urp 

k t pm
cr 2A ur
e 1 a !p"

$mm
‘ae
µ r ilm’ em ee  erp 
 ! !"#. an& ilt !(k* µ +,e - o/
+0m & r!p !1
. an& ilµm a# a2n/k*m 34(m
o/ 5m a! p π0pπl 78t . 9"t&4 i/&:m #;
r
p<= +m; a& ?- ! t&:m #;
r a<1l a2n& @
!A1 B-k*p <; <1 o/C"tl Dt#k *(*m ! 5
2r e  E, D; !#C"tl 2, mCt&,  µ&G
e-k*m 2 !Hy +, +4l e-t#ke A/n& . an&
+4Gl a2r!& " i/k a2kp
A/n& . an& it&p
rt& # a# µ r iln&  e" Jm a!k* 9
#. ; -m
erp p rt#t e&K=-tke  #&, a# & &A!n&
µ r iln& e" µA=k* !n& . a&* !K
a! e?/L,

‘‘@ r? p rk ! -m?’’ e, 

r.

‘‘? !e G:l +/ ! eyL ". e er . in&
ilt& ?t#m 2Nk!lG a!r<p rk ! -m.’’

‘‘O! @ !/Qr e, am2 e r. !/.’’

a!r  a4t#ke - <! ?kL ?n&r. !R:l

DceATk*t & Ur VWke A/n& µ!r o/!r µe2lm 2c
 p rt#k Xpπ r. (k*c m Xpπ!,
!Kt e&rn&. a!r an&p <1 ! !"
an& r.

‘‘am2! a!r !n#1

r,’’ e, XW1
-k !K e!K  y1
r.
a*c 1l a2rn/n& a,t&n# !# 2kt&k am2r
Xpπ!,, ‘‘!/,” e,  aC ! !"r.

“!R e&H2l y1

 & e, + t &. it&k  -πApl
E2m i/n&&?”

‘‘il,’’ e, aC XW1

-, an& am2!k !t& .
&:l &W ?[m e?Wc \/kµm ! t&p Cp-t .
e?W:l /@, Kce t e&Hn&#. /@W ?- ! **2m

1
il2G/p&k  - an& am2 ;# k* ikµm o/!
aCm &W .

, ?tl i/!/k*m *Kr m !n# rn&#.

‘‘*A[. e!:Gl !n/kL]r.’’

 e-t#k *At&. e!:(k* a# i&2 i/n&#.

‘‘in& 2H Or ilt& !t# ?t#L]r <. uTk* ev!<= eH

2 m.’’

2Nk!lG o,m X"1l.  C  a!r i&8Kl &W

2"n&#.

‘‘?l# . @ 

A 7mπp&* µ l in& ilt&c
\Wp rt#1-,’’ e, elG1
- 2Nk!lG e`n&r. 
a!t e&rn&. 2Nk!lG an& ilt&c \Wk  πt&r.

!4k2k 5p-m µ r il a2pCKG/n# a# ,

2,
A/n&#. o/ eH X
-k *-mm !8!& " eH < a#.
0=m ?rty a2n/n&#. µ r &*!&*p  -
a". ove!,m Jn# r &kXA eH a". 1[rn&
a2H, Oye!-kc , aE Ap& 2, ?G
7L! i/n& . a& a-t# i/n& Xtl k i/n& . bm
l an& a" 
EKt&#. an& a":l Jm# !# 2kt&k
o/!H m 1[rn& 
m p
-c n& 2[
e&Lke A/n&#.  2Nk!lG 9W
-p rt&.

‘‘a!r e 5!r. eH e&R i/n&r. in&c et# elm a!r
!Lp 
#&. a!r yp t# !/ 7L" .’’

2Nk!lG:  Kl  km. *Gl E, &<rcE. k*

a!r µt&p p&*c 2 i/n&#. 2Nk!lG e&rn#
&r &*m a", u:Ek Xm, &mµ a" 7L!"k

A r. el a"<[m 0 a4L , e 2r,
ap e/ 7L! aHk, a!/ a"2
-m eK2yk

EKt&#. ev!<= eH et#k* a! iv!<= eK2
!8L"  e, e N # a!r;# k*t & 2pC 9
#.

‘‘am2! i* i/k*m Ep 

A5 ! -m. π"*, u 
A
!t#keL ".’’

‘‘?l#. ? e a(!tl& i/p . a* !n#1-.’’

2
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A5t e&L ,
.

a,t# 9` !# ay=k* 2 1 i, u:/ il; c,

π<. el /m ?l +:l i/kL"r. /m a!k
!k&&l Oydt# in& ilt* !n#1
r.

&Gp kL 2 π<p kL 2 +k&

kLm am2r iL/p!rKl o/!r.
a!/k* e`# !&L"#.

iL/kL" 2e"/!r a,# !& Oy=

e" a aH. 2 1 i4n&!r.
2 ?
A*p Akc e" o  2,
a   *A[m *At& µ2L1
. a! µt&p rt#p t#
!/Tk* 2L1
#. &2[m !,2[m !
, in& iltl
ak2 r.

iL/p!rKl ie /!r !& ?[  5:m. ?-t&k

*-mt&c rn&!r. Q
Al a !/m !k*p  ! A i/p&l
a!k !t#ke< Q
Al /m il. Npe 5 a2rtk
!k*m a<=k*p e/<& !:l. a& l, ae
µ r
ilm a!k *"n& e&[ 9,ke #.

i!elm  & 

A:l Ht&!.  & 
A
µAt#ke - 2Nk!lG:m !n&. 3 π a!kk
t/n&#.

‘‘am2! in& ilt&pWk eam el(.’’

‘‘in& iltl a,# r i/kL"r. i!r  πcE <l

+&! !r. i*p e/m 
5m !3Gpl. ? µ&e- ey#<
+,! KG/n# Lk*m e& 2HpCk*p #m. *-mt&l
1p
 µ r 2
-m i* il. *-m 7&=, 
e/<& ! il& µ ?KX i/kL"r. a!r< 0k
*"n& 
5t &- i*c rt#keL ". a!r<
i!2kX e l 2Hk µA[m. apAc ey&l *-m
u,pπ rTk*p e,pπl2l y1-m. apC"m in&p km e
AkXp
rk 2
r.’’

‘‘in& 2H 7&= il&!r<k !kL" u< epAp 

-!#
e " e&H1l. a# H, in& ilt& 9-t& ! -m e" e 5m
uTk* ep # 9
#?’’

2Nk!lG e/cc\1
r. EW# ?m e!K  e!Wt#p
rt#ke A/n&r. e  2kL<:l &yk*/1 o, & *a\k*

3
i V
Ake A/n&#. /mπc  p rt&r. a!r µtl
rn/n& !: <c  !kt &!"1l.

‘‘e k* i - , o/ e . e 5!r  +,! Kl µ&e-

ey/n&r. a& l, 5t#k*m !k*m e k*k *" ! il.
&mµ Jm&!# !l a!r i"n#1
r. e π< ?"p
At&r. ip # i - Tm ae2Hk1l i/kL"r;
ep &!# !/!r; o/ !m &*!r. av!<=&. ip e&lm
a!rTm !/!l. a!rT A&µm !/!l. ‘u et#m
! m; o,m ! m’ e, e`1
r. e 2 iLnl
i/kL". a!<p rt# Jn# !/<L1
 .’’

2Nk!lG:  Kl @r t#ke #. k*c

2L1
#. 2Nk!lG e&rn&r.

‘‘5µm ![m !8k:l o/ *Wpπ

 !# !k*n&.
!&L1
l &-!# aC, i&2 c\, 7&=. i!elm e k*k
Lk2l y1
 . a& l, µ r iltl yc rn#1m;
a*<!r <- i/n&l i!elm Lk*m e, + t &.
apAc ey&l e 5!/k* i/kL" ?l er y1-m. e
π<<[m um Rt#p \m, il?”

2Nk!lG[m &y& !  an&t &[<t a/2 e N

u/L .

‘‘a& l, ? µ r ilt#k*p 2l, µ r< em

e -!n&l e e, + t &. apA a2n&#& in& µ r
ilm. i# µ r ilm il. i!r&m e u 2
en& n&m.’’

2Nk!lG:   L . ap # a* !n& µ!r o/!r, ‘‘am2,

!. l*R 1<m,’’ e"r.

‘‘i/ 5. i! apπ !t#1

- !/L ",’’ e"r 2Nk!lG.

an& µ!r  #m, ‘‘ae

en& ?
 1
-1
- in
?
Al &L, inr<t &m u"1 r< + t#c ! ey&r
il? a!rT eH 2 m /k* !/m! a& l&, in&
ilt#k* a!r e !t &. ! i!"elm
uTkt& elL ". i!" oGp ! m. 7t2 /pk
i& 9-t  e, *Wpπ
l #m,’’ e"r. m &
7
Ake - 1e". *m # ae
µ r ilt
erp  o/µ" /mπp rt&. a* 2Nk!lG 
ae
u/1l +# l e&Hn&#.

µ&'m

4
 urp 
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cr 2A ur
e 2 a !p"

( )*
an& a-k*2Ak 
t o&!# 2A:l i/n& &m B" Q
A
!Gl +,e A/n&r &m2. e`&t & A !#m ?t&
&[m a!/ !81 e?-m 5t # a! t& µt.
ul e2Gn/n&(m a!/ & mπk *"1l e&
a!/ oKe/n   
Ake A/n& .

& ?  1n& p rt#1

- Q
-k*p !& 0fkL
?kL ?n#e A/n& # &m2 +,e A/p&c \n&r
rt#1
. 0fkLk* a/Ll& &m21 Q-. an& Q
t
& At& 0fkLk*p  ! -m.

"J ! in&p 

A +L" ! ?m2 12
r. i, !2
2
Ake ," e, \n&r & k* elGke .

\n&r & K ?  1n& k  & an& a-k*2Ak


t* !/!# -. & ?  p rt#1
- Q- /mCm !<:l
i e/ µ" &m2!p rt# i/kL". ap e&lm &m2
a! i2Wt# ap E# -. a! ApC, *-mm µ&G
1!<k 
A/kL"r. ove!/ µ" E #m a!
u&1 ?A:/kL"r. eH u&1 e, el!&Ll. k*p
yp e/ !Lk e -!n# &/!#m Or u&1&. an&
c&
Ak* /m il e,m a& l ul?m H:l& !<Kl
/ u&1!# ?-!r e,m av!H:l *A:/k*m 1n&
a!pWk XW# + =k* !n&#. 'ip #m &m u&1 
 ?
& Q
-k* 1!c el ! - 2' e, e N!, \n&r a!#
Q
k k µ".

a! !/!&p rt#1

- a!k !
t/n& &m2, "e \n&r? ?2y
i/kL"?" e, 
r.

"i/kL " 
A."
"?* AkL"?"
"72m 
A."
"Q
-k*p C"p
-1
?"
"72m."
"eam k*p y, l 2= !Lk
e-t#1
-p L"?"

5
"il 
A. e 2t#1-. &k* ul+ H:l.
2/t#!Hm a!< a4t#ke -  u&1 
- am2 i -µ"
e& E:l elG1
r. ? a!2p yke -
i/kL ". a & an&k E Q
Al e ?  i/kL". a!m
el(," e, XW1
- a!r (k*k t/k2l !2c e,
0fkL: ν4n&. a! j 4 i"Lp /n# +*0m ?kL
?n#e A/n& # &m2 k*4n& o" i-pπl fkLke -
e2lk  ?kL ?n#e A/p&p rt&.

&m2 ?-t&k *-mtl !8kp

!r. a!/k* e?/L u"= e,
elGke< i, /0l. a!/ 5!r 94 -Tk*µ
i"n#1
r. u π"pCTm il; *4n&Tm il.

a!/ 5!r a!/k !t#1

-p  # an& B" Q- o,&.
"e ke π<? *
A? rt# !k," e, !"
- !&n&m
E !e"&[m rt# !k2l y1
r. ApW= il& &m2
5!r u: - i/n& # Jmt&n# !#! e&R VR
! ey&r. a&* 2l ! ey ! 52 a!r ul+
im e-k 2,t#1
#.

&m21 5!/k*c \2 ut m&. a,# !l a!r

!:G/n# Oy= e"r. π r, #pCk ! Jn& -
NCHn&r. 5!r i"n&π &m2 a!r 1
-c e" 2t 2 +
5t&ke - !8n&r. a# krn&π Or u5!tl t `=m
!:l rn&r. µ#2 a! an& !:l @Ak12l
ey#1
#. ip # c ? i e-kL" u&1t
e&ke - an& B" Q
Al !8n#e A/kL"r.

&m21m aC e(t& u"1 r e, /m il1

(mX an&
Q
Al ep #m E, *4n& o " i  OA-!& akm
kt r !t/kL" r. ! ey[m &y2r Er :l
& *4n&< an& Q
Al 1
-1
- 2:l a4t#c el!#
a!r r!:l 2l il. "&m2 e
Akr. c ? i1l
5µm !LkeL"r. ipAp π<<p rt#ke - 5µm
mkL"r. epA  in& !& tl &t#c 2KkL"r," e,
akm ktl 12r <t &m2 
A/kL"r.

a!W*p l X,!# ! & ! e, &m2 2l

i/n#1-!# u -. o/µ" a* OAAke A/n& *4n&<p
rt& 1n& &r, "9 
A, in&p π<< @
!t#keL]r<?" e, &m21m 
r.

"72m. ? \m2& i/kL ". ik*4n& <- i/n&l e k*k

!  e&H!l. e`# !#Xt e&H!l," e, elG1
-,
o/ π<k 
A, "in&p π<: ap o/ *A. mk*m
5t&k *A:l e&t#1-L". !m! a! 2 1 em !n#

6
a`&. @ e π<p rt#ke l ? !k*p
m,” e, e . “94k* 94 u&!1
l π"* r u&=!r?
‘1
-1
-p m2. ? rt#keL ".’ e, e .  5
c-L"!k*m ?m /k!# u&1y i/k ! -m. i&*m µC
ie / *4n&p rt#ke . !m! an&p π<: ap
! tl aAp
- i"n#1
. an&p π<: am2 e&R:l
! ey# π<k p" ! -m. em u&1 
r. ?m
ey &. 9 & e l µAn&!k*m," e, 1!Ht& &m2.
1n& &/k* an&m2 ;# & 2pC 9
#. a& l, a!/k*
ul?m H:l& # aEk ycEk e-t#k !t#ke!# -.

2,? K:l \n&r a! ?  1n& p rt&. \n&k

 #m 1n&, "ey e&H[2? &m2 
A ?, i"n#1
r,"
e". \n&/k*t fkL!Hp 
#.

“ep #?”

“
A o/ π<p rt#keL"r al!! an&p π<k*p l
2= µAn#  &m. a& !*!& ?, i= π<t
fkLke - k*p  r. ap # ! tl aA
-1
r.
π<k* 7tl. !m! 
Ak*t& t& m. 2/t#!2 k*k
e -  r. i= i - 2Nk* i"n#1
r!"

\n&/k*   !le - & e?ak *t#!# l i/n&#. ,

?m arcE e!<tl c8Lp  . π r, "
A! 
A! J !
e l& uTk* in& +2 !n#1
#," e, elGt &mπt
&mπ a`&. 1n&k* o,m CH1l.

" ?, u Q
-k* !n#1
- Q- /mCm #, 
A em k*p
 u&1 
r. Q
-k* a!2p  ! A i/n&&l e l
an& u&1c ey µA1l. o/ !< ? :/n&l, 
Ak*
in& +2 9
A/k#," e, elG a`&.

"a4 &, \n&r. @ µA# e, e π"*, 

A e Q
-k* !n&r.
ap #, ? *Kt#ke - i/n &. *Kt& π"*, e apπ
!p& am2 e r. a&* e a! 2! 
A k*p
y1
r."

1n& o/!, \n& 2& p-t . a, i/!/m

!*pEHHm ?n&&k XW r. & 
A: i,c Ll
n#e!& 1-µ" e`k e-t#1
-p K1
- e!K Wp

A: Q
 an& r.

&m2 
A: ul Q
Al Lt&p
- i/n&#. π"k*m # a!/k*
i/n& u"= i"k*m # il. a!/k* e?/L u"1 r /m
il. ft# u"1 r r e, /k*m e&H#. 7 !, *A:/n&
a-k* Q
A akm kt&/m *4n&<p rt#e<p 
A:

7
u&1 ?A e Tm rn# 
A: i,c 
?tke A/n& r. 2& ?m !8n#e A/kL"# e&* i#
?l ,.

\n&/m 1n&m &m21 Q

 an& r. !4k2yc = Q
Al,
"J ! e 1
-1
-p y1
lr <," e, elG a`m *l 9#m
l 141l. 7:m, aL/n &r µKl µm H& u5r=m
5p
 . OH/ e K  Kl  Ur !Rn &Ake A/n&#.

k*4n&k :l 9n:/n& Or i<me & *4n&:m

&m2!k 
A, "
A ?* rt#ke. i 2l a!r u p
rk 2
r. u k*p l 2= !p  &l 
Ak* in&k 
!n#1
#," e, a`#e  XW r. π r, ktl
+,e A/n&!Hm, "
Ak* 0=m ?l 2 m. in&p 
A !k*p
L"!rK π<<p rt#ke!r e, &R e . e
π<p rt#keL]r< e, 
. e & µ`#m

-1
- u opCke r. lGk\X !p !l e,
elG1
r. ? e-k µE ey& # o  πA!&2y
2,t#1
r. ‘e k*c c ? i1l e-kL" & #m. @ 
mp-L"y. ! m, !t#ke. u e=k* u&=m.’ e,
e r," e, Cmπ r.

"72m. e π< a!r rt#ke  #m apAt&. \ !

2
r. im i -, c, H π<<kXp rt#ke r.
a!rKmXk \ !1l. π<Tk*p Et&l
rt#ke A/k µA[2 e, el(!r. a!r e<p  0=m
m +:l u<!rTk* 0=m u&1y i/n&r," e, 2e"/
e 
A: e/2 2"!rKm XW a`&.

an&p e K ck 

#m 1n& &r u
 aL/n&
at& /m 1n& r. i#! &m π4pCkt& &m2
π<<k !k*m e1Gt& !8k ?t#L"r e" &p
aπpπm e A/n&& e N !/n r. &m21 & 2"
fy2 e& - a!r<t &m210/n# an+p-t12l
e?/kt& 9-t&, Er &m21 µt& e?/L!n# rt& r;
 Ur !At& r.

1n&m \n&/m &m2 

A: a/Ll !n# rt& r; a`
ak µA2l a`& r. o/!yc " o/ !<Xp &  C
en& a!/k* !ykHE 
 . i,:l &m21 uc
\2n#e - !! A i-
 ?kLp 5m 7 #. V/kelm
m2, /&k /5 24y u&1 an& urn& &: πH!t
&# ! m  U 24t#Kyc En&t &m21 i,p5m
e&L#. a & !<:l in&p 
A l ct#k* en&
!:!# u&! ! -m e" e 5m \n&r, 1n& 7L H
u<Kl #Kr1
#.
µ&'m

8
 urp 
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cr 2A ur
e 3 a !p"

+c ),m
!n& ! t#k !  Q   e ey 2 t -kL
!t&#.

“!n& ! t ! 2*k A:l o/ ?c\ 2m i/kL"&m. 2tl

u
/m "! i"n# 1-L" !m. 1& e!At#c E&W 7Wl
1`!&l ; et#ke A/kL" !m. an& 7,, &? ?kL
!/!&l, ?/k*m ?
-k*m 7t# 9 !ypC i/kL"&m” e &
acey.

“u , am2t& e!
 9- ey/k 2?” e"r 2 r.

“ ?, µE ey& e 2 2p crcL ip # 25t &-

Ake A/kL",” e" p l !n&#.

“eA:/k*m # !t#...” e, e&L 2 r a&

+,tke r. e/m k2 !<rn# eH& π& e!K 
e&HL" e& a!tl aWn/n&r.

a! a!2k XA a :l in& ?c\ 2mW 1!kp
#.

“i& epA!# aA - aRt# oRt#1 ! -m,” e, el /m

e r. “epA?” e, 2
-m e!/m el1l.

“akL r e, o/ µ!r; e&y!+ e" ! -m e&

2:l k*Kl  ?<t &!m i/n&!r. ip # a!r
rpLH 2: aA!t* !n/kL"r. !# a!Hm y in&
?c\ 2t& aRk*m !Rk 
- aWn# !m,” e,  XW r
*/?&r.

“!# e */ !? ? y !/L ",” e, L<mπ i<!

eR ! +,t r */?&r.

“akL r 2 kr. tl u µm e-p!r e,

er !L!r,” e, */?&r XW&k 
- i<! EHt&.

“π"/k* ?/m #t&t & k  ?/!#  u5rn# a& @kt

#N1
l aW1 l  il e, @& ,t &nkr?”
e, XW1
-, *:l 9Wc rpLH ?kLp "n& i<!

9
eR !. 9W!n& *t e&1   +,t1
-, akL r
i/p& aWn& it* eR ! e".

a, a2! ?. i/ i,L i/n&#. o/ 2t&A:l i/!r

i/p&k   i<!; a!r µ!H nr< i/km e
u5rn&.

“µ!t &HEk !n &,” e, 0p N!c e  i<!.

nrKl o/!r e  \
Ak 
A r. a ...

el <!y  i/n& itl kpW eHt e&L:/n&#.

en&1& u5rcE[m il2l, “i<! ! µ!r e?/pCk* i/n# &!m

eyL"r,” e"r an&c nr.

“k
A, u:,p  ul<[m a`Lp 2l  7 - t*p
#k*m. e?/pC, ev!<= !G&[m eHt#c mkL1-m. in&
µ!r, ip # ey#e A/p# 1op p
,” e, elGke 
&1p yn# eHn#e A/n& 1"*k
< a! a!2p πHt#
eWn& i<!.

akLc \/k* µ!r e&Hn&r. &!m

n&&l 9
 m a!  akL
22kL:/n&#. a!/ r!  &
eHp& u5rn& i<!. apA 
\-&:l a! ?kLp Nn# 1`n&.

µ!H m im a2 #. “en&k

<l e &!+k t& , an&k <l i @ e&t
e&
(m a# k il2l eHn#, ml X il2l aR
-m!” e,
E t& ak µA2l 0
r akL r.

i<! 0 ecHk i/ <[m 1Ht# o" o, e&

-
1&A a! ?kL !5L ; “? ! A !n& !m i#&,
µ! !” e"  Ur 2l.

aL/n& n/k* o,m CH1l. i<! !t &-, “e ! tl

o/ ?c\ 2m u<#. a& ,p 
  u:r /L1-L" . an&
2t& aRkt& !R &A µ! ?A !n &. e 
 e#= 2
eHn# /L aRn#1-m e, XW1
r. i# epA 2*m? ? &A
!n&# i&t& ! i# e p e,t&!:l !m al!?” e,
e .

“a# H. an& ?c\ 2t& aRk*m µE:l @ < aRn#  l?”
e, an&c nr 
r. “aRp !# ? o/! 2
- 2. i/n&(m,

10
a& l !4p !# 7:k5k e ?
- 2k al!?” e,
elGke  i<! *: A!<t&p πAt&. av!<=&
A!<m /Lc mlX il2l y1
#.

µ!r &n&# m... il... !m! + 1* !n&! k *t

e&2l ?c\ 2m i/k*m ! t& ?kL !2 Ot e&L 
i<!.

“?c\ 2t& aRk !R e&Hn#e - !1

(m !:l.  !
en& 7t#m il2l /mπ l, a# ! #m,” e, &1t&r 2 r.
ap # Q  , “  OA !/m O 
L"# 2я!” e,
elGke A/n& # E,t&: !tl i<! OA
!n#e A/p&p rt& 2 r, 2 apA  
At &`1ke<
!n&r. “&=ey# e t e&kr,” e, o#L eR ! k
 - */?&/m 2 /m t& r.

“?c\ 2t& aRk µ!r !R e ?” e, */?&r 7! -


r. “elG1
r. e <l e&t e&
(m aR[m e, a/
ey/kL"r 2 µ!r,” e, i<! e &k 
#m a !/m
arcEn& r.

, ?tl yn &A !n& *:G/n# akL r i"L r.
“e  an& i<r?” e, 
r µ!r. ape`# i<!, an&
itl akL k  #m 2L8cE n& arcE - 
o "- o, e&&!, µ4n&K
- µ! !5L .

“& a/K !t* ?W µ! !” e,   k i<!

XW . “?& u k* ?W el ! -m i<! ! e&y!+ e"
! -m e&k -n&!m CHn &; 7 l, i µm µ`2 e!W
e" µA1l. 7 l, @  in&c E, !l, -n&!t*c 22
 p e,!&* !Rk ,ke A/kL"y,” e, 2L8cEp
e/k - e r µ!r.

i<! u
 el /m 1p - µ!p rt& r. µ!r
e&rn&r. “!t# !8!* !8! !"[m e&y!t#
!kp-m. !8!* !8!# e"l e e& i<!r e k*p CH
!t#1
r. π" !4 !p&t & aRt#ke<=m &
i/k*m  +  !8!* !`m !8k,” e"r µ!r.

“@ e-t& m?” & n &t& 2 r e&K=-tke<

1/mπ r. “a# Gk*m... o/ /t&t &-,” e"r µ!r. “e
/t& 2?” e 1  e&-t&r */?&r.

“i i<!r 

l, k# 2
- 2 aR[m. ?le&lm &4t &*m,”
e"r µ!r EHt#ke ....
µ&'m

11
 urp 
k t pm
cr 2A ur
e 4 a !p"

 n .
an& eRl ea\m a4L eH Q- ?te&
- 9kr +t ?-1l
e( QW/n&#. Q
c \W(m 7pπ 2t &
Tm 
p 4t
&
Tm erH 4Tm rp&*k  e<k 
E i/n& .
4t &
t&1
- e!K  !n# +"l cp  e" Cle!K
n# 1Hn# 5p
 . e*m ic 34l +"n/n&#. an&p
 5 Q
Al WTm RTm !t#Tm C"kTmX
i Et#ke  i2 !<rn& .

e Oy= ?t&p e/m(m ic 34G   Rt &. At

H[m "!< 2Nk5kp rt&! 5m i/p . !Gl OA oK[m
eG<[m µl<[m upk !p &- a!W a a=<
u, ?kL a!" apA  2 tl !t#ke !. π"*,
a!" apA  Et2t k
- !. i&k  - a2L8n# 
e &y Etm !!&e o/ Ct&m !Lt &n&r.

? E, !l !n& Et<k  - 1n& o/ 2/t#!r, a!#

* tl i/n& * !n# &/mA ! A r. av! "
?m !n# e-t &. a&p rt# 2 m DHt& a!r e k*p
HKt&r.

?e</ 2[m e`e&/ ! 5µ2 i a - eaEk

*1k *ft# "!p l "n# Hn# en&k ![m
il2l t&k Rt# !n &.

c km u/ A#. o/! ?yk L/0 1 & Up

/Lπ Q
-p  5:l !<rkp
 WTm, RTm, !t#Tm,
C"kTm !m i"n#1
 . e &n&[m ul ?m *W
?y!yp
r. *-mm !,2:l u4t e&L#.  5 Q

1,k  ak ! A +k* 7< m.  5 Q

1
-!n& π"*, e 2L8cE e0/n# 1e,ke #. e
aCk*p t2 elp πN<[m, a! -m Xcl<[m,
"!K i i<[m 
 i2l &1t &. i
a : 2A:l &!8n& ?< e N e N 2 m *2n &.

!,2 1
 !, !R:W ?m e a 5m u !
-m
-*KHl 1A:l c "l 2Nk* e`n# tH
a(!t* OAk 
-k
p tH<c \2n#e - !/ !m.
a& π, Q- Qc e, eyt&< 1+ m ey !m. e

12
a 5 e&rn# Ak i# *-mtt &m2
arpNt#ke r. ? eyt&<p 
 π"*, a! a!2
Q- !n#  u5!c pπ
-1
-p Kk* O- !.

Jn# !#c E,!  i/n&  &, e u<tl O1m 

! -e2W/n& 7!l, EW# EW& !<rn# e
- !l e`n#1
-
eHt e&L#. ? m !!l 
-L" ?
t& ik/1
!Epl 
 ! -e2, e &n& 1/mπ r. “O1m ertl
, -2? !G /1 ikk ,ke l Or ik*`1l
rn# e/ mkm,” e aAkA em e &n& aW=
XWA i/n&r.

&n&k e µA! 2Wke< ? 1/m1l. u 2:  

Etm !!l e k*t "2 i/n&#. e"!# o/? ? Gc
Etm ![m Or O1 ! ! -e2#& e k& 7. apA
!/ ! el e k* ak µA& ?mπk[m i/n&#.

1917-7m 7 - ? e *-mt# Ek 1l !Ekp  . a*

e ur+pKp Apt e&rn &. a# K: i, 7 -. an&p
K:l 25!r < o/ eyptH ?t r. an&p tHk*k
Gc Etm !n# a&*p e/t&2 #wk*<[m e` !n &.
ape`#& e O1m av!<= E"p a21l e&
u5rn &. ? im +" it#":l ,t &rcE e" ! -m.
a&* ? e ey ! -m e&pW[m Enk .

? µC ! ey# 0t/n& 5t&ke -, Ek 1(<

O1pK oWl e ep =ey# e . e ur+pKp
ApCm µA!n&#. Ek  i:l +tl i1l ! 
! rt &. an& ! µAn&#m :l &l +t* OAc
e, &l<p e, a!" 1+ m ey# 5t&c mt &.
2:l r!t& !<rt#ke< O1pKk*c e, O1m
 ". µ&l 2! u4t& u4pπ r!elm Etp
K:l ν4n&#m 2"n#1- !.

an& O1p K:(< 7EH e k*p πAk*m. 9 e&H[2? a!r

< 2
-m rt# O1m !c el2l u:/< R, C",
D , µl, 2&r< ?/k* ?r rt# !c e r. a!W
ov !r a![m VWk !t# νwk2 !k ,ke .
at# tH:l ! ey[m Or O1H0/n#m Gc Etm
![m µ"<[m a!"t "mc EtHk*m νwk<[m ,t
&rn &.

ac2tl µ&l up r c #. e r!t& c


A
!t#1
- ?
-kp t #At &. e &n&:m 2"A a!r
m2&t&p e,ke - eaE(!c tl rn# Hl
aA
!rTk* 2/n# e-t#c el(m ! O
Ac !W .

13
ak5m e u<tl ?
-p,t& 2 L:/n&#. ap #, e k*
!#  `&. r µAn# Vr /mπ ? o/ tH
a(!t*c e, Gc Etm ![m ! 
. a!r ?
im at#":l ?* &rcE e" ! -m e, XW ! e-k
2,t#1
 r.

a&k 
- ? 2 n&<1l. 1<m&rTk* 1<mp< 0
a4 !n# e-t#p 5m mk 7mπt &. *"n& !/!y
!n&(m an& ! cm aH  νwk<k ,t &rn &.

bt*c e, E aDr!2 Ct&<p At#c Et< epA

?Ak !p#, O1t#k* u:r V
A epAp m e-p# e
"!" e!* 7r!t &- At&# 2
-2l# a&p  ?m
ey µE ey &. i& 1<! Q
-p πC"0/n& e
:l
\2p m e-k 7mπt &. e e ? r o/!/m i5n&r.

e # e 5<[m C#p C# ?k<[m O1< !n# e

? m e-t &. a!r a!" e2/X
Ap 2 u/!kLπ, 
+,! Tk* 1 ". apAp
 Kl e # ?c\! 2
-2l,
an& ?c\! cm ? e&H1k µ" 78n& /t#Tm 0 e2lG
µ":l e!Kp
-, 2k<c EHk2
-2l# Enk=m !t& .

o/ e 5[m Et<[m ?Ak!t# ‘7Gx a um’1 em

te&t &Ht# e!K:
. a# C8e"& a2n&#; em,
a t& B
At &1l. a-t#, ‘7s!l
 kL π
’2 em
Gc Etp te&t &Ht &. in&p m 0c E"n& e!Wt
&At &n&#. e!W e t &A !n&= ? /p
an#1-!l. +" O1< !!& cm 0 a4p
< ?Ak !k i(m e" νwkt&t e&Hn#e  ?,
2(m ipNke +" O1r< !k* a2rtke .
&Hk*m  o" o, 1a\m ! 5m E"p a2 ! -m
e, 1/mπ . a& i= µ`!#m  1Rt# O1m ! !.

il mt& e/<ke - i&1 0c E"n& m o"t

&Hk µ ". an&p t*k &?  p -!# e,
Ent#ke A/k:l  5 Q
A  a*0*m OAt Hn& Or
eG: + = e 2 tl +4A#. an& eG  !t#p e2-k
µAe!-t# a&* ‘2rA2r’3 em er 3
 e N, a& e
2 1:m XW . a!  an&p ec \/kL, ‘0kL 2=s’ e,
a4t&r.

1
Alice’s Wonderland
2
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
3
Mortimer

14
e/m e/ e1l m &L1
#. 7 l, apt& ! en&
1+ s&/m µ!1l. 0kLk e C  1, a&*
i2k*m Nk 5t&k e-t & e"l rt#keT.

0kL !t#t &Ht& m e

A:l fLke A/k:l, 0kL
; -m ?Ak !t# ‘slm 
1lG’4 em c"!# t&[m e/m
e/ e1l a/m-
-t &Ht# e!K:
. in&p t
14,000 EtTk* 2l !p
 . i2p<r 0t "2 -
i2t#k e-t& r. 0kLk ? *l e-t &. al(m (m
a# -
-t &Ht& t&t :l 
-p rt& ?
/pn &.

i&[m µ& µ&Gl  1+ s&r ! µ!1l. π rt

&kt# !Lp t& e!K:
 r. i&k 5 2k X
m
e
Kl +mπ !Rn&#. 0kL e 92"1l. 5m !n# *1t
e&L#. 5m 2
-2l, /m C`m ?Tk* ? ueL(m !t
e&L .

a-t#, ‘2rTm 2Tm’ em m e # e/m µEl u/! #.

an& aC&p pCk* µ& µ&Gl e k* 1932-7m 7 - 7sr 1/#
Lt&#. a& π, Jn# !l e - 1<A W
+ =Xrn# !n#, ‘O?[m c, WTm’ em &p 2
u/!kL . ipt ? 1934-7m 7 - 7sr 1/# e ".

a& π r, ? E, !l  5 Q
Al eaEk *1 1<A
!t& 2 k 5l rt#, ‘e l
k’ u/!kL . ?
!t&p , ?p t &t~2 ?At#k 
- !. an& ?App
rt#t& O1r O1m !!r. ove!/ t(m ? C#p C#
ut<k  -, o" o, 1a\m ! 5m e # &Hpπl
22k 
A .

ae2Hk ?- 2
-2l#, ueL(µ< l !, ?-KG/n#m
1/#Tm, 
Tm, &kTm !n# *1n& ! 50/n& . e
u<tl k12yk *Ae A/n& Etk e k* i/t&, 7sr
1/#<p e,t &n# e 2L8cEk Gl 78t#. a#2
-2?
up e/m &!r<[m πµr [m ?H  nk*m !yp[m
e k*k e-t&#.

e k*k Lt& C4k  - ? 2L11l. 2", 2(m 2(m

aH & k e N e e   G r1l o/ D!
u/!kL . ueL(µ< E"r<[m eH r<[m Brt#
i`k*m Kkp D! a2n&# an& As  -.

µ&'m

4
Steamboat Willie

15
 urp 
k t pm
cr 2A ur
e 5 a !p"

πr +m 01m )m

*2 +k  5A: µ +,e - & !H a4*
rt#ke A/n&. a! µtl C# 2pπ<k 2L8cE 
i4 Ake A/n&#.

“/25t#k* et& ? 1-pC e-kp L"y?” e, 

-ke 
*2 &y nt& a! a/  !n&r.

“o/ !m #e2, + kL ", am2.”

“? !k*p y1

- !/L " ap,” e, XW1
- ! !"k
n# e!K  !n&.

\, ‘ y !’ e, !y "n# X"1l. & 2

-m 7
A r.
a!;# a!/k* e!,pC. a! u/pA el 9#m ey!l e"
&pe 5 2 a!;# a!/k* e!,pC 9k 52:/n&#.

*2 ur+ i - ! o`p At#!n&. ur+ c,k*c

e"π a! kLl 2"m 5p
#. Apπl ak" *"n&#. k
? r <- rn#e - Vr \,!l 7r!m 
A . aAkA
Kk* 2
m t #!L . in&p kL l 1= !*pπl At&!
!4k+ !*pCk*p *m a<=k* a! l1 kp
#. \[m
a! 2 1[m a! t /t&p e/m-
r. a!r µE
14(kL"t& @ #. e#k l1c W&8 !4k+t &r=
!k*Xp K:l @Ap  e" + !n#1
#. i,:l e#k
l1c W&8 !4k+t &rcE - K:G/n# @L1
.
ap #& a! Or u&!k e" e 5m \: 2 tl 74
!~W#. a! &y nt& 2 kk  - !/n r; L r.

*2 t& Q5At#1

-t & i/&m !l e&R oWl
&5 VR  !:l rn&. “i! - At&!r el/m
epA i/kL"r? i! p r. ev!<= e-t#c elG[m
u/p1l,” e, \ aAkA 
At krt&r. ap # 9
 e!,pC
2" ! il.

*2 & At& 25!r Ec np# -. Er

lk4tl 2l+k l1k ,ke A/p&=m Er µ&l

t# ?l !:l i/p&=m el!# -. E, !l &
e,p" el & &8n#  & e N !/n . 7:m, a!

16
&: a el(m a!r e-t& Vk*1pCm a!m 2"t&
9-t . 1
 l1t e&rn&; l1 +,! e2Wl 2
!*pCKl rn# Akt e&L . &µm u/p# 2"!r<[m
u/p12l ey[m && ? rK u"=< a,t#ke .

“ip &!# 2W ?l +k* !/!  e# e k*c n &n&,”

e, \ nt&1m aAkA el!# a! #Kl 14t &!"1l.
& &n&: e 5t& epA!# 2" ! -m e, ev!< !
µ"; µA1l. e#k l1c W&8 2l+t &r=! At#t
&W . nt& a!m /25p c e-t& e&lm, “e#k l1c
W&8 2l+t &r1l &rcE e" π"*& a&pW + p ,”
e, 2,t# !n&. e#k l1c W&8 2l+t &r1l O  e,
&rcE e"1
(m 2 +"!Kk*m !:l &rcE e". ip #
e/Kl !<rcEk 4t &2tl e`t&p NCHL".

*2 N2  an&= a! ? , "!/, C# 2pπ<

r," e, !Ak ! !". *2 EHt#ke  &
i/k:l a2rn&. u N,m ? r Er 2514
51/k*m a! EHt#p Ek L l ey#e A/n& r. G[m
L (2y an& im a2rk<p
-ke A/n& # *2 9 & C
! !/!& u5rn&. "eam i/,” e, ? rKm
elG1
- a"1
- e!K  !n&. 
t o/ c:l i/n#
C !n#e A/n&#. *2 &"t# u < ν4n&.

"?m 
tl kpπAt#ke #  i/kL"#," e, ukk X",
a !/m 1! e!K "t e&L r. o/ +0tl an& im
al l p
#. a !/ µt(m m; e*m pC.
el/m u:k k e!K Wke A/n& r. a & 2m kpW
a !/k*m aW1kt kW1pC 2N aWke A/n&#. AKl
VRr &&e!, i"*m oG 
-ke A/n&#.

, ?tl C an&k 

m µ`#m 1 e&[m rk µA2l
ey#1
#. E/k* cc\t 5"l. Er C & µA2l i/µm oG.

t ?!# 2A:l ink <, 52p Wt
e&L k !2 2l ?kLt & en+" ?k @
Ake - !t
e&L#.

VRr<t k k &!, pl /t&c e

-ke A/n&
*2. k W eHn& # 0fkLp -t#!# 7t& µA[m.
7 !, "/m 0fkLp -t& ! m. 1!p Ak
-Kl
i"*," e, aH ukk XWke A/n& r. ul V µ"
a(!c Epn o/!r 1n# j 4 i"c E2p
-ke A/n&r.
*2 a! akt fkLke - j 4 i"*m # 94!# 2A:l
i/k*m ur aH o/!H + = 
e, !n&#. a!r& e/Kl
!<rcEk 4t 7!5Tk*p e,pC. ?
A e/Kl e&r
µkL 7!5 e  pC, CK 1!, &!l aL

17
N e2e/ =m a!/ a":l& !kp
A/n&
e# a!k*t e&H[m. Jm# !&*m an& aH k:G/n# &pc
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