CHAPTER 4:

ANALYSIS FLOW
IN
PIPE

BFC 10403
The flow is controlled by:

(i) pressure gradient

(ii) the pipe diameter or hydraulic
mean diameter
(iii) the fluid properties like viscosity
and density and
(iv) the pipe roughness.
INTRODUCTION
Average velocity in a pipe
1) Because of the no-slip condition,
the velocity at the walls of a pipe or
duct flow is zero

2) Interested only in vavg, usually call just v.

3) No-slip condition causes shear stress

Friction force and friction along the pipe walls
For pipes of constant diameter and incompressible flow

Vavg stay the same down the pipe, even if the velocity profile changes

WHY?
Conservation of Mass

𝑚 = 𝜌𝑄 = ρvA
HOW ABOUT THIS?

𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚2
ሶ but 𝑣1 ≠ 𝑣2
REYNOLDS EXPERIMENT
DEFINITION of RENOLDS
NUMBER, Re
𝑅𝑒 = 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 Flows in pipes normally conform to the
𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 following
𝜌v2𝐷 2 Re ≤ 2300 : laminar flow
=
𝜇v𝐷
2300 ≤ Re ≤ 4000 : transition flow
𝜌v𝐷
= (pipe)
𝜇 Re ≥ 4000 : turbulent flow

v𝐷 For example, if we consider a bathroom

= (pipe) hose of 15 mm diameter, what is the
𝒱
minimum average velocity for turbulent
flow? (kinematics viscosity = 0.95 x 10-3
m2/
s)
Characteristics of Flow Type
LAMINAR TRANSITIONAL TURBULENT
Re ≤ 2300 2300 ≤ Re ≤ 4000 Re ≥ 4000
‘low’ velocity ‘medium’ velocity ‘high’ velocity
Dye does not mix with Dye stream wavers Dye mixes rapidly and
water - mixes slightly completely
Fluid particles move in Particle paths completely
straight lines irregular
Simple mathematical Average motion is in flow
analysis possible direction
Rare in practice in water Mathematical analysis
systems. very difficult
- experimental measures
are used
Accounting Energy Loss
The energy equation

Velocity = 0
Introduce the effect of velocity
If the velocity varies over the length of the pipe due to
changes in diameter
If we now consider energy to be lost at every point along the length of the
pipe, the total head will reduce linearly
Pressure loss due to friction in a
pipeline
What is pressure loss and head loss?

Ans: pressure loss = pressure drop due to friction

Consider a cylindrical element of incompressible fluid flowing in the pipe

= =
 2

in terms of the pipe diameter and the shear stress at

the wall on the pipe
 The shear stress will vary with velocity of flow and hence with Re

The relationship between pressure loss and Re

𝑣

𝑣a

These empirical relationships can be used to

determine the pressure loss but not in finding
the magnitude of τw

If we knew τw

𝑣
Pressure loss during laminar flow in a pipe
Consider a cylinder of fluid, length L, radius r, flowing steadily in the centre of a
pipe

The fluid is in equilibrium, shearing forces equal the pressure forces.

𝑟 = 𝜇 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦
 𝑑𝑣
2
measuring from the pipe centre, so 𝑟 = −𝜇
𝑑𝑟
Subs eq.2 into 𝑑 ∆𝑃 𝑟 3
1 =−
𝑣 𝐿 2𝜇
𝑑𝑟

Integrate
eq.3 ∆𝑃 𝑟 2 4
𝑣𝑟 = − +𝐶
𝐿 4𝜇

boundary condition; r = 0 v = vmax ; r = R v = 0

𝑣𝑟 ∆𝑃 1 5
= 𝑅2 − 𝑟2
𝐿 4𝜇
The flow in an annulus of thickness 𝛿r

𝛿Q = 𝑣𝑟𝐴𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠

𝐴𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 ≈ 2π𝑟𝛿r
Integrate
∆𝑃 1 ∆𝑃 1 𝑅
𝛿Q = 𝑅2 − 𝑟2 2π𝑟𝛿r Q= න 𝑅2𝑟 − 𝑟3 𝑑r
𝐿 4𝜇 𝐿 2𝜇
0

∆𝑃 𝜋𝑅4 ∆𝑃𝜋𝑑4 6 Hagen-Poiseuille Equation

Q=
𝐿 8𝜇 = for laminar flow in a pipe
𝐿128𝜇
𝑣 = Q/A

∆𝑃𝑑2 32𝜇𝐿𝑣
𝑣= ∆𝑃 = 7 Pressure loss in Hagen-
32𝜇𝐿 𝑑2 Poiseuille Eq.
Example 1
Oil flows in a pipe 80 mm bore diameter with a mean
velocity of 0.4 m/s. The density is 890 kg/m3 and the
viscosity is 0.075 Ns/m2. Show that the flow is laminar and
hence compute the pressure loss per meter length.
 32𝜇𝐿 Head loss in Hagen-
ℎ𝑓 =
𝑣 Poiseuille Eq.
Pressure loss during turbulent flow in a pipe

∆𝑃 = 𝑟4𝐿
2 2
P1 v1 P2 v2
+ + z 1= + + z 2+hf
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
𝑑
8𝑟
Empirical factor; 𝑓=
𝜌𝑣 2

∆𝑃𝑑 𝜌𝑣 2 𝑓𝐿𝑣2
= ℎ𝑓 =
𝑓 8 𝑑2𝑔 Darcy-Weisbach eq.
4𝐿 ∆𝑃 = ρ𝑔ℎ𝑓

𝑓𝐿𝜌𝑣2
∆𝑃 =
2𝑑
 P 1 v 12
+
ρg 2 g
+ z 1=
P 2 v 22
+
ρg 2 g
+ z 2+hf
Example 2
Seawater flows through a 25 mm diameter pipe with mean velocity of
0.3 m/s. Given that the viscosity µ = 4.8 x 10-2 N s/m2 and the SG =
1.12 calculate the friction head loss and resultant pressure drop in a 45 m
length of pipe

𝜌𝑣𝐷 𝑣𝐷 ∆𝑃𝜋𝐷4 𝑓𝐿𝜌𝑣

2
Q=
𝑅𝑒 = = 𝐿128𝜇 ∆𝑃 =𝑓𝐿𝑣2
32𝜇𝐿𝑣
𝜇 𝒱 32𝜇𝐿
∆𝑃 = ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑓 =
𝑣 𝐷2𝑔
𝐷2
Pipe Friction Factor,f
1) Laminar𝑓𝐿𝑣 2
Flow 32𝜇𝐿 𝑓𝐿𝜌𝑣 32𝜇𝐿𝑣
ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑓 = 2 ∆𝑃 =
𝐷2𝑔 𝑣 ∆𝑃 = 𝐷2
Equate the Hagen-Poiseuille and the Darcy-Weisbach Eq
32𝜇𝐿𝑣 𝑓𝐿𝑣2 64
= 𝑓=
𝜌𝑔𝐷 2
𝐷2𝑔 𝑅𝑒

2) Smooth Pipes – Blasius Equation

0.316
𝑓= 0.25 𝑅𝑒<105
�𝑒
3) Nikuradse’s Experiments

e
4) The von Karman and Prandlt Laws
f
e
f
Smooth pipe Rough pipe

5) The Colebrook-White Transition Formula

They combined the von Karman and Prandlt laws for smooth and rough pipes

e
6) Moody’s Diagram
Graphical representation of Colebrook-White Transition Formula

For example, find f

for cast-iron pipe
100 mm diameter
and Re = 1.7x104

e
7) Swamee-Jain Equation

Re

8) S. E. Haaland Formula

e
 Example 4
Determine the head loss and pressure loss to friction when water
flows through 300 m of 150 mm diameter galvanized ion pipe at 50
L/s by using following method. (Ѵ=1.14 mm2/s)
1) The von Karman and Prandlt Laws
2) Moody’s Diagram
e
Rough pipe

f
f
Smooth pipe
 Example 5
Calculate the flow rate at which oil (Ѵ =10−5 m2/s) will flow
through a cast-iron pipe 100 mm diameter and 120 m long
under a head difference of 5 m.(Using Moody’s diagram)
1
Assume f based on e/D (Moody’s diagram)
𝑓1 = 0.028
2
Compute v 𝑓𝐿𝑣2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑣 = 1.71 m/s
𝑑2𝑔

3 Compute Re 𝜌𝑣𝑑 𝑣𝑑
𝑅𝑒 = 1.71 × 104
𝑅𝑒 = =
𝜇 𝒱
4
Find the f with obtained Re and e/D

𝑓2 = 0.032 ≠ 𝑓1

5
Repeat step 1-4 with 𝑓2

𝑣 = 1.60 m/s

𝑅𝑒 = 1.6 × 104
ok
𝑓3 ≈ 0.032 = 𝑓2

𝑄 = 𝑣𝐴 = 1.60 × 𝐴 = 0.0126 m3/s

Minor Losses in Pipe Systems
1. Pipe entrance or exit

2. Sudden expansion or contraction

3. Bends, elbows, tees, and other fittings

4. Valves, open or partially closed

5. Gradual expansions or contractions

In which hL is the local/minor head loss and kL

is a constant for a particular fitting.
 Minor loss created by an inlet
Connecting a pipe to a reservoir

Loss coefficients
for inlets: (A) reentrant, Kin = 0.8,
(B) sharp edged, Kin = 0.5,
(C) slightly rounded, Kin = 0.2,
and (D) well rounded, Kin = 0.04.
 Minor loss created by an exit

Connecting a pipe to a reservoir

Loss coefficients for exits. (A)

reentrant,(B) sharp edged, (C)
slightly rounded, and (D) well
rounded. Kex = 1.0 for all
exits.
 Minor loss at Sudden
Enlargeme n

Using continuity
Minor loss at Gradual
Enlargement
Minor loss at Sudden
Contraction
Minor loss at Gradual
Contraction
The k-values for
many different bends,
joints, and size
changes
Analysis Flow in
Pipe
Reservoir B

Pump
Reservoir A
Exit Loss

Contraction
Loss
Entry Loss

𝑃𝐴 𝑣2 𝑃 𝐵 𝑣𝐵2
+ 𝐴 + 𝑧𝐴 − ℎ𝐿 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦 − ℎ𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 − ℎ𝐿 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = + + 𝑧𝐵 + ℎ𝑓
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

(𝑧𝐴−𝑧𝐵) + ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ℎ𝐿 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦 + ℎ𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + ℎ𝐿 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 + ℎ𝑓

Example 6
The figure show two reservoirs connecting by the cast iron pipe of
50 mm diameter. The water with Ѵ=10-7 m2/s is pumped from 1 to
2 at 0.006 m3/s. Compute the input pump horsepower required with
efficiency is 85% (All losses are included)

 gQH p
P
in
p

1hp = 735.5 watt

Example 7
SAE 10 oil at 20°C flows in a vertical pipe of diameter 2.5 cm. It is
found that the pressure is constant throughout the fluid. What is the oil
flow rate in m3/h if flow is laminar? Given SG oil = 0.87 and Ѵ =1.2
x 10-4 m2/s
Example 8
The reservoirs in figure contain water at 20°C. If the pipe is smooth
with L = 4500 m, d = 4 cm and f = 0.0226. Surface water elevation at
reservoirs 1 and 2 is 200 m and 100 m, respectively. Compute the
flow rate in m3/h? Given μ = 0.001 kg/m⋅s