. When the coils are connected to a d.c. supply, the
current is also 1A, but the voltages across the coils are now 20V and 40V respectively. Find the
impedance, reactance and resistance of each coil, the total circuit impedance, the applied a.c voltage and
the power factor of the complete circuit. (Ex 82, p-259)
Solution:
Coil A Coil B

When connencted to D C . :

RA VIA 20V
=
1A
= 20= Ω

RB VIB 40V
=
1A 40
= = Ω

When connected to A C . :

ZA VIA 45V
=
1A 45
= = Ω

ZB VIB 70V
=
1A 70
= = Ω

Finding Reactances of Coil A and B :

Z = R2 X2
+

ZA = RA2 XA2
+

45 = 202 XA2
+

4
XA 452 -202 40 30
= = . Ω

ZB RB2 XB2
= +

70 402 XB2
= +

XB 702 -402 57 4
= = . Ω

Total Impedances of coils :

Z = RA RB 2 XA XB 2 114 70
( + ) +( + ) = . Ω

[Please Note Z ZA ZB , | | ≠ | |+| |]

V ZI
114 7 1 114 7 V
=

R 60 0 52 lagging
= . × = .

pf . . =
Z 114 7
cos 𝜙 =
| |
=
.
= . ( )

Q. 3) A series circuit is made up of a choke-coil of resistance 20 and inductance 0.08H, connected in Ω

series with a 100μF capacitor. If the circuit is connected across 200V, 50Hz mains, find (a) the circuit
current and (b) its power factor. (P- 262, ex 83)
Solution:
R XL XC

20 L 0 08 H
VR RI
Ω = .

C 100 F = 𝜇
=

V 𝜙 I
=
ZI VX XI=

200V
50Hz
R 20 = Ω

XL 2 fL 2 50 0 08 25 13
XC 2 1fC 2 50 1100 10-6 31 83
= 𝜋 = 𝜋× × . = . Ω

= = = . Ω
𝜋 𝜋× × ×

Z R2 XL -XC 2
= +( )

X XL-XC 25 13-31 83 -6 7 Capacitive

= = . . = . Ω ( )

Z R2 X2 202 -6 7 2 21 09
I VZ 2120009 9 48A
= + = +( . ) Ω = . Ω

= = = .
.

pf R 20 0 948 leading
. . =
Z 21 09
cos 𝜙 = =
.
= . ( )

Q. 5) A moving-iron voltmeter with a resistance of 1732 and an inductance of 0.625H registers 110V Ω

with maximum deflection on a 50Hz, a.c. circuit. It is required to be placed in a 230V, 50Hz a.c. circuit in
series with a non-inductive resistor. Find the value of R, the required resistor. (P-265, ex- 86)
5
Solution:
Reactance of voltmeter
XL = 2 fL 2 50 0 625
𝜋 = 𝜋× × .

= 196 25 . Ω

Impedance of voltmeter
Zvoltmeter 17322 196 252
I VZvoltmeter
= + .

voltmeter 110 0 063 A

17322 196 252
= = = .

+ .

R Zvoltmeter

230V
Impedance of the whole circuit Z VI 0230
063 3650 79 , = =
.
Ω = . Ω

Z R 1732 2 196 252

= ( + ) + .

3650 792 R 17322 2 196 2522

. = ( + ) + .

3650 79 2 R 1732 2 196 252

R 1732 3650 79 -196 25 13 289 106
. = ( + ) + .

( + ) = . . = . ×

R 1732 3645 51
R 1913 5
+ = .

= . Ω

4. Resonance Frequency
For a certain frequency, when XL XC in a circuit, impedance Z R2 XL -XC 2 = = + ( ) = R will be
minimum. Hence, Current will be maximum. This frequency is known as resonance frequency.
XL XC
L 1C
=

𝜔 =

2 1
𝜔

𝜔
LC =

1
LC
𝜔 =

2f 1
LC
𝜋 =

f 1
2 LC
=

Q. 4) A 4 F capacitor is connected in series with a coil of inductance 39.6mH and resistance 40 to a

𝜇 Ω

200V a.c. supply. Calculate (a) the frequency when the current is a maximum value and (b) the p.d.
across the capacitor at this frequency. (P-263, ex- 84)
Solution:

6
 R XL XC
40 Ω
39 6 mH 4 F
V
. 𝜇

I
200V
Z = R2 X2 + = R2 XL -XC 2
+( )

When XL XC , Impedance is minimum, hence current is maximum.

=

2 fL 2 1fC
𝜋 =

f2 4 12LC
𝜋

1 1
𝜋

fresonance 399 9 Hz 400 Hz

2 LC 2 39 6 10-3 4 10-6
= = = . ≈

𝜋 𝜋 . × × ×

When XL XC =

Z = R2 X2 R2 XL -XC 2
+ = R2 02 R2 R
+( ) = + = =

I VZ VR 200
= =
40 5A = =

XC 2 1fC 2 400 1 4 10-6 99 47

=
𝜋
= = . Ω

VC IXC 5 99 47 497 36 V
𝜋× × ×

= = × . = .

Q. 6) A coil, having an inductance of 0.5H and a resistance of 60 , is connected in series with a 10 F Ω 𝜇

capacitor. The combination so formed is now connected across a sinusoidal supply and it is found that, at
resonance, the p.d. across the capacitor is 100V. Calculate the current flowing in the circuit under this
condition. Sketch the phasor diagram (not to scale). (P- 268, 9)
Solution:
Resonance frequency:
XL XC
2 fL 2 1fC
=

𝜋 =

f2 4 12LC
𝜋

1 1
𝜋

f 71 176 Hz
2 LC 2 0 5 10 10-6
= = = .

𝜋 𝜋 . × ×

Voltage across capacitor = 100 V

XC 1 1 223 61
=
2 fC
𝜋
=
2 71 176 10 10-6
𝜋× . × ×
= . Ω

7
IC VC 100 0 447 A ans
XC 223 61
= =
.
= . ( .)

Z R XL -XC 90 R 60
= +( )∠ ° = = Ω

V IZ 0 447 60 26 82 V
= = . × = .

cos RZ 6060 1
𝜙 = = =

𝜙 0 = °

VR =26.82V
100V VL VC 100V
I 26.82V
0.447A

Q. 7) A certain coil has a resistance of 400 and, when connected to a 60Hz supply, an impedance of 438
. If the coll is connected in series with a 40 F capacitor and a p.d. of 200V, 50Hz is applied to the
Ω

Ω 𝜇

circuit, find the current and the p.d. across the coil and the capacitor. (P- 268, 10)
Solution:
Zcoil 60Hz
, R2 XL2= +

438 4002 XL2

= +

XL 60Hz 4382 -4002 178 44

= = . Ω

2 f60 L 178 44
,

L 2178 4460 0 47 H
𝜋 = . Ω

.
= = .
𝜋×

XL 50Hz 2 f50 L 2 50 0 47 147 65

,
= 𝜋 = 𝜋× × . = . Ω

XC 2 f150 C 2 50 140 10-6 79 57

=
𝜋
=
𝜋× × ×
= . Ω

For 50 Hz ,

Ztotal R2 XL -XC 2
= 4002 147 65-79 57 2 405 75
+ ( ) = +( . . ) = . Ω

I Ztotal V 200 0 49A ans

=
405 75 =
.
= . ( .)

Vcoil IZcoil 50Hz 0 49 4002 147 652 208 9V ans

= = . × + . = . ( .)

Vcapacitor I Zcapacitor IXC 0 49 79 57 38 98V ans

,

= = = . × . = . ( .)

8
5. Power
Pload VI p f VI cos VI RZ
= × . = 𝜙 = ×

Presistor VI IR I I2R p f 1
| |

= = × = [ ∵ . = ]

Q. 5) A non-inductive resistor of 8 is connected in series with an inductive load and the combination
Ω

placed across a 100V supply. A voltmeter (taking negligible current) is connected across the load and then
across the resistor and indicates 48V and 64V respectively. Calculate (a) the power absorbed by the load (b
) the power absorbed by the resistor (c) the total power taken from the supply (d) the power factors of the
load and whole circuit.
(P-268, 7)
Solution:
VR V
+ 64V - 48VL - +

R 8 = Ω Load ZLoad ZLoad VIload

load Rload
2 X2
=
load = +

Ztotal Vtotal
I = R Rload 2 Xload
2 = ( + ) +

100V - +

I VRR 648 8 A
= = =

PR VR I 8 64 512 W ans b or P IR I I2R

= = × = ( . ) , = × =

ZL VIL 488 6
= = = Ω

ZLoad 6 RLoad=
2 =XLoad
2 +

62 RLoad 2
= XLoad
2 1+ .... ( )

Ztotal VI 100=
8 12 5 = R RLoad 2 Xload
=
2 . = ( + ) +

12 5 . 82 2 8 RLoad RLoad
= +
2 Xload
×
2 × + +

12 5 82 2 8 RLoad 62 from eq 1
. = + × × + [ . ]

12 52 64 16 RLoad 36
. = + +

RLoad 3 516 = . Ω

From 1 ( ):

62 3 5162 XLoad
= .
2 +

XLoad 62 -3 5162 4 86
RLoad 3 516 0 586 lagging
= . = . Ω

p fload
. Load Z
= cos 𝜙
Load 6 = =
.
= . ( )

p fwhole whole Z
R whole 8 3 516 0 92 lagging + .
. = cos 𝜙
whole 12 5 = =
.
= . ( )

Pload VLIL p fload

= × .

9
 = 48 8 0 586 225 024 W
× × . = .

PTotal PR Pload 512 225 737 W

= + = + =

alternatively
Ptotal Vwhole Iwhole p fwhole 100 8 0 92 737 W
:

= × × . = × × . =

6. Practice
Q. 6) A coil of resistance 10 and inductance 0.1H is connected in series with a capacitor of capacitance
150µF, across a 200V, 50Hz supply. Calculate (a) the inductive reactance, (b) the capacitive reactance (c)
the circuit impedance (d) the circuit current (e) the circuit power factor (f) the voltage drop across the
coil (g) the voltage drop across the capacitor. (P-265, ex-87)

Q. 1) A 100W lamp for a 100V supply, is placed across a 220V Supply. What value of resistance must be
placed in series with it so that it will work under its proper conditions? If a coil is used instead of the
resistor and if the resistance of the coil is small compared to its reactance, what is the inductance of the
coil? The frequency is 50Hz. What is the total power absorbed in each case? (P-267, 2)

Q. 2) An inductive load takes a current of 15A from a 240V, 50Hz supply and the power absorbed is
2.5kW. Calculate (a) the power factor of the load (b) the resistance, reactance and impedance of the load.
Draw a phasor diagram showing the voltage drops and the current components. (P-267, 3)

Q. 3) Two inductive circuits A and B are connected in series across 230V, 50Hz mains. The resistance
values are A 120 ; B 100 . The inductance values are A 250mH; B 400mH. Calculate (a) the current (b)
the phase difference between the supply voltage and current (c) the voltages across A and B (d) the phase
difference between these voltages. (p- 267, 4)

Q. 4) Two coils are connected in series. When 2A d.c. is passed through the circuit, the voltage drop
across the coils is 20V and 30V respectively. When passing 2A a.c. at 40Hz, the voltage drop across the
coils is 140V and 100V respectively. If the two coils in series are connected to a 230V, 50Hz supply, find
the current flowing. (P- 267, 5)

Q. 3) An alternating current series circuit consists of a coil A that has an inductance of 0.3H and
negligible resistance and a resistor B of 100 . The supply voltage is 200V with a frequency of 50Hz.
Determine (a) the impedance of the circuit, (b) the current flowing, (c) the power factor. [class 2, p-535, 8]

Q. 6) A series circuit consists of a capacitor of 50F and a coll of inductance 1.5H and resistance 30 Find
the total impedance when working on a 50Hz supply. Find whether the current leads or lags the voltage.
[class 2, p-537, 20]

10
Q. 9) A coil of 125 impedance has a resistance of 100 when connected across a 50Hz supply. Find its
inductance. If the impedanos falls to 120.6 when the frequency is varied, find the new frequency value.
[class 2, p-537, 26]

Q. 13) A choke when connected across 206V a.c. mains, passed a current of 10A and dissipates 500W. If
it is connected in series with apparatus having an impedance of 5 and a capacitive reactance of 4 , find
the impedance and power factor of the complete circuit. [class 2, p-539, 38]

Q. 11) A coil of 100 resistance and 0.1H inductance is connected in series with a 0.1μF capacitor to a
230V variable frequency a.c. supply. Calculate the resonant frequency and the p.d. across the capacitor at
resonance. [class 1, p-566, 36]

Q. 13) A coil of 0.84H inductance and 50 resistance is connected in series with a capacitor of 14 F
capacitance. (a) find the frequency for resonance and the potential differences across the capacitor, across
the coil and across the two, when a current of 5A at this frequency, is flowing, (b) find the three potential
differences when the same current flows at 60Hz. [class 1, p-567, 40]

11
 Basic Electrotechnology
Ch-11 AC Circuit (Continued)
Prepared by-
Shahriar Akbar Sakib
B.Sc. Engg. in Mechanical Engineering (BUET)
Engineering Instructor, IMTA
Overview:
Parallel Circuits
Apparent Power, Real Power, Reactive Power
3 phase

1. Active and Reactive Current

Load is a combination of resistors, inductors, capacitors etc.
If the total Reactance X is positive, → Inductive load → Current Lags the voltage.
If the total Reactance X is negative, → Capacitive load → Current Leads the voltage.

V
𝜙 VX VR I
Series Circuit
Keep current in X axis VR I 𝜙

VX
V
Inductive load Capacitive load

Ia I Ir
Parallel Circuit V Ia
𝜙

Keep voltage in X axis

𝜙
Ir V
I
Inductive load Capacitive load

Active Current Ia : Component of current in phase with voltage Ia I

( ) = cos 𝜙

Reactive Current Ir : Component of current in 90 phase difference with voltage. Ir

( ) ° = I sin 𝜙

In Inductive load: Ir -ve =

In capacitive load: Ir ve= +

total current I Ia2 Ir2

Ia
, = +

cos 𝜙 =
I
Ir
sin 𝜙 =
I
1
 Ir
tan 𝜙 =
Ia
2. Parallel Circuit

I1
I Z1 I2
I 𝜙 2

Z2 I1
I2 𝜙

𝜙 1 Ia V

I1 I2
I Z1 I 𝜙 2

I1 Ir
Z2
𝜙

I2 𝜙 1 Ia V
I Ia2 Ir2
Ia I1x I2x Diagram is drawn when
= +

I1cos 1 I2cos 2 both currents are leading

= +

Ir I1y I2y
= 𝜙 + 𝜙

I1sin 1 I2sin 2
= +

= ± 𝜙 ± 𝜙

Use when impedance is capacitive

Use - when impedance is inductive
+

If Ir ve capacitive current leading p f

If Ir -ve inductive current lagging p f
= + , , . .

= , , . .

Q. 1) A circuit consists of two branches in parallel. Branch A consists of a 20 resistor in series with a Ω

0.07H inductor, while branch B consists of a 60μF capacitor in series with a 50 resistor. Calculate the Ω

mains current and the circuit power factor, if the voltage is 200V at 50Hz. (Ex-90, p-274)
Solution:
XA L 2 fL 22 Inductive
1 1 53 Capacitive
= 𝜔 = 𝜋 = Ω [ ]

XB =
𝜔 C 2 fC
=
𝜋
= Ω [ ]

2
 IA IA V 200 6 7A
=
ZA =

202 222
= .

-1 XA
+

ZA 202 222
I RA 47 726
= +
𝜙 A = tan = . °

IB V 200
=
ZB 502 532 2 75 A
= = .

-1 XB
+

ZB = 502 532
+ 𝜙 B = tan
RB 46 47 = . °

IB Ia = IAcos A IBcos B 6 4 A
𝜙 + 𝜙 = .

Ir - I sin I sin
⏦ A A capacitive
⏦ B B
= 𝜙 + 𝜙

inductive
= -2 96 A lagging
. ( )

I Ia2 Ir2 6 42 -2 96 2 7 05A

cos IIa 76054 0 90 lagging
= + = . +( . ) = .

pf
. = 𝜙 = =
.
.
= . ( )

Q. 2) Two inductive coils of resistance values 5 Ω and 8Ω and inductance values of 0.02H and 0.01H
respectively are connected in parallel across a 240V, 50Hz supply. Find the coil currents, the circuit current
and its power factor. (ex - 91, p- 276)
Solution:
XA = 𝜔 LA 2 fLA 2 50 0 02 6 2832
= 𝜋 = ×𝜋× × . = . Ω

XB = 𝜔 LB 2 fLB 2 50 0 01 3 1416
= 𝜋 = 𝜋× × . = . Ω

ZA = RA2 XA2 8 029

+ = . Ω

ZB = RB2 XB2 8 59
+ = . Ω

IA V 240 29 89 A
=
ZA 8 029
= = .

V 240 27 939 A
.

IB =
ZB 8 59
= = .
.

-1 XA
Z X
𝜙 A = tan
RA 51 48 = . °

-1 XB
𝜙

R
𝜙 B = tan
RB 21 43 = . °

3
 ZA = 52 2 50 0 02 2
+( 𝜋× × . )

I = 52 6 28322 + .
I Zp
≡

+ 240V -
ZB = 82 + ( 𝜋× 2 50 0 01 × . )
2
= 82 + 3 14162
.

+ 240V -
Ia IAcos A IB cos B 44 49 A
= 𝜙 + 𝜙 = .

Ir -IAsin A -IBsin B -33 45 A lagging

= 𝜙 𝜙 = . ( )

I Ia2 Ir2 55 61 A
cos IIa 0 80 lagging
= + = .

𝜙 = = . ( )

Q. 1) A circuit consists of two branches A and B in parallel. Branch A has a resistance of 12 and a Ω

reactance of 3 , whilst the values of branch B are 8 and 20 respectively. The circuit is supplied at
Ω Ω Ω

100V Calculate the current in each branch and the supply current. (2, p-297)

Q. 2) An inductive circuit of resistance 50 and inductance 0.02H is connected in parallel with a

Ω

capacitor of value 25 F across a 200V, 50Hz supply Find the total current taken from the supply and its
𝜇

phase angle. (3, p- 297)

3. Real Power, Reactive Power, Apparent Power

P
cos 𝜙 =
S
S sin Q
Q
𝜙 =
S
S = P2 Q2
+

Apparent Power S VI kVA , = [ ]

Real Power P VI cos kW

Reactive Power Q VI sin kVAr
, = 𝜙 [ ]

, = 𝜙 [ ]

P2 Q2 VI 2cos2 VI 2sin2
+ = ( ) VI 2 sin2 𝜙 + ( ) 𝜙 = ( ) 𝜙 + cos2 𝜙 = ( VI 2
) = S2
S = P2 Q2
+

4
S SA SB
cos PS
≠ +

𝜙 =

If two loads A and B are present in a circuit

Total Real power PA PB
:

= +

Total Reactive Power QA QB = ± ±

Reactive power is -ve if p f is lagging Inductive load

Reactive power is ve if p f is leading Capacitive load
. . .

+ . .

P VI cos VI RZ VI RV I2R kW
= 𝜙 = = = [ ]

I
S VI IZI I2Z kVA
Q VI sin VI XZ VI XV I2X kVAr
= = = [ ]

= 𝜙 = = = [ ]

Q. 3) Two loads are connected in parallel Load A is 800KVA at 0.6 power factor (lagging). Load B is 700k
VA at 0.8 power factor (lagging). Find the total kW, kVA and overall power factor of the joint loads. (ex-
93, p-283)
Solution:
cos A 0 6 sin A
𝜙 = 1-0 62 0 8
. , 𝜙 = . = .

PA SAcos A 800 0 6 480 kW

= 𝜙 = × . =

QA - SA sin A - 800 0 8 - 640 kVAr

= 𝜙 = × . =

cos B 0 8 sin A
𝜙 = . , 1-0 82 0 6
𝜙 = . = .

PB SBcos B 700 0 8 560 kW

= 𝜙 = × . =

QB -SB sin B -700 0 6 - 420 kVAr

= 𝜙 = × . =

Total P PA PB 480 560 1040 kW

= + = + =

Total Q - QA - QB -1060 kVAr

⏦ inductive
⏦
= =

inductive

Total S P2 Q2 10402 10602 1485 kVA Note S SA SB

Overall p f PS 1040
= + = + = [ : ≠ + ]

. .
1485 0 7 lagging
= = = . ( )

Q. 4) A 220V, single-phase alternator supplies the following loads:

(a) 20kW at unity power factor for lighting and heating.
(b) A 75kW induction motor having an efficiency of 90.5 per cent operating at a power factor of 0.8
(lagging)
(c) A synchronous motor taking 50kVA at a power factor of 0.5 (leading) (ex-94, p-283)
Find the total kVA, current and power factor of the combined load.
Solution:
Load Apparent Power Real Power Reactive Power
(kVA) (kW) (kVAr)

5
(a) Lighting and heating P S pf 20 Q S
P 20 0 0
= × . = × sin 𝜙

S =
pf
= × =

20
.

1 = 20
(b) Induction Motor 82 9 .
103 6 75 82 9 103 6 1-0 82
08 0 905 -62 16
. × .
= . = .
. . = .

(c) Synchronous Motor 50 50 0 5 25

× . =
-50 1-0 52
43 3
× .

= .

Total 127 9. -18 86 (Inductive)

.

S P2 Q2 127 872 18 92 129 kVA

p f PS 12712987 0 99 lagging
= + = . + . =

.
. = = = . ( )

S VI
I VS 129220V
kVA 586 A
=

= = =

Q. 3) The load taken from a single-phase supply consists of:

(a) Filament lamp load of 10KW at unity power factor.
(b) Motor load of 80kVA at 0.8 power factor (Lagging)
(c) Motor load of 40KVA at 0.7 power factor (leading)
Calculate the total load taken from the supply in kw and in KVA and the power factor of the combined
load. Find the 'mains' current if the supply voltage is 250V. (7)

Q. 6) If an alternator supplies the following loads:

(a) 200kW lighting load at unity power factor,
(b) 400kW induction motor load at 0.8 (lagging), power factor,
(c) 200kW synchronous-motor load, find the power factor of the synchronous-motor load, to give an
overall power factor of 0.97 (lagging). [class 1, p-564, 22]

4. 3 Phase

6
 Star or Y Connection
IL Line Current Phase Current
IL Iph
=

Vph Iph VL Line Voltage 3 Phase Voltage

= ×

Load VL = 3VPh
P 3VphIph
3 VL IL
= cos 𝜙

3
= cos 𝜙

= 3 VLIL cos 𝜙

Delta (𝛥) or Mesh Connection

IL
Line Current 3 Phase Current
Vph Iph Line Voltage Phase Voltage
= ×

VL Load P 3VphIph
=
=

3VLIL
cos 𝜙 = cos 𝜙

Q. 5) Three 50Ω resistors are connected in star across 415V, 3-phase mains. Calculate the line and phase
currents and the power taken from the supply. (ex-96 , p-289)
Star or Y Connection
IL
Vph Iph VL 415V Vph 415 240 V
3
= =

50
=

50
Ω
50 Ω

P 3VphIph 3VLIL
Iph VRph 240 4 8 A ans cos 1 resistor only
= cos 𝜙 = cos 𝜙
=
50
IL Iph 4 8 A ans
= = . ( .) 𝜙 = ∵ .

= = . ( .)
P 3 415 4 8 1 3 45 kW
= × × . × = .

Q. 6) A 75kW, 400V, 3-phase, delta-connected induction motor has a full-load efficiency of 91 per cent
and operates at a power factor of 0.9 (lagging). Calculate the line and phase currents at full load. (p-293,
ex-99)

7
Pout 75 kW
Pin 07591 82 42 kW
=

= = .
.

P 3VLIL cos
= 𝜙

82 42 1000
. × 3 400 IL 0 9
= × × × .

IL 132 18 A
Iph IL 132 18 76 31 A
= .

3 3
= = = .

5. Practice
Q. 9) Two coils are connected in parallel across a 220V, 60Hz supply. At the supply frequency, their
impedances are 16 and 25 respectively, and their resistances are 3 and 7 respectively. Find the current
in each coil, the total current and the total power. Draw a complete phasor diagram for the system. [class
1, p-566, 32]

Q. 8) A 500V, three-phase alternator supplies a balanced delta connected load in parallel with a balanced
star-connected load. The delta load is 30kW at a power factor of 0.92 (leading) and the star load is 40kW
at a power factor of 0.85 (lagging). Calculate the line current and the power factor of the supply. [class 1,
p-565, 26]

Q. 7) Explain the term 'power factor An alternator supplies 560KW at a power factor of 0.7 (lagging).
What extra power would be available if the power factor is increased to 0.8 (lagging) for the same KVA
output? [class 2, p-537, 22]

Q. 10) A coil is connected in series with a capacitor of 60 F across a 200V, 50Hz supply. The current is 3A
and the power absorbed is 144W, Calculate (a) the p.d. across the capacitor, (b) the resistance and
inductance of the coil, (e) the power factor of the coil, and (d) the power factor of the whole circuit. [class
2, p-538, 30]

Q. 2) A parallel circuit consists of a branch A of resistance 10 , inductance 38mH and capacitance

312.8μF, and a branch B of negligible resistance and inductive reactance of 12 . Derive graphically, the
total current and its phase angle, if the system is connected to a 440V, 50Hz supply. [class 1, p-562, 10]

Q. 1) A 175kVA, 6600/440V, single-phase transformer has an iron loss of 2.75kW. The primary and
secondary windings have resistances of 0.4 and 0.0015 respectively. Calculate the efficiency on full load
when the power factor is 0.9. [class 1, p-561, 4]

Q. 3) A 550KVA, 50Hz, single-phase transformer has 1875 and 75 turns in the primary and secondary
windings respectively. If the secondary voltage is 220V, calculate (a) primary voltage, (b) primary and
secondary currents, (c) maximum value of flux. [class 1, p-562, 12]

8
Q. 12) A balanced delta-connected load and a balanced star connected load are connected in parallel to a
220V, three phase supply. The delta-connected load takes a total power of 50kW at a power factor of 0.75
(lagging), and the star connected load, 40kW at a power factor of 0.62 (leading). Calculate the power, volt
amperes and power factor of the supply. [class 1, p-567, 38]

9
 Basic Electrotechnology
Ch-12 DC Generator
Prepared by-
Shahriar Akbar Sakib
B.Sc. Engg. in Mechanical Engineering (BUET)
Engineering Instructor, IMTA
Overview:
Types of Generator
Induced emf in armature
1. Types of Generator:
1. Parmanent magnet

2. Separately excited

3. Self excited

1
- Shunt Connected
- Series Connected
ILoad Ishunt ILoad
Rsc
+
Ia
+

Vload
+

Ra Rsh Vsh Vload Ia Ra

-
Ea - Ea
+ +

- - -

Shunt Connected Series Connected

- Compound Connected
- Short Shunt
- Long Shunt

2
 ILoad ILoad

Rsc Ia Ishunt
Rsc
+
+

Vload + Vload +

Ia Ra Ishunt Rsh Ra Rsh Vsh

- Vsh -
Ea
+

Ea
+

- - - -

Short Shunt Long Shunt

Types of Poles
1. 2 poles
2. 4 poles

Types of windings:
1. Lap Winding
2. Wave Winding
DC Generator Construction
3
Lap and Wave winding
Parallel Paths

1.1. 2 pole
-

I1
1 2
-
1 2

I2
+

I I1 I2
= + +

1.2. 4 pole Lap Winding

4
 -
1 AA BB 2
A 1 2
B -
D
4 C
3
+

DD CC
4
3
+

1.3. 4pole Wave Winding

5
 -
AA 2
1 BB

1 2 B
A -
4 3 C
D +

CC 3
4 DD

2. EMF Equation:
E N
p AZ 60N Z60N Ap
∝ 𝜙

E = 𝜙 × × =
𝜙
×

p Number of Poles
N Revolutions of armature circuit per minute
=

𝜙 = Flux per pole webers

[ ]

A = number of parallel paths

A 2 wave winding
p lap winding
;
=
;

Z = number of armature conductors slots conductor

=
6 per slot
×
E = Generated voltage V [ ]

Example 103: (p-310)

Z 144 6
p 4
= ×

A p 4 lap winding
= = [ ∵ ]

E 216 V
N 600 rpm
=

ZN p
=

E =
60 A
𝜙
×

216 144 6 60 4 600 4

=
× ×𝜙×

×
×

𝜙 = ?

When wave connected

E 144 6 60 600 42
:

=
× ×𝜙×
× = 432 V

Examples:
Q. 1) A four-pole, compound generator has a lap wound armature and is connected in short shunt. The
resistances of the armature and fields are 0.1Ω and 50 Ω (shunt), 0.08Ω (series). The machine supplies
a load consisting of sixty 100V, 40W lamps in parallel. Calculate the total armature current, the
current/armature path and the generated e.m.f. (p- 330, ex-109)
Solution:
ILoad
Rsc
Ishunt
+ +

Vload Ia Ra Rsh Vsh

= 100V
Ea
+

- - -

Short Shunt
P VI
I VP 100V
40W 0 4 A
=

= = = .
7
ILoad 60 0 4 24 A
= × . =

VSC ILoad RSC 24 0 08 V 1 92V

= × = × . = .

According to Kirchoff s voltage law ' :

-Vsh VSC VLoad 0

+ + =

Vsh V VSC 100 1 92 V 101 92 V

Ish RVShsh 1015092 2 04 A
= + = + . = .

.
= = = .

According to Kirchoff s current law

Ia ILoad ISh 24 2 04 26 04A ans
' :

= + = + . = . ( .)

∵ Lap wound armature :

A p 4
Ia 26 04 6 51 A ans
= =

A =
4 = . ( .)

According to KVL :

-Ea IaRa Vsh 0

+ + =

Ea IaRa Vsh
= +

Ea 26 04 0 1 101 92 104 52 V ans

= . × . + . = . ( .)

Practice Examples:
Q. 1) A compound-wound, long shunt d.c. generator has an output of 250A at 220V. The equivalent
resistances of the armature, series and shunt windings are 0.025, 0.015 and 176 respectively. If there is a
2V voltage drop across the brushes, find the induced voltage. (p-332, 2)
Solution:

8
 ILoad 250A =

Ia Ishunt
Rsc
+

0 015
=

. Ω

Vload Ra Rsh
220 V 176
=

0 025
= =
Ω
. Ω

- Armature 2V
Ea
+

-
Long Shunt
Ishunt VRloadsh 220
=
176 1 25 A
= = .

Ia Iload Ish 250 1 25 251 25 A

= + = + . = .

According to KVL
-Ea Vbrush IaRa IaRsc Vload 0
:

Ea Vbrush RaIa IaRSC Vload

+ + + + =

2 0 025 251 25 251 25 0 015 220 232 05 V

= + + +

= + . × . + . × . + = .

Q. 2) In a 250kW, 440/480V, overcompounded generator, the flux/pole required to generate 440V on no

load is 0.055Wb at 620 rev/min. The resistances of the armature, interpoles and series field are 0.01, 0.005
and 0.005 respectively. Find the flux/pole required at full load, the speed now being 600 rev/min. Neglect
the current taken by the shunt field. (p-332, 5)

440/480V Generator means → its terminal voltages at no load and full load are 440 and 480 V respectively.
Full load voltage in overcompounded generator is greater than no load voltage.
Solution:
P 250 kW
=

9
Vnl 440 V
=

At no load Ia 0 since it is an open circuit

ILoad
, = ,

Ea Vload 440 V
We know
= =

Rsc
E Zp60A N
:

×𝜙
=

E kN Rip
Zp is constant for a specific generator
= 𝜙 +

where k 60A , =

Vload Ia Ra
k N 440
k 440N 0 055440 620 12 9
𝜙 =

- Ea
+
= = = .
𝜙 . ×
-
At full load Vload 480V
P VI
, =

Iload VPload 25048010 520 83 A

=
3 ×
= = = .

Ea fl Vload IaRa IaRsc IaRinterpoles

Ea fl 480 Ia Ra RSC Rinterpoles
, = + + +

480 520 83 0 01 0 005 0 005

,
= + ( + + )

490 42 V
= + . ( . + . + . )

= .

Ea fl k flNfl 12 9 fl 600
490 42 0 06336 Wb Ans
, = 𝜙 = . ×𝜙 × =

.
𝜙 fl 12 9 600
=
. ×
= . ( .)

Q. 3) A four-pole machine has a lap-wound armature with 90 slots each containing 6 conductors. If the
machine runs at 1500 rev/min and the flux/pole is 0.03Wb, calculate from first principles the e.m.f.
generated. If the machine is run as a shunt generator with the same field flux, the armature and field
resistances being 1.0Ω and 200 Ω respectively, calculate the output current when the armature current is
25A. If due to a fall in speed the e.m.f. becomes 380V, calculate the load current in a 40Ω load. (p-333, 7
)
Solution:
Z 90 6
= × =

lap wound armature A p 4

N 1500 rpm
∵ ∴ = =

0 03 Wb
E Z60N Ap 90 6 06003 1500 44 405 V Ans
𝜙 = .

𝜙 × × . ×
= × = × = ( .)

10
 ILoad Ishunt

+
Ia Ea IaRa VLoad
VLoad 405 - 25 1
= +

25 A
=

Vload 380 V
= ×
+

Rsh 200 V
Ishunt Rloadsh 380
=

Vsh 200 1 9 A
= Ω

- Ra 1 = = = .

Iload Ia -Ishunt 25-1 9

= Ω

23 1 A
= = .

Ea
+

- - = .

Shunt Connected

ILoad Ishunt Vload Iload Rload 40I 1

= × = ... ( )

Ea Vload IaRa
Vload Ea -Ia Ra
∵ = +

1
=
+
( ) ⟹

Vload Ia + Ea -IaRa Iload 40 = ×

40 Ω
R 200 Now
Ra 1 Vshsh
= Ω ,

- = Ω

Ea
+
Ishunt VRloadsh Iload200 40 ×

-
= =

380V Again from KCL

- Ia ILoad Ishunt
, :

Ia Iload Iload200 40 2
= +

×
= + ... ( )

Shunt Connected 1
( ) ⟹

Ea -IaRa Iload 40
380-Iload Iload200 40 Iload 40
= ×

×
+ = ×

380 I- I 20040 I 40
=
×
+ ×

380 I 1 40- 200

=
40
+

I 380 9 31 A
=

1 40- 20040
+
= .

11
Q. 8) The armature winding of a six-pole, lap wound generator is made up from wire 250m long and
7mm² cross-sectional area. If the specific resistance of copper is 1.7×10-8 m, find the resistance of the
armature. [class 2, p-537, 23]

12
 Basic Electrotechnology
Ch-13 DC Motor
Prepared by-
Shahriar Akbar Sakib
B.Sc. Engg. in Mechanical Engineering (BUET)
Engineering Instructor, IMTA
Overview:
Motor Principle
Back EMF
Speed
Torque

1. Working principle of a DC Motor

Watch Video
2. Back EMF, Speed and Torque
Eb Z60N Ap kN
=
𝜙
× = 𝜙

N K Eb where K
=
𝜙
, =
1
k
I Ishunt ILoad
Rsc
+ Ia +

V +
V
Ra RshV Ia Ra
sh
- -
Eb Eb
+ +

- load - - load

Shunt Connected Series Connected

V Ia Ra Eb
= +

Eb V-IaRa
=

kN V-IaRa
N V-IkaRa
𝜙 =

if IaRa V we may neglect IaRa

𝜙

≪ ,

1
N V
≈
k 𝜙

N K V where K 1k
≈
𝜙
, =

Torque:
T Ia ∝ 𝜙

T kt Ia
= 𝜙

P Eb Ia T
k N Ia T2 60N
= = 𝜔

𝜙 = 𝜋

T kt Ia
= 𝜙

Examples:
Q. 1) The armature resistance of a 200V shunt motor s 0.4Ω . The no-load (this is the term used when
the motor is running light, ie not loaded) armature current is 2A. When loaded and taking an armature
current of 50A, the motor speed is 1200 rev/min. Find the approximate no-load speed. (p-339, ex-112)
Solution:
On No-load,
Back EMF,
Ebn = V-IanRa
200 -2 0 4
199 2 V
= × .

= .

On full-load,
Back EMF,
Ebf = V-IafRa
200 -50 0 4
180 V
= × .

We know:
Eb kN = 𝜙

Ebn k Nn n 1
= 𝜙 ... ( )

Ebf k Nf f 2
= 𝜙 ... ( )

Dividing 1 by 2
Ebn Nn n
( ) ( ):

𝜙
∴
Ebf Nf f =

Nn EEbnbfNfn f
𝜙

𝜙
=
𝜙

Since this is a shunt motor, field is unaffected by the loading of the armature, since it always draws a
constant current. f n ∴ 𝜙 = 𝜙

Nn Nf 199
=
180
2 1200 199 2 1328 rpm ans
×
180
.
= ×
.
= ( .)

2
 Q. 2) A 220V shunt motor runs on light load at a speed of 1250 rev/min and takes a current of 2.8A. On
full load the current taken from the mains is 40A and owing to armature reaction, the flux per pole is 4
per cent less than the no-load value. Calculate the speed on full load if the armature resistance is 0.29Ω
and the field resistance is 165Ω . (p-350 , ex 115)
Solution:

I 2 8A
= . Ishunt = 1 33 A
.

Ia
2 8-1 33
=
+

1 47A
. . =

V +

220V Rsh 165

Ra 0 29
= . Ω
Vsh
= Ω

- Eb
+

- load -

Shunt Connected
On No-load,
Ishunt RVsh 220
=
165 1 33 A
= = .

Ia I-Ishunt 1 47 A
= = .

Back EMF,
Ebn = V-IanRa
220 -1 47 0 29
219 57 V
= . × .

= .

On full-load,
Ia = I-Ishunt = 40 - 1 33 . = 38 67 A
.

Back EMF,
Ebf = V-IafRa
= 220 - 38 67 0 29 208 77 V
. × . = .

We know:
Eb kN
N Eb
= 𝜙

Nn Ebn
𝜙

𝜙 f
∴
Nf Ebf = ×
𝜙 n
Owing to armature reaction, the flux per pole is 4 per cent less than the no-load value. ∴ 𝜙 fl = 0 96
. 𝜙 nl

3
Nn Ebn f 219 57 0 96 𝜙 . .

Nf Ebf n 208 77 1
= × = ×

Nf Nn 2192085777 0 196 1250 2192085777 0 196 1238 rpm ans

𝜙 .

. × . ×
= × = × = ( .)
. × . . × .

Q. 3) A shunt motor takes 180A. The supply voltage is 400V, the resistance of the shunt field is 200Ω ,
and that of the armature 0.02Ω . If there is a voltage drop of 2V at the brushes, calculate (a) the back
e.m.f. of the motor (b) the output power developed (c) the efficiency, neglecting all losses for which
information is not given. (ex-118, p-354)
Solution:
Ishunt RVsh 400
=
200 2 A
= =

V IaRa Vbrush Eb
= + +

Eb V-IaRa -Vbrush
=

= 400 - 178 0 02-2 × .

= 394 44 V Ans
. ( .)

Pout Eb Ia 394 44 178 70 21 kW

= × = . × = .

Pin V I 400 180 72 kW

= × = × =

Pout 70 21 97 5 .
𝜂 =
Pin 72
= = . %

I 180A
= Ishunt = 2A

+ Ia 178A
=

V +

400V Rsh 200

Ra 0 02 = . Ω
Vsh
= Ω

- 2V
-
Eb
+

- load
Shunt Connected

4
 Q. 4) A four-pole d.c. motor with a lap winding is connected to 200V supply mains. The armature carries
600 conductors and has a resistance of 0.3 . The resistance of the shunt field circuit is 100 , the flux per
pole is 0.02Wb. On no load, the armature current to 3A. If the normal full-load current in the armature is
50A, determine the drop in the speed of the motor from no load to full load. Neglect the effect of
armature reaction. (ex-119, p-354)
Solution:

Practice Examples:
Q. 1) A 460V, d.c. motor takes an armature current of 10A at no load. At full load the armature current is
300A. If the resistance of the armature is 0.025 , what is the value of the back e.m.f. at no load and full
load? (3, p-359)
Solution:

5
 Q. 2) A marine shunt motor is used for driving a 'fresh water' pump and is found to take an armature
current of 25A at 220V, when running on full load. The speed is measured to be 725 rev/min and the
armature resistance is 0.2Ω . If the field strength is reduced by 10 per cent by means of the speed
regulator and the torque remains unchanged, determine the steady speed ultimately attained and the
armature current. (5, p-359)
Solution:

Eb V-IaRa 220-25 0 2
= = × . = 215 V
kN 215
k 215
𝜙 =

𝜙
725 0 297
= = .

Since torque remains unchanged:

T1 T2=

kt 1Ia1 kt 2Ia2
𝜙 = 𝜙

Ia1 0 9Ia2
Ia2 0Ia19 0259 27 77 A ans
= .

= = = . ( .)
. .

When speed is regulated:

Eb2 V- Ia2Ra 220-27 77 0 2 214 45 V
= = . × . = .

Eb1 kN1 1
= 𝜙

Eb2 kN2 2
= 𝜙

215 725 1 ×

214 45 N2 0 9
.
=
× .

N2 804 rpm ans

= ( .)

Q. 3) A shunt generator delivers 50kW at 250V and 400 rev/min. The armature and field resistances are
0.02 and 50 respectively. Calculate the speed of the machine when running as a shunt motor taking
50kW input at 250V. Allow 2V for brush-contact drop. (6, p-359)
Solution:

6
 ILoad VP= Ishunt I Ishunt

+ Ia + Ia
+

Vload V
= 250V Ra Rsh Vsh Ra
-
- Ea
+

- 2V
- +

Eb
2V - load

Shunt Generator Shunt Motor

For Generator:
Ishunt 250
50 5 A
= =

Iload VP 50 2501000 200 A

= =
×
=

Ia Il Ish 200 5 205 A

= + = + =

Ea 2 205 0 02 250 256 1 V

= + × . + = .

Ea kNG --- 1
= 𝜙 ( )

For Motor:
I P
=
V 200A =

Ish V 250 5A
=
Rsh 50 = =

Ia I-Ishunt 200-5 195 A

= = =

Eb = V-IaRa -Vbrush 250-195 0 02-2 = × . = 244 1 V

.

Eb = kNm --- 2 𝜙 ( )

Since, for both generator and motor, shunt current is same, therefore flux per pole will remain same.
nturnsIshunt
Ea NG
𝜙 ∝

Eb NM =

256 1 400
.

244 1 NM
.
=

NM 382 rpm ans

= ( .)

7
 Q. 4) A four-pole, shunt motor has a wave-wound armature having 294 conductors. The flux per pole is
0.025Wb and the resistance of the armature is 0.35 . Calculate
(a) the speed of the armature
(b) the torque developed, when the armature is taking a current of 200A from a 230V supply. (9, p-359)
Solution:

Alternative Approach:
Pout EbIa T Considering no losses in shaft
T EbIa 160 200
= = 𝜔 [ ]

×
467 96 Nm Ans
653 260
= = = . ( .)
𝜔 𝜋
×

Q. 15) A 500V, d.c. shunt motor has a full-load armature current of 20A. Three per cent of the input
power is dissipated as heat in the armature. What would be the current on starting if 500V is applied
across the armature. Find also the value of starting resistance required to limit the starting current to
twice the full-load current. [class 2, p-540, 47]

Q. 7) A d.c. shunt-wound machine is run as a motor, being supplied with 55kW at 220V when its speed is
500 rev/min. Find the speed at which this machine should be driven to generate an output of 55kW with a
terminal potential difference of 220V. The resistance of the armature is 0.02 and that of the field, which
is the same for each case, is 110 . [class 1, p-564, 23]

Q. 10) A 400V shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.45 and a shunt-field resistance of 450 . When
run on no load, the current taken from the supply is 2.8A. Calculate the output power and efficiency of the
machine when the current it takes from the mains is 35A. [class 1, p-566, 35]

8
9
 Basic Electrotechnology
Ch-14 Electronics and Thermionic Devices
Prepared by-
Shahriar Akbar Sakib
B.Sc. Engg. in Mechanical Engineering (BUET)
Engineering Instructor, IMTA
Overview:
Diode
1. Diode

Anode Cathode Cathode

+ - Anode -
+

Anode Cathode Anode Cathode

+ - + -

Forward Bias Reverse Bias

Current will flow Current will not flow
Diode will act like an closed circuit Diode will act like an open circuit
Current-Voltage characteristic of diode:

1
 I Forward DC Resistance of diode
RDC 1 VI11
,

2 ,
=

RDC 2 VI22
, =

AC Resistance of diode
1 RAC 1-2 VI22 -V
,
=
-I1
1

Breakdown V
Reverse

2
 Q. 1) The Ia Va characteristic of a diode valve shows that an increase of anode voltage from 75V to
/

129V increases the current from 12mA to 22mA. Find the a.c. resistance of the valve and the d.c.
resistance for each voltage condition. [p-388, 4]
A.C. Resistance, RAC V
𝛥 129-75 5 4 103 5 4k ans
=
𝛥I 22-12 10-3
=
( )×
= . × Ω = . Ω ( .)

D.C. Resistance at 75 V condition:

RDC 75V VI 12 7510-3 6 25 103 6 25k
,
= = = . × Ω = . Ω

RDC 129V VI 22 12910-3 5 864 103 5 864k

×

,
= = = . × Ω = . Ω
×