SRR2005

BR PETROBRAS
SEMINÁRIO DE RESERVAS E RESERVATÓRIOS 2005

Subsurface fracture detection using multiple borehole

parameters and its application on the carbonate reservoir
of La Concepcion field, Western Venezuela.
Jesús PORRAS, José BENITO, Vanessa MACHADO, Nelson CHIRINOS, Enrique PERALTA,
Denis MARCHAL, Prudencio BALSEIRO, Ivan GONZALEZ, Carlos E. FERRO & Luis OCHOA /
Petrobras Energía Venezuela

Este trabalho foi preparado para apresentação no SEMINÁRIO DE RESERVAS E RESERVATÓRIOS 2005, realizado pela PETROBRÁS -
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identification and fractured reservoir

Abstract
The Cretaceous carbonate reservoir of La
Concepcion field (Maracaibo Basin) is a complex
reservoir whose production is associated to intense
fracturing and micro-fissuring related to faulting
mainly due to a transpressional deformation phase.
A practical, multidisciplinary approach for fracture
detection is successfully applied in the field since
the last drilling campaign. The method consists in
using and integrating all the information generated
from different sources while drilling (real time) and
after drilling operations. For each well, the acquired
data is collected and displayed, in digital form, in a
composite chart that contains: mudlogging, drilling
parameters, mud and underbalanced drilling
information, log curves, petrophysical interpretation
and production data.
During drilling, its application has contributed to
reduce drilling costs, improve well planning and
directional drilling, minimize risks of blowouts, or
circulation losses, detect water inflow, and optimise
selection of productive intervals. The method has
been used in the field to identify water-producing
zones, the starting point of the subsequent isolation,
plugging and/or sidetracking decision. Opportune
identification of fractured zones has also contributed
to anticipate well completion. This quick-look
method, allows us to identify fractured intervals
during drilling and contributes to select fractured
intervals for further acid stimulation jobs.
In this paper we describe the method and show
some examples and results of its application in the
field.
Introduction
Fracture detection while drilling represents the main
objective of wellsite geologists, drillers and reservoir
engineers. Where fractures constitute the unique
mechanism of production in this kind of reservoirs,
identification and detection of fractures acquire a
significant importance in reservoir characterization
and for determining productive intervals. Several
approaches have been made for fracture
characterization [8,4,12,14,1,2,7]. All these
methods consider one or more of the variables we
are using in our study, although some of them use
other additional variables as seismic data, cores,
and unconventional logs.
An integrated, practical and multidisciplinary method
that include: Wireline logs (gamma ray, resistivity,
caliper and density), Petrophysics (water saturation,
porosity, shale volume, fracture index), Drilling
Parameters (rate of penetration, weight on bit, pump
pressure), Mudlogging (gas and cuttings
interpretation) and Production Logs (temperature,
pressure, capacitance and flow velocity), all
displayed in a composite chart, is used to detect
fractures in the complex fractured carbonate
reservoir of La Concepcion field, in the Maracaibo
Basin, western Venezuela.
This method provides a quick information about
fractured intervals during drilling as well as
contributes to select fractured intervals for further
stimulation-acidizing- jobs.
The method has been successfully applied in recent
drilling operations and its application has
contributed to reduce drilling costs, to improve well
planning, to minimize risks of blowouts or circulation
losses, to detect water entrance, and to optimise
selection of productive intervals. Opportune
identification of fractured zones during drilling has
also contributed to select well completion.
La Concepcion Field
La Concepcion field is located about 20 km western
of Maracaibo city, Venezuela (Figure 1).
Discovered in 1924, this field produces from two
main reservoirs: an actually depleted siliciclastic
reservoir (Eocene) and from a naturally fractured
carbonate reservoir (Cretaceous). To date,
combined cumulative production is over 160
MMbbls of light oil. Current production of the
naturally fractured Cretaceous is around 13
Mbbls/day of oil, through 22 wells.
 Caribbean and South American Plates.
Structuring is more pronounced in deeper reservoirs
(Cretaceous). Massive faulting and intense
deforming is clearly visible by 3D seismic. The
Eocene structure is interpreted as the shallow
deformed expression of the Cretaceous structure,
and is superposed above it [9,10,11].
Fracturing is associated to faults and increase in the
vicinity of the fault planes. They are the natural
pathways for the production in the field.

Figure 1. Location map of La Concepcion Field

The field is composed by two dextral transpressive

relay zones striking NE-SW, forming pop-up
structures flanked by major reverse faults that are
related to transpressive faulting [9,10]. A third
structure, bounded by major faults is developed to
the north of the field. Minor folding, normal and
secondary reverse faults have been identified within
the structures.
The carbonate Cretaceous section is more affected
by faulting than the Eocene one. Last seems to be
the shallow expression of the highly folded and
faulted Cretaceous structure.
Production of the Cretaceous is attributed to
massive fracturing and fissuring that increase close
to the faults. Analysis of fracture distribution in
Figure 2. Structural Map of the Socuy Member
acoustic image logs shows important clustering of
fractures around faults. Clusters give main
production of wells [10]. Another proportion can be Stratigraphy
assigned to micro fissures present in the rock Stratigraphy is highly related to the tectonic
matrix. processes that affected the basin. The stratigraphic
Depth of carbonate reservoirs is about 11000 feet, column encompasses passive margin carbonate
while gross thickness section is close to 1200 feet. sediments (Cretaceous) and a thick foredeep mixed
siliciclastic-carbonate sequence (Paleocene-
Eocene). First lies over an igneous-metamorphic
Regional Geology
basement, Figure 3.
Structure The Cretaceous starts with the thin conglomeratic
section of Rio Negro Formation. Overlying the
Three main striking NE-SW structures constitute the conglomerates of Rio Negro, a carbonate section is
field, Figure 2. South and central structures are up- developed forming the Cogollo Group, subdivided
lifted structures bounded by major opposite reverse from bottom to top into the Apon, Lisure and Maraca
faults. Their origin is attributed to transpressive Formations. Overlying the Cogollo Group is La Luna
faulting [9,10]. A third positive structure dipping Formation, composed by packstones and
NNW is located to the north of the field. It is calcareous and organic shales. The Cretaceous
bounded by a reverse major fault and a strike-slip cycle is closed by a thick shaly section (Colon
fault, to the east and to the west, respectively. Formation) and the sandstones of Mito Juan
All the structures are affected by secondary faulting Formation, forming the regional seal of Cretaceous
and fault-related folding, which are more reservoirs. The limestones of the Guasare
pronounced in the crest of them. Formation represent the Paleocene. The Eocene is
an alternance of shales and sandstones
Structural style and geometry of structures are corresponding to the Misoa Formation. In the area,
related to transpressional tectonics in response to the clastic sediments of Oligocene/Miocene are
NE-SW compressive stress and right lateral strike- partially eroded.
slip faulting resulting from the interaction between

Figure 3. Generalized stratigraphic column for the
Cretaceous of La Concepcion field.
Fracture detection methods
A large variety of methods for fracture detection
have been developed by several authors
[8,3,4,12,14,1,2,7]. Most of them detect fractures
indirectly giving a reasonable idea and a qualitative
analysis about rock and reservoir performance.
Fracture detection by indirect methods is based on
changes in the physical properties (anisotropy) of
rocks. Generally these changes can be detected by
one or by a combination of these techniques that
are later compared and confirmed with data
acquired from other sources.
The method used in this study, provides a
continuous record in drilling operations. Although
most of parameters are recorded on real time,
others only can be acquired after drilling. Data is
created for each well and is displayed, in digital
form, in a composite chart that contains more than
20 parameters (Figure. In some cases interpretation
must be validated using other data, as production
logs, acquired in later operations.
Data
Data can be adquired in two ways: during or after
drilling operations and from: well logs, petrophysical
analysis, mud logging, drilling parameters,
underbalanced drilling and production information.
During drilling operations the most effective
parameters used for fracture detection are sample
descriptions, monitoring the drilling parameters and
underbalanced drilling information.
After drilling operations include all known
techniques run in drilled wells for data acquisition.
Among these conventional techniques are: logging,
testing & production, and petrophysical evaluation.
Data acquired during drilling are lesser precise than
a log or image interpretation, but it can be obtained
at real time. Underbalance drilling information can
give a prompt and qualitative idea about rock
permeability and reservoir pressure.
Data acquired after drilling (conventional, image and
production logs) in combination with the information
above mentioned, can help for a better
understanding of these kind of reservoirs.
During drilling operations the main parameters used
for fracture detection come from different sources
as:
Mud logging
Consist on all those parameters supplied by the
mudlogging unit as: sample description, pit volume
control and oil shows. Visual description of cuttings
is the primary tool for fracture detection. Simple
observation of fractures, veins-filled or not-, polished
surfaces or slickensides may indicate presence of
fractures. Gas peaks or hydrocarbon shows indicate
permeable or fractured zones. Volume variations
can be used to identify fractured.
Drilling
Main drilling indicators of fractured intervals are
volume gains or mud losses, lost of circulation,
drilling breaks, high torqueing and bit rebounces. A
rate of penetration (ROP) /weight on bit (WOB) ratio
can be used as a good fracture indicator. High ratio
are, most of times, related to fractured zones. The
ROP/WOB ratio is a reliable variable for
determination of fractured or fissured zones while
drilling [13]. Pump pressure data in combination
with pump caudal (flow) can give an idea of
presence of fractured zones by monitoring fluid
entrance into the borehole. Changes in mud
rheology (temperature, filtrate, density,
resistivity/conductivity) may also indicate the
entrance of fluids into the borehole; therefore it may
be associated to fractures. Considering is na oil-
based mud drilling, any intrusion of water into the
system can be detected immediately. Conventional
techniques for measurement of water in the mud
filtrate, as retort analysis or chloride ion tests, are
usually done.
Underbalanced drilling UBD
Since lost circulation and reservoir influxes are
fracture indicators, UBD is an excellent technique
for detecting natural fractures and measure
production rates, also reduces formation damages
and improve well control while drilling. It occurs
when the pressure in the borehole is less than the
formation pressure. Among other applications, it is
used in fractured reservoirs to induce reservoir
influx and prevent lost circulation. This
methodology, is usually applied while drilling the
naturally fractured Cogollo Group. Gains of fluids
are detected and compared with other parameters
to identify fractured zones. An increment in
circulation pressure maintaining a constant N2-
injection and circulation caudal is an excellent
indicator of entrance of fluids into the borehole
because of “raising” a higher density fluid.
During UBD, a pre-evaluation of the well can be
carried out. Monitoring the several parameters as
tubing/drill pipe pressure, mud ECD (Equivalent
Circulation Density), gas units and water cut, can
help to detect influxes, and type of fluids into the
borehole. Pressure determined through ECD has a
good match with reservoir static pressure. All these
parameters give us a qualitative idea of well
productivity.
Figure 4, shows entrance of fluids into the borehole
from 12050 to 12400 ft (total depth) and the ECD
moves from 5 to 4.7 log, an equivalent reservoir
pressure of 2800 psi. These increments coincide
with a high ROP/WOB ratio indicating a probably
interception of fractures-or weakness zones.
Samples and Image logs shows intense fracturing
and faulting at 11895-11925 ft. At the interval
12320-12380 ft, an increment in the circulation
pressure (drill pipe pressure), with a constant
pumping (GPM) and N2 injection caudal, was
observed. Surface measurements indicated an
entrance of water with 72000 ppm of chlorides,
typical of the Cretaceous Cogollo Group. Drilling
was stopped at this point.
Parameters acquired after drilling operations include
those obtained from:
Cores
Represent the most direct method for fracture
identification and characterization. Cores give a
quantitative measures for characterization of natural
fractures as wells as provide direct evidence of
hydraulic and geological properties of fractures:
orientation, type of fracture, mineralization,
geometry, porosity and permeability. Can also
provide a quantitative idea of fracturing density and
frequency [6,12]. Although core analysis represents
one of the most reliable techniques for fracture
characterization, it is necessary to know how
Figure 4: UBD parameters can be used to detect entrance of fluids into the borehole.
In this case, notable variations on parameters match with fractured zones.
The fluid was identified as formation water. Drilling was stopped at this depth.
comes from the bottom of Lisure and Apon
formations, which is interpreted as a result of the
intersection of long vertical fracture systems that are
connected to the water-bearing Rio Negro
Formation. A similar interpretation was made in the
nearby field of Mara.
Under shut-in conditions, it is possible to identify
crossflow into the borehole. This effect has been
representative the cores are of the entire reservoir,
to avoid erroneous interpretations derived from
induced fracturing by drilling [12]. Their application
is most effective when it is used in combination with
other fracture detectors, generally open-hole logs.
Production logs
Is the most useful tool to identify porous zones in
open holes. They are used for identification of
productivity zones and differentiation of fluids. The
typical log is composed by a set of various curves:
pressure, temperature, flow and velocity (defined by
a spinner-type device), capacitance/dielectric and
density. Calculations of fluid contribution, and type
of fluid from each fractured zone, is based on
readings of several runs in different direction –up
and down hole- into the borehole, at different
velocity (generally 30, 60, 90 and 120 ft/min) and
under dynamic conditions. Figure XX, shows one
example of typical production behaviour of wells in
La Concepcion field. Oil contribution comes from the
middle/lower intervals (Lisure and Upper Apon Fms)
while gas comes from the two uppermost intervals
(La Luna and Maraca Fms). In majority of cases,
water production comes from the deepest zone
(Lower Apon and Rio Negro Fms). In the field, high
production of water, presumable comes from the
Rio Negro Fm, at the bottom, requiring zone
isolation cementing or by setting a plug. In some
cases, an excessive amount of water
observed in some areas, especially in commingled
depleted zones. The simultaneous plot of
temperature, under shut-in and dynamic conditions,
can be used as a good indicator of crossflow. Figure
5, shows the same curve behaviour in the 10830’ –
10970’ interval, with not cooling effect due to the
geothermic gradient of the field. On the other hand,
measurements of the spinner data are negative in
the same interval.
 Figure 5– Composite production log of a Cretaceous well of La Concepcion field

Petrophysical analysis
CAPILLARY PRESSURES
The Cogollo Group consists of approximately 1200 1000
feet of section, of which, on average, 40-60% is
regarded as fractured/microfissured net pay. It is
composed of limestone, dolomite and minor
sandstone units that were deposited in a low energy
lagoon environment. The original fabric modified by
diagenetic processes created a range of
petrophysical rock types and a very large
heterogeneity.
C P (psi)

The Capillary Pressure curves confirm that the best

rocks are within the micro fractured group. These
curves show the preponderance of the
fracture/micro fissure phenomenon over the primary
matrix. This is demonstrated not only for a fractal
behaviour of the capillary pressure curves due to
micro fissures but also for its shape. The different
thresholds are in accordance with the filling in a
specific order and scale of effective apertures, from
larger to smaller opening: fractures to fissures and
fissures to micro fissures (Figure 6).
0
The purpose of this section is to show the more
important tools in order to characterize a fractured 0.0 0.5 1.0
reservoir as Cogollo Group. This reservoir has an Sw (decimal)
unusual dual porosity system
(fractures/microfissures) where the microfissures Figure 6. Fractal behaviour of Capillary Pressure curves.
acts like primary porosity (storage capacity) and
fractures like secondary. All the calculations were summarized using cutoff
values for porosity, permeability and clay volume in
Total porosity and other properties were calibrated order to get a more realistic net pay. The
with the unique available core in the field, Figure 7, parameters to be considered in order to evaluate
tracks 7-8, and because it was needed to this reservoir are:
understand this reservoir, others parameters were
derived: partitioning coefficient, fracture intensity i. Porosity and Permeability
index and net pay among others. A combined
application of sedimentological, petrophysical, For a carbonate reservoir it is no easy to estimate
logging and reservoir engineering techniques were permeability using the common porosity-
necessary to properly evaluate this reservoir. permeability transform from core data due to the
large variability that these values show. Dykstra-
Parsons coefficient gives a value of 0.9,
demonstrating the high heterogeneity present in this
Group. This is because the diagenetic effects,
strong in carbonates, had a disproportional impact
over the porosity without affect the permeability.
So, others factor are important in modeling the
porosity-permeability law. These are the size and
distribution of the pore space associated with micro
fissures.
ii. Net Pay, Cut off values in a fractured system
Net pay usually is regarded as high porosity and oil
saturation values. This job deals with fractured
rocks where low porosity intervals also can
constitute net pay, so we need to find discriminators
(cutoff values) in order to estimate the correct net
pay.
Figure 7: Correlation between calculated vs measured net
pay in the core (tracks 9 & 10)
Once the porosity, permeability and also Vcl cutoff
values were determined, the net pay can be
estimated from logs. This calculated net pay
(Payflag) was then correlated with the thickness
measured on the core using UV light (Fluorpay:
interval with DF) and the result was an excellent
match. Figure 7, tracks 9-10.
iii. Additional calculations
For the purpose of this paper the Fracture Intensity
Index (Figure 9, Track 9) is the most important
parameter to take into account in order to identify
the fractured zones, thus this Index was correlated
with Production logs. Figure 8, Tracks 10-11 shows
a very good agreement.
Figure 8: Correlation between Production logs and
Fracture Intensity Index (tracks 10 & 11)
Well Logs
Most of logs have a response to natural fractures.
Although this is one of the cheapest, accessible and
expanded techniques, logging must not be used as
the only guide for fractures analysis, because their
impossibility to give us a detailed geometry of the
fracture system. Only image logs (microresistivity
and sonic) offer reliable information due to their
vertical resolution and sample density. Better results
are obtained using a combination of logs and data
obtained from other sources. Open hole logs that
were considered include: gamma ray, caliper,
resistivity, density, neutron, sonic and imaging.
Description of each one of the well logs and its
application as fracture detectors is presented as
follow:
Gamma ray
Considering fractures are possible recipients for
Uranium and these logs measure formation
radioactivity, Gamma ray logs will show high
lectures in fractured zones. Their response must be
correlated with information from other sources in
order to get the whole picture of the fracture system.
Figure 9, Track 2.
Caliper
In fractured zones, caliper exhibit two main
responses: a) a reduced hole resulting for mud cake
deposition and b) a borehole elongation (cavings) in
the fracture breakouts. An increase in the borehole
size leading to an elliptical shape can be an
indicator of natural fractures. Irregular borehole
shapes, roughness and rounded -or washed-
intervals can be used as fracture indicators. The
use of the Caliper log for fracture detection is more
effective in combination with other logs.
Resistivity
Is a reference for evaluating mud invasion in
fractures. Shallow Resistivity in fractured zones will
show lower values than deep resistivity, because of
invasion of mud, with normally lower resistivity than
formation water resistivity [8,12]. Also the
separation between deep Resistivity, Rt, and the
flushed-zone Resistivity, Rxo, as a good indicator
for fracture detection [3]. combined with Gamma
Resistivity crossplots where Deep
Resistivity/Shallow Resistivity ratio is plotted against
Shallow Resistivity is another method widely used
for fracture detection.
Correction of Density Log
Zones of fractures may be discriminated using the
correction curve of density log. The mud present in
the fractures affects this curve, and high corrections
mean there is a good indication of fractured zones.
Figure 9, Track 7.
Sonic Log
A decrease in the shear wave amplitude may be
indicative of a fractured zone. There is also a
decrease in the compressional wave amplitude but
it is less conspicuous. A “cycle skipping” may also
be indicative of fractures and, at least, we have to
pay attention to this phenomenon. Notwithstanding,
many authors recommend not using this log alone
even more at depths below 3000 ft, where the
fractures are vertical to sub-vertical, so parallel to
the path of the sonic wave.
Image Log
The image logs produce an acoustic or
microresistivity response of the fracture system. It is
useful because allows characterize the fracture
types, measuring their width and frequency, and for
performing geometrical analysis: azimuth,
inclination, etc. With no doubt the acoustic image is
the best log we can run in order to have the whole
picture of the fracture system.
 Maraca Fm.

Lisure Fm.

Intense
fracturing

Apon Fm.

Moderated
fracturing

Rio Negro Fm.

Figure 9. Composite chart for fracture detection. Fractures identified during drilling were corroborated with information obtained
after drilling operations. Zones of fractures match very well with high ROP/WOB ratios, gas shows, fluids entrance, temperature
and capacitance, from a production log.

Conclusions
1. Appropriated use of different parameters
obtained during and after drilling the naturally
fractured Cogollo Group has resulted in an
innovative and cheap practice for evaluation and
identification of fractures.
2. The method shown in this paper can provide a
continuous- real time- record during drilling the
fractured carbonate section. Its application, after
drilling operations, has resulted in a useful tool
for selecting intervals for acidizing jobs.
3. Although the method can provide some ideas of
fracturing and contribution of fractured zones, is
not recommendable use this as a unique
technique for fracture detection. The method
represents a complementary tool for
identification of fractures.
4. A novel and not well-known fractal behaviour of
the capillary pressure curves was understood in
order to demonstrate the unusual dual
“secondary” porosity of the Cogollo Group.
5. Implementation of this method has contributed
to improve well planning as well as to give useful
information to take opportune decisions
regarding drilling and completion of wells in the
naturally fractured reservoir of La Concepcion.
6. A composite chart was presented in order to
present the different parameters. This was a
very useful chart in the identification of fractures
zones in real time (Figure 9).
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Petrobras Energía
Venezuela for the approval and permission to
publish this paper.
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