NCERT Class 12 Politics in India Since Independence English

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Q.1) Which of the following were the goals of Muslims you have Pathans, Punjabis, Shias, Sunnis
independent India? and so on and among the Hindus you have Brahmins,
1. After independence, we shall run our country Vaishnavas, Khatris, also Bengalees, Madrasis, and so
through democratic government on – will vanish. … You are free; you are free to go to
2. The government will be run for the good of all, your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or
particularly the poor and the socially to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan.
disadvantaged groups. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed –
Choose the correct Statement using the code given that has nothing to do with the business of the State.
below. Which of the following personality said this after
a) 1 Only independence of India?
b) 2 Only a) Mahatma Gandhi
c) Both 1 and 2 b) Jawahar Lal Nehru
d) None of the Above c) M. A. Jinnah
d) Dr. Rajinder Prasad
Q.2) Which of the following were the challenges
before Newly Independent India? Q.6) Aaj Akhan Waris Shah Nun a Punjabi poetry was
1. To shape a nation that was united written by?
2. To establish democracy. a) Amrita Pritam
3. To ensure the development and well-being of the b) Faiz Ahmed Faiz
entire society c) Mirza Galib
Choose the correct Statement using the code given d) None of the Above
below.
a) 1 and 2 Only Q.7) We have a Muslim minority who are so large in
b) 2 and 3 Only numbers that they cannot, even if they want, go
c) 1, 2 and 3 anywhere else. That is a basic fact about which there
d) None of the Above can be no argument. Whatever the provocation from
Pakistan and whatever the indignities and horrors
Q.3) Tomorrow we shall be free from the slavery of inflicted on non-Muslims there, we have got to deal
the British domination. But at midnight India will be with this minority in a civilised manner. We must give
partitioned. Tomorrow will thus be a day of rejoicing them security and the rights of citizens in a
as well as of mourning. Which of the following democratic State. If we fail to do so, we shall have a
personality said this before independence of India? festering sore which will eventually poison the whole
a) Mahatma Gandhi body politic and probably destroy it.
b) Jawahar Lal Nehru Which of the following personality said this after
c) M. A. Jinnah independence of India?
d) Dr. Rajinder Prasad a) Mahatma Gandhi
b) Jawahar Lal Nehru
Q.4) Consider the following statements: c) M. A. Jinnah
1. India adopted representative democracy based on d) Dr. Rajinder Prasad
the parliamentary form of government.
2. A democratic constitution is necessary and also Q.8) Consider the following statements about ‘two-
sufficient for establishing a democracy. nation theory’:
Choose the correct Statement using the code given 1. Hindu Mahasabha bring this theory under which
below. India consisted of not one but two ‘people’,
a) 1 Only Hindus and Muslims.
b) 2 Only 2. The Congress opposed this theory.
c) Both 1 and 2 Choose the correct Statement using the code given
d) None of the Above below.
a) 1 Only
Q.5) We should begin to work in that spirit and in b) 2 Only
course of time all these angularities of the majority c) Both 1 and 2
and minority communities, the Hindu community and d) None of the Above
the Muslim community – because even as regards
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Q.9) Consider the following statements about the Q.13) Consider the following statements about the
Process of partition: reaction of Gandhi Ji during partition of India:
1. It was decided to follow the principle of religious 1. He was deeply concerned about ensuring that
majorities. Muslims should be allowed to stay in India with
2. The areas where the Muslims were in majority dignity, as equal citizens.
would make up the territory of Pakistan. 2. He was happy with the Indian government’s
Choose the correct Statement using the code given decision to honour its financial commitments to
below. Pakistan.
a) 1 Only Choose the correct Statement using the code given
b) 2 Only below.
c) Both 1 and 2 a) 1 Only
d) None of the Above b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2
Q.10) Consider the following statements about the d) None of the Above
difficulty for Process of partition:
1. There was no single belt of Muslim majority areas Q.14) Consider the following statements about the
in British India. reaction of different groups towards Gandhi Ji:
2. Not all Muslim majority areas wanted to be in 1. He was disliked by those who wanted Hindus to
Pakistan. take revenge or who wanted India to become a
Choose the correct Statement using the code given country for the Hindus, just as Pakistan was for
below. Muslims.
a) 1 Only 2. Hindu Followers accused Gandhiji of acting in the
b) 2 Only interests of the Muslims and Pakistan.
a) 1 Only
Q.11) Consider the following statements about b) 2 Only
Consequences of partition: c) Both 1 and 2
1. Cities like Lahore, Amritsar and Madras became d) None of the Above
divided into ‘communal zones’.
2. In the name of religion people of one community Q.15) Consider the following statements Princely
ruthlessly killed and maimed people of the other States during partition:
community. 1. The British Indian Provinces were directly under
Choose the incorrect Statement using the code given the control of the British government.
below. 2. Princely States covered half of the land area of the
a) 1 Only British Indian Empire and one out of four Indians
b) 2 Only lived under princely rule.
a) 1 Only
Q.12) Consider the following statements: b) 2 Only
1. On the 15th August 1947 Mahatma Gandhi c) Both 1 and 2
participated in the Independence Day d) None of the Above
celebrations at Kolkata.
2. He was defending his principles of ahimsa and Q.16) Consider the following statements:
satyagraha there. 1. Just before Independence it was announced by
Choose the correct Statement using the code given the British that with the end of their rule over
below. India, paramountcy of the British crown over
a) 1 Only Princely States would also lapse.
b) 2 Only 2. The British government took the view that all
c) Both 1 and 2 these states were free to join either India or
d) None of the Above Pakistan or remain independent if they so wished.
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Choose the correct Statement using the code given 1. Hyderabad, the largest of the Princely States was
below. surrounded entirely by Indian territory.
a) 1 Only 2. The Nizam wanted an independent status for
b) 2 Only Hyderabad and he entered into the Standstill
c) Both 1 and 2 Agreement with India.
d) None of the Above Choose the correct Statement using the code given
below.
Q.17) Consider the following statements: a) 1 Only
1. The Muslim League supported the Indian National b) 2 Only
Congress that the States should be free to adopt c) Both 1 and 2
any course they liked. d) None of the Above
2. Sardar Patel was India’s Deputy Prime Minister
and the Home Minister during period immediately Q.21) Consider the following statements Manipur
following Independence. after independence:
Choose the correct Statement using the code given 1. After Independence, the Maharaja of Manipur
below. signed the Instrument of Accession with the
a) 1 Only Indian government on the assurance that the
b) 2 Only internal autonomy of Manipur would be
c) Both 1 and 2 maintained.
d) None of the Above 2. Manipur in June 1948 became a constitutional
monarchy.
Q.18) During Independence of India, government’s 3. Manipur was the first part of India to hold an
approach was guided by three considerations. election based on universal adult franchise.
Consider the following statements about it: Choose the correct Statement using the code given
1. The people of most of the princely states clearly below.
wanted to become part of the Indian union. a) 1 and 2 Only
2. The government was prepared to be flexible in b) 2 and 3 Only
giving autonomy to some regions. c) 1, 2 and 3
below.
a) 1 Only Q.22) Consider the following statements about the
b) 2 Only Reorganisation of States:
c) Both 1 and 2 1. During colonial rule, the state boundaries were
d) None of the Above drawn either on administrative convenience or
simply coincided with the territories annexed by
Q.19) We are at a momentous stage in the history of the British government.
India. By common endeavour, we can raise the 2. Nagpur session of Congress in 1920 the principle
country to new greatness, while lack of unity will was recognised as the basis of the reorganisation
expose us to unexpected calamities. I hope the Indian of the Indian National Congress party itself.
States will realise fully that if we do not cooperate and Choose the correct Statement using the code given
work together in the general interest, anarchy and below.
chaos will overwhelm us all, great and small, and lead a) 1 Only
us to total ruin. b) 2 Only
Which of the following personality write this latter to c) Both 1 and 2
the princely states? d) None of the Above
a) Mahatma Gandhi
b) Jawahar Lal Nehru Q.23) Consider the following statements:
c) Sardar Patel 1. The Vishalandhra movement demanded that the
d) Dr. Rajinder Prasad Telugu speaking areas should be separated from
the Madras province.
Q.20) Consider the following statements about 2. Nearly All the political forces in the Andhra region
Hyderabad. were against linguistic reorganisation of the then
Madras province.
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Choose the correct Statement using the code given membership which forced the Socialists to form a
below. separate Socialist Party in 1948.
a) 1 Only Choose the incorrect Statement using the code given
b) 2 Only below.
c) Both 1 and 2
Q.24) Consider the following statements: d) None of the Above
1. Potti Sriramulu, a Congress leader went on an
indefinite fast that led to his death after 56 days Q.28) Consider the following statements about the
for reorganisation of Andhra Pradesh. early independence era:
2. Prime Minister announced the formation of a 1. Socialist supported criticised the Congress for
separate Andhra state in December 1956. favouring capitalists and landlords and for
Choose the correct Statement using the code given ignoring the workers and the peasants.
below. 2. Socialists faced a dilemma when in 1949 the
a) 1 Only Congress declared its goal to be the socialist
b) 2 Only pattern of society.
a) 1 Only
Q.25) Consider the following statements: b) 2 Only
1. In the second and the third general elections the c) Both 1 and 2
Congress maintained the position in the Lok d) None of the Above
Sabha by winning three-fourth of the seats.
2. None of the opposition parties could win even Q.29) He was a Freedom fighter and founding
one-tenth of the number of seats won by the President of the Congress Socialist Party; jailed several
Congress. times during the freedom movement; active in
Choose the correct Statement using the code given peasants’ movement; a scholar of Buddhism; after
below. independence he led the Socialist Party and later the
a) 1 Only Praja Socialist Party.
b) 2 Only The Above paragraph is talking about?
c) Both 1 and 2 a) Acharya Narendra Dev
d) None of the Above b) Jay Prakash Narayan
c) Dr. B R Ambedkar
Q.26) Consider the following statements: d) None of the Above
1. In 1952 the Congress obtained 45 per cent of the
total votes. Q.30) Which of the following is related to the Socialist
2. The Socialist Party was the second largest party in Parties in Early Independence era:
terms of votes which secured more than 10 per 1. Jayaprakash Narayan
cent of the votes all over the country. 2. Achyut Patwardhan
Choose the incorrect Statement using the code given 3. Asoka Mehta
below. 4. Acharya Narendra Dev
a) 1 Only Choose the correct Statement using the code given
b) 2 Only below.
c) Both 1 and 2 a) 1, 2 and 3 Only
d) None of the Above b) 2, 3 and 4 Only
c) 1, 2 and 4 Only
Q.27) Consider the following statements: d) All of the Above
1. The origins of the Socialist Party can be traced
back to the mass movement stage of the Indian Q.31) Consider the following statements about BR
National Congress in the pre-independence era. Ambedkar:
2. In 1948, the Congress amended its constitution to 1. He was the founder of Independent Labour Party.
prevent its members from having a dual-party
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2. He was Member of Viceroy’s Executive Council Choose the correct Statement using the code given
during the Second World War. below.
Choose the correct Statement using the code given a) 1 Only
below. b) 2 Only
a) 1 Only c) Both 1 and 2
b) 2 Only d) None of the Above
c) Both 1 and 2
d) None of the Above Q.36) Consider the following statements about the
Swatantra Party:
Q.32) Consider the following statements about the 1. Swatantra Party was formed in August 1959 after
Communist Party of India: the Nagpur resolution of the Congress
1. A. K. Gopalan, and P. Sundarraya were among the 2. The Swatantra Party wanted the government to
notable leaders of the CPI. be more involved in controlling the economy.
2. The Party went through a major split in 1964 Choose the correct Statement using the code given
following the ideological rift between Soviet below.
Union and China. a) 1 Only
Choose the correct Statement using the code given b) 2 Only
below. c) Both 1 and 2
a) 1 Only d) None of the Above
b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2 Q.37) Consider the following statements about the
d) None of the Above Swatantra Party:
1. The Swatantra Party was against land ceilings in
Q.33) Consider the following statements about A.K. agriculture, and opposed cooperative farming and
Gopalan: state trading
1. He was a Communist leader from Karnataka and 2. It attracted the landlords and princes who wanted
worked as a Congress worker initially to protect their land and status that was being
2. He joined the Communist Party in 1947. threatened by the land reforms legislation.
Choose the incorrect Statement using the code given Choose the correct Statement using the code given
below. below.
a) 1 Only a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2 c) Both 1 and 2
d) None of the Above d) None of the Above
Q.34) Consider the following statements about the Q.38 Consider the following statements about C.
Bharatiya Jana Sangh: Rajagopalachari:
1. The party called for a reunion of India and 1. He was a senior leader of Congress and literary
Pakistan in Akhand Bharat. writer and close associate of Mahatma Gandhi.
2. The party was a consistent advocate of India 2. He was the member of Constituent Assembly and
developing nuclear weapons especially after China first Indian to be the Governor General of India.
carried out its atomic tests in 1964. Choose the incorrect Statement using the code given
Choose the incorrect Statement using the code given below.
below. a) 1 Only
a) 1 Only b) 2 Only
b) 2 Only c) Both 1 and 2
c) Both 1 and 2 d) None of the Above
d) None of the Above
Q.39) Consider the following statements about
Q.35) Consider the following statements about the Shyama Prasad Mukherjee:
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya: 1. He was leader of Hindu Mahasabha and founder
1. He was a full-time RSS worker since 1942. of Bharatiya Jana Sangh.
2. founder member of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh
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2. He was the Minister in Nehru’s first cabinet after d) None of the Above
independence and Member of Constituent
Assembly. Q.43) Consider the following statements:
Choose the correct Statement using the code given 1. ‘Plan’ budget that is spent on routine items on a
below. yearly basis
a) 1 Only 2. ‘Non-plan’ budget that is spent on a five-year
b) 2 Only basis as per the priorities fixed by the plan.
a) 1 Only
Q.40) Consider the following statements about the b) 2 Only
left and right: c) Both 1 and 2
1. Left often refers to those who believe that free d) None of the Above
competition and market economy alone ensure
progress and that the government should not Q.44) Consider the following statements about 1st
unnecessarily intervene in the economy. five-year plan:
2. Right often refers to those who are in favour of 1. It focused on land reforms as the key to the
the poor, downtrodden sections and support country’s development.
government policies for the benefit of these 2. The First Five Year Plan addressed, mainly, the
sections. agrarian sector including investment in dams and
Choose the correct Statement using the code given irrigation.
below. Choose the incorrect Statement using the code given
a) 1 Only below.
b) 2 Only a) 1 Only
c) Both 1 and 2 b) 2 Only
d) None of the Above c) Both 1 and 2
Q.41) Consider the following statements about the
Planning: Q.45) Consider the following statements about 2nd
1. The idea of planning as a process of rebuilding five year plan:
economy earned public support in the 1940s and 1. The Second FYP stressed on heavy industries.
1950s all over the world. 2. It declared that ‘socialist pattern of society’ was
2. The spectacular economic growth against heavy its goal.
odds in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and 1940s 3. It was drafted by a team of economists and
contributed to this consensus. planners under the leadership of P.C. Mahala
Choose the correct Statement using the code given Nobis.
below. Choose the correct Statement using the code given
a) 1 Only below.
b) 2 Only a) 1 and 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2 b) 2 and 3 Only
d) None of the Above c) All of the Above
Q.42) Consider the following statements:
1. The Planning Commission was set up in March, Q.46) Consider the following statements:
1950 by a ordinance of the Government of India. 1. Elements from both these models were taken and
2. It had an advisory role and its recommendations mixed together in India.
become effective only when the Union Cabinet 2. The state controlled key heavy industries and
approved these. provided industrial infrastructure.
Choose the correct Statement using the code given Choose the correct Statement using the code given
below. below.
a) 1 Only a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only b) 2 Only
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c) Both 1 and 2
Q.47) Consider the following statements about reform d) None of the Above
in agriculture sector:
1. Tenants who worked on someone else’s land Q.51) Which of these statements about the Bombay
were given greater legal security against eviction. Plan is incorrect?
2. The laws were made to put an upper limit to how a) It was a blueprint for India’s economic future.
much agricultural land one person could own. b) It supported state-ownership of industry.
Choose the incorrect Statement using the code given c) It was made by some leading industrialists.
below. d) It supported strongly the idea of planning.
a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only Q.52) Which of the following is included under
c) Both 1 and 2 promotion of international peace and security in
d) None of the Above Indian Constitution:
1. Maintain just and honourable relations between
Q.48) Consider the following statements about the nations
measures taken during food-crisis: 2. Encourage settlement of international disputes by
1. The government offered high-yielding variety arbitration.
seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and better irrigation 3. Promote international peace and security
at highly subsidised prices. Choose the correct Statement using the code given
2. The government asked private enterprises to buy below.
the produce of the farmers at a given price. a) 1 and 2 Only
Choose the correct Statement using the code given b) 2 and 3 Only
below. c) 1, 2 and 3
a) 1 Only d) None of the Above
b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2 Q.53) Consider the following statements about Policy
d) None of the Above of non-alignment:
1. It was a part of the worldwide struggle against
Q.49) Consider the following statements about White capitalism.
Revolution: 2. It influenced the liberation movements of many
1. Verghese Kurien, nicknamed the ‘milkman of Asian and African countries.
India’, played a crucial role in the story of Gujarat Choose the correct Statement using the code given
Cooperative Milk and Marketing Federation Ltd below.
that launched Amul. a) 1 Only
2. In 1980 the rural development programme called b) 2 Only
Operation Flood was started. c) Both 1 and 2
below.
a) 1 Only Q.54) The major objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy
b) 2 Only were:
c) Both 1 and 2 1. Sovereignty
d) None of the Above 2. Territorial integrity
3. Promote rapid economic development
Q.50) Consider the following statements: Choose the correct Statement using the code given
1. Between 1950 and 1980 the Indian economy grew below.
at a sluggish per annum rate of 3 to 3.5%. a) 1 and 2 Only
2. Such lack of public faith led the policy makers to b) 2 and 3 Only
reduce the importance of the state in India’s c) 1, 2 and 3
economy from the 1990s onwards. d) None of the Above
Choose the correct Statement using the code given
below. Q.55) Our general policy is to avoid entanglement in
a) 1 Only power politics and not to join any group of powers as
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against any other group. The two leading groups 1. The Soviet Union supported India during the
today are the Russian bloc and the Anglo-American conflict.
bloc. We must be friendly to both and yet not join 2. For the first time, a no-confidence motion against
either. Both America and Russia are extraordinarily Nehru government was moved and debated in
suspicious of each other as well as of other countries. the Lok Sabha after Chinese war.
This makes our path difficult and we may well be Choose the correct Statement using the code given
suspected by each of leaning towards the other. This below.
cannot be helped. a) 1 Only
The above latter was written by which of the b) 2 Only
following leader before independence? c) Both 1 and 2
a) Jawahar Lal Nehru d) None of the Above
b) Sardar Patel
c) Mahatma Gandhi Q.60) Consider the following statements about Sino-
d) None of the Above Indian relations since 1962
1. Indira Gandhi was the first Prime Minister after
Q.56) Consider the following statements: Nehru to visit China.
1. India advocated non-alignment as the ideal 2. In 1976 full diplomatic relations were restored
foreign policy approach. between the two countries.
2. In 1956 when Britain attacked Egypt over the Suez Choose the correct Statement using the code given
Canal issue, India supported England on the issue. below.
below. b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) None of the Above Q.61) Consider the following statements about 1971
War:
Q.57) Consider the following statements: 1. US and China supported Pakistan during the war.
1. In 1947, China took over control of Tibet. 2. Soviet Union supported India during the war.
2. India never tried to persuade China to recognise Choose the correct Statement using the code given
Tibet’s claims for independence. below.
below. b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) None of the Above Q.62) Who was Prime Minister of India during 1971
war.
Q.58) Consider the following statements: a) Indira Gandhi
1. The Tibetan spiritual leader Dalai Lama b) Lal Bahadur Shashtri
accompanied the Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai c) J L Nehru
during the official Chinese visit to India in 1956. d) None of the Above
2. In 1958, there was armed uprising in Tibet against
China’s occupation and it was suppressed by Q.63) Consider the following statements about India’s
Chinese forces. nuclear policy:
Choose the correct Statement using the code given 1. Nehru was in support of nuclear weapons.
below. 2. India always considered the NPT as discriminatory
a) 1 Only and had sign it.
b) 2 Only Choose the correct Statement using the code given
c) Both 1 and 2 below.
d) None of the Above a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only
Q.59) Consider the following statements: c) Both 1 and 2
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d) None of the Above 2. He advocated the reservation for backward

castes.
Q.64) Consider the following statements: Choose the correct Statement using the code given
1. India supported the indefinite extension of the below.
NPT in 1995 but refused to sign the a) 1 Only
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). b) 2 Only
2. India conducted a series of nuclear tests in May c) Both 1 and 2
1991, demonstrating its capacity to use nuclear d) None of the Above
energy for military purposes.
Choose the correct Statement using the code given Q.69) Consider the following statements about the
below. assembly elections in 1967:
a) 1 Only 1. The Congress lost majority in seven States.
b) 2 Only 2. This was the second time any non-Congress party
c) Both 1 and 2 had secured a majority of its own in any State.
below.
Q.65) Which of the following is correctly matched? a) 1 Only
a) The goal of India’s foreign - Five principles of b) 2 Only
peaceful coexistence c) Both 1 and 2
b) Panchsheel - Led to the establishment of NAM d) None of the Above
c) Bandung Conference - Preservation of territorial
integrity, sovereignty and economic development Q.70) Consider the following statements about K.
d) Dalai Lama - Tibetan spiritual leader who policy in Kamaraj:
the period 1950-1964 crossed over to India 1. He was a Freedom fighter and Congress President
and Chief Minister of Madras.
Q.66) Consider the following statements: 2. He introduced mid-day meal scheme for
1. Shastri was the country’s Prime Minister from schoolchildren and in 1963 he proposed that all
1964 to 1968. senior Congressmen should resign from office to
2. Lal Bahadur Shashtri gave the famous slogan ‘Jai make way for younger party workers
Jawan Jai Kisan’. Choose the correct Statement using the code given
Choose the correct Statement using the code given below.
below. a) 1 Only
a) 1 Only b) 2 Only
b) 2 Only c) Both 1 and 2
c) Both 1 and 2 d) None of the Above
Q.71) choose the leader who were part of the
Q.67) Consider the following statements about Indira Congress ‘Syndicate’
Gandhi: 1. K. Kamraj
1. she participated in the freedom struggle as a 2. S.K.Patil
young Congress worker and became Congress 3. N. Sanjeeva Reddy
President in 1958. Choose the correct Statement using the code given
2. She gave the slogan Garibi Hatao in 1971. below.
below. b) 2 Only
a) 1 Only c) 3 Only
b) 2 Only d) All of the Above
c) Both 1 and 2
d) None of the Above Q.72) Consider the following statements about V.V.
Giri:
Q.68) Consider the following statements: 1. He was president of India from 1969 to 1974 and
1. He was the leader of the Socialist Party and later Congress worker and labour leader from Andhra
the Samyukta Socialist Party. Pradesh.
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2. He was Indian High Commissioner to Ceylon. 2. Initially, they were supported by Communist Party
Choose the incorrect Statement using the code given of India (Marxist).
a) 1 Only below.
b) 2 Only a) 1 Only
Q.73) Consider the following statements:
1. Indira Gandhi supported the demand that the Q.77) Consider the following statements about Charu
government should abolish privy purses. Majumdar
2. Morarji Desai supported the demand to abolish 1. He was a Communist revolutionary and the leader
privy purses. of the Naxalbari uprising.
Choose the correct Statement using the code given 2. He participated in the Tebhaga movement before
below. independence.
a) 1 Only Choose the incorrect Statement using the code given
b) 2 Only below.
c) Both 1 and 2
Q.74) Consider the following statements about 1971 d) None of the Above
elections:
1. The fifth general election to Lok Sabha were held Q.78) Consider the following statements:
in February 1971. 1. He was founder general secretary of the Congress
2. Indira Gandhi’s government recommended the Socialist Party and the Socialist Party.
dissolution of the Lok Sabha in December 1970. 2. He was a hero of the 1942 Quit India movement
Choose the correct Statement using the code given and later joined Nehru’s cabinet.
a) 1 Only below.
b) 2 Only a) 1 Only
Q.75) Consider the following statements about Bihar
movement, 1974: Q.79) Consider the following statements.
1. In March 1974 students came together in Bihar to 1. On 12 June 1975, Justice Jagmohan Lal Sinha of
protest against rising prices, food scarcity, the Allahabad High Court passed a judgment
unemployment and corruption. declaring Indira Gandhi’s election to the Lok
2. Jayaprakash Narayan was invited to led the Sabha valid.
movement. 2. The judgment of the High Court meant that legally
Choose the correct Statement using the code given now she is Member of parliament.
a) 1 Only below.
b) 2 Only a) 1 Only
Q.76) Consider the following statements about the
Naxalite Movement. Q.80) Consider the following statements about Lok
1. In 1967 a peasant uprising took place in the Sabha Elections, 1977.
Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills 1. Elections were held in March 1977.
district in West Bengal. 2. Janata Party accepted the leadership of
Jayaprakash Narayan.
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Choose the correct Statement using the code given Choose the correct Statement using the code given
below. below.
a) 1 Only a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only b) 2 Only
d) None of the Above d) None of the Above
Q.81) Consider the following statements: Q.85) Anti-Arrack Movement is related to which
1. The Janata Party government came to power after state?
the 1977 elections. a) Andhra Pradesh
2. Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister and this b) Himachal Pradesh
bring the power struggle within the party to an c) Madhya Pradesh
end. d) None of the Above
Choose the correct Statement using the code given
below. Q.86) Consider the following statements about Sardar
a) 1 Only Sarovar Project:
b) 2 Only 1. Sardar Sarovar Project is a single-purpose mega-
c) Both 1 and 2 scale dam.
d) None of the Above 2. It required relocation of around two and a half
lakh people from these villages.
Q.82) Consider the following statements about Choose the correct Statement using the code given
Chaudhary Charan Singh: below.
1. He was Freedom fighter and Prime Minister of a) 1 Only
India. b) 2 Only
2. He was twice Chief Minister of U.P and later he c) Both 1 and 2
was one of the founders of the Janata Party in d) None of the Above
1977.
Choose the incorrect Statement using the code given Q.87) Consider the following statements about E.V.
below. Ramasami Naicker:
a) 1 Only 1. He was Known as Periyar and a strong supporter
b) 2 Only of atheism.
c) Both 1 and 2 2. He started the self-respect movement in 1920.
below.
Q.83) Consider the following statements: a) 1 Only
1. He was Freedom fighter and Congress leader from b) 2 Only
Bihar and also became Deputy Prime Minister of c) Both 1 and 2
India during Janata Party Rule. d) None of the Above
2. He was member of constituent assembly.
Choose the correct Statement using the code given Q.88) Consider the following statements with respect
below. to the ‘Quit India’ Movement:
a) 1 Only 1. It started due to the failure of Cripps Mission in
b) 2 Only solving the constitutional deadlock.
c) Both 1 and 2 2. There was lots of violence by the masses during
d) None of the Above the movement.
3. Quit India movement was surprisingly short lived
Q.84) Consider the following statements: yet it demonstrated the depth that nationalistic
1. The movement began in villages of Himachal feeling had reached the country.
Pradesh when the forest department refused Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
permission to the villagers to fell ash trees for a) 1 and 2 only
making agricultural tools. b) 1 and 3 only
2. The villagers demanded that no forest-exploiting c) 1, 2 and 3
contracts should be given to outsiders d) 2 and 3 only
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Q.89) The “Quit India” or “Bharat Choro” was the

simple slogan which launched the legendary struggle
and is also known by the name of ‘August Revolution’.
Consider the following statements:
1. Gandhi gave the famous mantra of “Do or Die”.
2. It was characterized by terrorist activities by
educated youth.
3. First parallel government was formed under Chitu
Pandey in Ballia, Uttar Pradesh.
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below:
a) Only 1
b) Only 2 and 3
c) Only 1 and 3
d) All the above
Q.90) The Shimla Conference marks a break down in

Indian political history. Consider the following
statements:
1. First time that negotiations failed not on the basic
political issues but on the communal issue
2. Failure of Shimla Conference was the victory of
Muslim League
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below:
a) 1 Only
b) 2 Only
c) Both 1 and 2
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Q.1) Ans: c socially disadvantaged groups and religious and

Exp: cultural communities. The Constitution also set
There were two goals almost everyone agreed upon: out in the Directive Principles of State Policy the
 Statement 1 is correct: one, that after welfare goals that democratic politics must
independence, we shall run our country through achieve. The real challenge now was to evolve
democratic government; and effective policies for economic development and
 Statement 2 is correct: two, that the government eradication of poverty.
will be run for the good of all, particularly the
poor and the socially disadvantaged groups. Q.3) Ans: a
Now that the country was independent, the time had Exp:
come to realise the promise of freedom. Option a is correct:
 “Tomorrow we shall be free from the slavery of
Q.2) Ans: c the British domination. But at midnight India will
Exp: be partitioned. Tomorrow will thus be a day of
Three Challenges rejoicing as well as of mourning.”
 Statement 1 is correct: Broadly, independent  Mahatma Gandhi 14 August 1947, Kolkata.
India faced three kinds of challenges. The first and
the immediate challenge was to shape a nation Q.4) Ans: a
that was united, yet accommodative of the Exp:
diversity in our society. India was a land of  Statement 1 is correct: India adopted
continental size and diversity. Its people spoke representative democracy based on the
different languages and followed different parliamentary form of government.
cultures and religions. At that time, it was widely These features ensure that the political
believed that a country full of such kinds of competition would take place in a democratic
diversity could not remain together for long. The framework.
partition of the country appeared to prove  Statement 2 is incorrect: A democratic
everyone’s worst fears. There were serious constitution is necessary but not sufficient for
questions about the future of India: Would India establishing a democracy.
survive as a unified country? Would it do so by The challenge was to develop democratic
emphasising national unity at the cost of every practices in accordance with the Constitution.
other objective? Would it mean rejecting all
regional and sub-national identities? And there Q.5) Ans: c
was an urgent question: How was integration of Exp:
the territory of India to be achieved?  We should begin to work in that spirit and in
 Statement 2 is correct: The second challenge was course of time all these angularities of the
to establish democracy. You have already studied majority and minority communities, the Hindu
the Indian Constitution. You know that the community and the Muslim community – because
Constitution granted fundamental rights and even as regards Muslims you have Pathans,
extended the right to vote to every citizen. India Punjabis, Shias, Sunnis and so on and among the
adopted representative democracy based on the Hindus you have Brahmins, Vaishnavas, Khatris,
parliamentary form of government. These also Bengalees, Madrasis, and so on – will vanish.
features ensure that the political competition … You are free; you are free to go to your
would take place in a democratic framework. A temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to
democratic constitution is necessary but not any other place of worship in this State of
sufficient for establishing a democracy. The Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste
challenge was to develop democratic practices in or creed – that has nothing to do with the
accordance with the Constitution. business of the State.
 Statement 3 is correct: The third challenge was to  Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Presidential Address to
ensure the development and well-being of the the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan at Karachi,
entire society and not only of some sections. Here 11 August 1947.
again the Constitution clearly laid down the
principle of equality and special protection to Q.6) Ans: a
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Exp: Such a division was not only very painful, but also very
Option a is correct: difficult to decide and to implement.
 A Punjabi poem “Aaj Akhan Waris Shah Nun” was  Statement 1 is correct: It was decided to follow
written by Amrita Pritam the principle of religious majorities.
This basically means that areas where the
Q.7) Ans: b Muslims were in majority would make up the
Exp: territory of Pakistan.
Option b is correct:  Statement 2 is correct: The rest was to stay with
 We have a Muslim minority who are so large in India.
numbers that they cannot, even if they want, go
anywhere else. That is a basic fact about which Q.10) Ans: c
there can be no argument. Whatever the Exp:
provocation from Pakistan and whatever the The idea might appear simple, but it presented all
indignities and horrors inflicted on non-Muslims kinds of difficulties.
there, we have got to deal with this minority in a  Statement 1 is correct: First of all, there was no
civilised manner. We must give them security and single belt of Muslim majority areas in British
the rights of citizens in a democratic State. If we India.
fail to do so, we shall have a festering sore which There were two areas of concentration, one in the
will eventually poison the whole body politic and west and one in the east.
probably destroy it. There was no way these two parts could be joined.
 Jawaharlal Nehru, Letter to Chief Ministers, 15 So it was decided that the new country, Pakistan, will
October 1947. comprise two territories, West and East Pakistan
separated by a long expanse of Indian territory.
Q.8) Ans: b  Statement 2 is correct: Secondly, not all Muslim
Exp: majority areas wanted to be in Pakistan.
 On 14-15 August 1947, not one but two nation- Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, the undisputed leader of the
states came into existence – India and Pakistan. North Western Frontier Province and known as
 This was a result of ‘partition’, the division of ‘Frontier Gandhi’, was staunchly opposed to the two-
British India into India and Pakistan. nation theory.
 The drawing of the border demarcating the Eventually, his voice was simply ignored and the
territory of each country marked the culmination NWFP was made to merge with Pakistan.
of political developments that you have read
about in the history textbooks. Q.11) Ans: d
 Statement 1 is incorrect: According to the ‘two- Exp:
nation theory’ advanced by the Muslim League, Consequences of partition
India consisted of not one but two ‘people’, The year 1947 was the year of one of the largest, most
Hindus and Muslims. abrupt, unplanned and tragic transfer of population
 That is why it demanded Pakistan, a separate that human history has known.
country for the Muslims. There were killings and atrocities on both sides of the
 Statement 2 is correct: The Congress opposed this border.
theory and the demand for Pakistan.  Statement 2 is incorrect: In the name of religion
 But several political developments in 1940s, the people of one community ruthlessly killed and
political competition between the Congress and maimed people of the other community.
the Muslim League and the British role led to the  Statement 1 is incorrect: Cities like Lahore,
decision for the creation of Pakistan. Amritsar and Kolkata became divided into
‘communal zones’.
Q.9) Ans: c Muslims would avoid going into an area where
Exp: mainly Hindus or Sikhs lived; similarly, the Hindus
Process of partition and Sikhs stayed away from areas of Muslim
Thus, it was decided that what was till then known as predominance.
‘India’ would be divided into two countries, ‘India’ and
‘Pakistan’. Q.12) Ans: b
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Exp:  Statement 1 is correct: He was particularly

 Statement 1 is incorrect: On the 15th August disliked by those who wanted Hindus to take
1947 Mahatma Gandhi did not participate in any revenge or who wanted India to become a
of the Independence Day celebrations. country for the Hindus, just as Pakistan was for
He was in Kolkata in the areas which were torn by Muslims.
gruesome riots between Hindus and Muslims.  Statement 2 is correct: They accused Gandhiji of
 Statement 2 is correct: He was saddened by the acting in the interests of the Muslims and
communal violence and disheartened that the Pakistan.
principles of ahimsa (non-violence) and  Gandhiji thought that these people were
satyagraha (active but non-violent resistance) that misguided.
he had lived and worked for, had failed to bind  He was convinced that any attempt to make India
the people in troubled times. into a country only for the Hindus would destroy
 Gandhiji went on to persuade the Hindus and India.
Muslims to give up violence.  His steadfast pursuit of Hindu-Muslim unity
 His presence in Kolkata greatly improved the provoked Hindu extremists so much that they
situation, and the coming of independence was made several attempts to assassinate Gandhiji.
celebrated in a spirit of communal harmony, with  Despite this he refused to accept armed
joyous dancing in the streets. protection and continued to meet everyone
 Gandhiji’s prayer meetings attracted large during his prayer meetings.
crowds.  Finally, on 30 January 1948, one such extremist,
 But this was short lived as riots between Hindus Nathuram Vinayak Godse, walked up to Gandhiji
and Muslims erupted once again and Gandhiji had during his evening prayer in Delhi and fired three
to resort to a fast to bring peace. bullets at him, killing him instantly.
 Thus, ended a life long struggle for truth, non-
Q.13) Ans: a violence, justice and tolerance.
Exp:
 Next month Gandhiji moved to Delhi where large Q.15) Ans: a
scale violence had erupted. Exp:
 Statement 1 is correct: He was deeply concerned Integration of Princely States
about ensuring that Muslims should be allowed to  British India was divided into what were called the
stay in India with dignity, as equal citizens. British Indian Provinces and the Princely States.
 He was also concerned about the relations  Statement 1 is correct: The British Indian
between India and Pakistan. Provinces were directly under the control of the
 Statement 2 is incorrect: He was unhappy with British government.
what he saw as the Indian government’s decision  On the other hand, several large and small states
not to honour its financial commitments to ruled by princes, called the Princely States,
Pakistan. enjoyed some form of control over their internal
 With all this in mind he undertook what turned affairs as long as they accepted British supremacy.
out to be his last fast in January 1948.  This was called paramountcy or suzerainty of the
 As in Kolkata, his fast had a dramatic effect in British crown.
Delhi.  Statement 2 is incorrect: Princely States covered
 Communal tension and violence reduced. one-third of the land area of the British Indian
 Muslims of Delhi and surrounding areas could Empire and one out of four Indians lived under
safely return to their homes. princely rule.
 The government of India agreed to give Pakistan
its dues. Q.16) Ans: c
Exp:
Q.14) Ans: c  Statement 1 is correct: Just before Independence
Exp: it was announced by the British that with the end
 Gandhiji’s actions were however not liked by all. of their rule over India, paramountcy of the British
 Extremists in both the communities blamed him crown over Princely States would also lapse.
for their conditions.
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This meant that all these states, as many as 565 in all, the territorial boundaries of the nation had
would become legally independent. assumed supreme importance.
 Statement 2 is correct: The British government
took the view that all these states were free to Q.19) Ans: c
join either India or Pakistan or remain Exp:
independent if they so wished.  “We are at a momentous stage in the history of
This decision was left not to the people but to the India. By common endeavour, we can raise the
princely rulers of these states. country to new greatness, while lack of unity will
This was a very serious problem and could threaten expose us to unexpected calamities. I hope the
the very existence of a united India. Indian States will realise fully that if we do not
cooperate and work together in the general
Q.17) Ans: b interest, anarchy and chaos will overwhelm us all,
Exp: great and small, and lead us to total ruin. “
 Statement 1 is incorrect: The interim government  Sardar Patel
took a firm stance against the possible division of  Letter to Princely rulers, 1947.
India into small principalities of different sizes.
The Muslim League opposed the Indian National Q.20) Ans: c
Congress and took the view that the States should be Exp:
free to adopt any course they liked. Hyderabad
 Statement 2 is correct: Sardar Patel was India’s  Statement 1 is correct: Hyderabad, the largest of
Deputy Prime Minister and the Home Minister the Princely States was surrounded entirely by
during the crucial period immediately following Indian territory.
Independence. Some parts of the old Hyderabad state are today parts
 He played a historic role in negotiating with the of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
rulers of princely states firmly but diplomatically Its ruler carried the title, ‘Nizam’, and he was one of
and bringing most of them into the Indian Union. the world’s richest men.
 It may look easy now.  Statement 2 is correct: The Nizam wanted an
 But it was a very complicated task which required independent status for Hyderabad. He entered
skilful persuasion. into what was called the Standstill Agreement
 For instance, there were 26 small states in today’s with India in November 1947 for a year while
Orissa. negotiations with the Indian government were
 Saurashtra region of Gujarat had 14 big states, going on.
119 small states and numerous other different
administrations. Q.21) Ans: b
Exp:
Q.18) Ans: c  Statement 1 is incorrect: A few days before
Exp: Independence, the Maharaja of Manipur,
The government’s approach was guided by three Bodhachandra Singh, signed the Instrument of
considerations. Accession with the Indian government on the
 Statement 1 is correct: Firstly, the people of most assurance that the internal autonomy of Manipur
of the princely states clearly wanted to become would be maintained.
part of the Indian union.  Statement 2 is correct: Under the pressure of
 Statement 2 is correct: Secondly, the government public opinion, the Maharaja held elections in
was prepared to be flexible in giving autonomy to Manipur in June 1948 and the state became a
some regions. constitutional monarchy.
 The idea was to accommodate plurality and adopt  Statement 3 is correct: Thus, Manipur was the
a flexible approach in dealing with the demands first part of India to hold an election based on
of the regions. universal adult franchise.
 Thirdly, in the backdrop of partition which
brought into focus the contest over demarcation Q.22) Ans: c
of territory, the integration and consolidation of Exp:
 Reorganisation of States
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 The process of nation-building did not come to an an indefinite fast that led to his death after 56
end with partition and integration of Princely days.
States.  This caused great unrest and resulted in violent
 Now the challenge was to draw the internal outbursts in Andhra region.
boundaries of the Indian states.  People in large numbers took to the streets.
 This was not just a matter of administrative  Many were injured or lost their lives in police
divisions. firing.
 The boundaries had to be drawn in a way so that  In Madras, several legislators resigned their seats
the linguistic and cultural plurality of the country in protest.
could be reflected without affecting the unity of  Statement 2 is incorrect: Finally, the Prime
the nation. Minister announced the formation of a separate
 Statement 1 is correct: During colonial rule, the Andhra state in December 1952.
state boundaries were drawn either on
administrative convenience or simply coincided Q.25) Ans: c
with the territories annexed by the British Exp:
government or the territories ruled by the A look at the electoral map on the previous page
princely powers. would give you a sense of the dominance of the
Our national movement had rejected these divisions Congress during the period 1952-1962.
as artificial and had promised the linguistic principle  Statement 1 is correct: In the second and the
as the basis of formation of states. third general elections, held in 1957 and 1962
 Statement 2 is correct: In fact, after the Nagpur respectively, the Congress maintained the same
session of Congress in 1920 the principle was position in the Lok Sabha by winning three-fourth
recognised as the basis of the reorganisation of of the seats.
the Indian National Congress party itself.  Statement 2 is correct: None of the opposition
Many Provincial Congress Committees were created parties could win even one-tenth of the number
by linguistic zones, which did not follow the of seats won by the Congress.
administrative divisions of British India. In the state assembly elections, the Congress did not
get majority in a few cases.
Q.23) Ans: a The most significant of these cases was in Kerala in
Exp: 1957 when a coalition led by the CPI formed the
This decision of the national leadership was government.
challenged by the local leaders and the people. Apart from exceptions like this, the Congress
Protests began in the Telugu speaking areas of the old controlled the national and all the state governments.
Madras province, which included present day Tamil
Nadu, parts of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Karnataka. Q.26) Ans: d
 Statement 1 is correct: The Vishalandhra Exp:
movement (as the movement for a separate The Congress won three out of every four seats but it
Andhra was called) demanded that the Telugu did not get even half of the votes.
speaking areas should be separated from the  Statement 1 is correct: In 1952, for example, the
Madras province of which they were a part and be Congress obtained 45 per cent of the total votes.
made into a separate Andhra province. But it managed to win 74 per cent of the seats.
 Statement 2 is incorrect: Nearly all the political  Statement 2 is correct: The Socialist Party, the
forces in the Andhra region were in favour of second largest party in terms of votes, secured
linguistic reorganisation of the then Madras more than 10 per cent of the votes all over the
province. country.
But it could not even win three per cent of the seats.
Q.24) Ans: a For this, you need to recall the discussion about the
Exp: first-past-the-post method in your textbook, Indian
 The movement gathered momentum as a result Constitution at Work last year.
of the Central government’s vacillation.
 Statement 1 is correct: Potti Sriramulu, a Q.27) Ans: d
Congress leader and a veteran Gandhian, went on Exp:
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 Statement 1 is correct: The origins of the Socialist  The Socialist Party went through many splits and
Party can be traced back to the mass movement reunions leading to the formation of many
stage of the Indian National Congress in the pre- socialist parties.
independence era.  These included the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party, the
 Statement 2 is correct: The Congress Socialist Praja Socialist Party and Samyukta Socialist Party.
party (CSP) was formed within the Congress in  Jayaprakash Narayan, Achyut Patwardhan, Asoka
1934 by a group of young leaders who wanted a Mehta, Acharya Narendra Dev, Rammanohar
more radical and egalitarian Congress. Lohia and S. M.Joshi were among the leaders of
 In 1948, the Congress amended its constitution to the socialist parties.
prevent its members from having a dual-party  Many parties in contemporary India, like the
membership. This forced the Socialists to form a Samajwadi Party, the Rashtriya Janata Dal, Janata
separate Socialist Party in 1948. Dal (United) and the Janata Dal (Secular) trace
 The Party’s electoral performance caused much their origins to the Socialist Party.
disappointment to its supporters.
 Although the Party had presence in most of the Q.31) Ans: c
states of India, it could achieve electoral success Exp:
only in a few pockets. Babasaheb Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (1891-1956)
 Statement 1 is correct: Leader of the anti-caste
Q.28) Ans: b movement and the struggle for justice to the
Exp: Dalits; scholar and intellectual; founder of
The socialists believed in the ideology of democratic Independent Labour Party; later founded the
socialism which distinguished them both from the Scheduled Castes Federation; planned the
Congress as well as from the Communists. formation of the Republican Party of India;
 Statement 1 is incorrect: They criticised the  Statement 2 is correct: Member of Viceroy’s
Congress for favouring capitalists and landlords Executive Council during the Second World War;
and for ignoring the workers and the peasants. Chairman, Drafting Committee of the Constituent
 Statement 2 is correct: But the socialists faced a Assembly; Minister in Nehru’s first cabinet after
dilemma when in 1955 the Congress declared its independence; resigned in 1951 due to
goal to be the socialist pattern of society. differences over the Hindu Code Bill; adopted
Thus, it became difficult for the socialists to present Buddhism in 1956, with thousands of followers.
themselves as an effective alternative to the
Congress. Q.32) Ans: c
Some of them, led by Rammanohar Lohia, increased Exp:
their distance from and criticism of the Congress  Statement 1 is correct: A. K. Gopalan, S.A. Dange,
party. E.M.S. Namboodiripad, P.C. Joshi, Ajay Ghosh and
Some others like Asoka Mehta advocated a limited P. Sundarraya were among the notable leaders of
cooperation with the Congress. the CPI.
 Statement 2 is correct: The Party went through a
Q.29) Ans: a major split in 1964 following the ideological rift
Exp: between Soviet Union and China.
 Acharya Narendra Dev (1889-1956): Freedom  The pro-Soviet faction remained as the CPI, while
fighter and founding President of the Congress the opponents formed the CPI(M). Both these
Socialist Party; jailed several times during the parties continue to exist to this day.
freedom movement; active in peasants’
movement; a scholar of Buddhism; after Q.33) Ans: a
independence led the Socialist Party and later the Exp:
Praja Socialist Party.  A.K. Gopalan (1904-1977)
 Statement 1 is correct: Communist leader from
Q.30) Ans: d Kerala, worked as a Congress worker initially;
Exp:  Statement 2 is incorrect: joined the Communist
Party in 1939; after the split in the Communist
Party in 1964, joined the CPI (M) and worked for
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strengthening the party; respected as a and the public sector. It instead favoured
parliamentarian; Member of Parliament from expansion of a free private sector.
1952.
Q.37) Ans: c
Q.34) Ans: d Exp:
Exp:  Statement 1 is correct: The Swatantra Party was
 The Bhartiya Jana Sangh was different from other against land ceilings in agriculture, and opposed
parties in terms of ideology and programmes. cooperative farming and state trading.
 It emphasised the idea of one country, one It was also opposed to the progressive tax regime and
culture and one nation and believed that the demanded dismantling of the licensing regime.
country could become modern, progressive and It was critical of the policy of non-alignment and
strong on the basis of Indian culture and maintaining friendly relations with the Soviet Union
traditions. and advocated closer ties with the United States.
 Statement 1 is correct: The party called for a The Swatantra Party gained strength in different parts
reunion of India and Pakistan in Akhand Bharat. of the Country by way of merger with numerous
 The party was in forefront of the agitation to regional parties and interests.
replace English with Hindi as the official language  Statement 2 is correct: It attracted the landlords
of India and was also opposed to the granting of and princes who wanted to protect their land and
concessions to religious and cultural minorities. status that was being threatened by the land
 Statement 2 is correct: The party was a consistent reforms legislation.
advocate of India developing nuclear weapons The industrialists and business class who were against
especially after China carried out its atomic tests nationalisation and the licensing policies also
in 1964. supported the party.
Its narrow social base and the lack of a dedicated
Q.35) Ans: c cadre of party members did not allow it to build a
Exp: strong organisational network.
Option c is correct:
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya (1916-1968): Q.38 Ans: d
He was a full-time RSS worker since 1942; founder Exp:
member of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh; General  C. Rajagopalachari (1878-1972):
Secretary and later President of Bharatiya Jana Sangh;  Statement 1 is correct: A senior leader of
initiated the concept of integral humanism. Congress and literary writer; close associate of
Mahatma Gandhi;
Q.36) Ans: a  Statement 2 is correct: member of Constituent
Exp: Assembly; first Indian to be the Governor General
 Statement 1 is correct: Swatantra Party was of India (1948-1950); minister in Union Cabinet;
formed in August 1959 after the Nagpur later became Chief Minister of Madras state; first
resolution of the Congress which called for land recipient of the Bharat Ratna Award; founder of
ceilings, take-over of food grain trade by the state the Swatantra party (1959).
and adoption of cooperative farming. The party
was led by old Congressmen like C. Q.39) Ans: c
Rajagopalachari, K.M.Munshi, N.G.Ranga and Exp:
Minoo Masani. The party stood out from the  Shyama Prasad Mukherjee (1901-1953):
others in terms of its position on economic issues.  Statement 1 is correct: Leader of Hindu
 Statement 2 is incorrect: The Swatantra Party Mahasabha; founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh;
wanted the government to be less and less Minister in Nehru’s first cabinet after
involved in controlling the economy. It believed independence; resigned in 1950 due to
that prosperity could come only through differences over relations with Pakistan;
individual freedom. It was critical of the  Statement 2 is correct: Member of Constituent
development strategy of state intervention in the Assembly and later, the first Lok Sabha; was
economy, centralised planning, nationalisation opposed to India’s policy of autonomy to Jammu
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& Kashmir; arrested during Jana Sangh’s agitation  Statement 1 is incorrect: The Planning
against Kashmir policy; died during detention. Commission was set up in March, 1950 by a
simple resolution of the Government of India.
Q.40) Ans: d  Statement 2 is correct: It has an advisory role and
Exp: its recommendations become effective only when
 In the politics of most countries, you will always the Union Cabinet approved these.
come across references to parties and groups with
a left or right ideology or leaning. Q.43) Ans: d
 These terms characterise the position of the Exp:
concerned groups or parties regarding social  As in the USSR, the Planning Commission of India
change and role of the state in effecting economic opted for five-year plans (FYP).
redistribution.  The idea is very simple: the government of India
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Left often refers to prepares a document that has a plan for all its
those who are in favour of the poor, income and expenditure for the next five years.
downtrodden sections and support government  Statement 1 is incorrect: Accordingly, the budget
policies for the benefit of these sections. of the central and all the State governments is
 Statement 2 is incorrect: The Right refers to those divided into two parts: ‘non-plan’ budget that is
who believe that free competition and market spent on routine items on a yearly basis and
economy alone ensure progress and that the  Statement 2 is incorrect: ‘plan’ budget that is
government should not unnecessarily intervene in spent on a five-year basis as per the priorities
the economy. fixed by the plan.
 A five-year plan has the advantage of permitting
Q.41) Ans: c the government to focus on the larger picture and
Exp: make long-term intervention in the economy.
Planning
Despite the various differences, there was a Q.44) Ans: d
consensus on one point: that development could not Exp:
be left to private actors, that there was the need for  The First Five Year Plan
the government to develop a design or plan for  The First Five Year Plan (1951–1956) sought to get
development. the country’s economy out of the cycle of
 Statement 1 is correct: In fact, the idea of poverty.
planning as a process of rebuilding economy  K.N. Raj, a young economist involved in drafting
earned a good deal of public support in the 1940s the plan, argued that India should ‘hasten slowly’
and 1950s all over the world. for the first two decades as a fast rate of
 Statement 2 is correct: The experience of Great development might endanger democracy.
Depression in Europe, the inter-war  Statement 2 is correct: The First Five Year Plan
reconstruction of Japan and Germany, and most addressed, mainly, the agrarian sector including
of all the spectacular economic growth against investment in dams and irrigation.
heavy odds in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and  Agricultural sector was hit hardest by partition
1940s contributed to this consensus. and needed urgent attention.
 Huge allocations were made for large-scale
Q.42) Ans: b projects like the Bhakhra Nangal Dam.
Exp:  The Plan identified the pattern of land distribution
Planning Commission in the country as the principal obstacle in the way
Do you recall any reference to the Planning of agricultural growth.
Commission in your book Constitution at Work last  Statement 1 is correct: It focused on land reforms
year? as the key to the country’s development.
Actually, there was none, for the Planning
Commission is not one of the many commissions and Q.45) Ans: c
other bodies set up by the Constitution. Exp:
 Statement 1 is correct: The Second FYP stressed
on heavy industries.
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 Statement 3 is correct: It was drafted by a team agriculture, it also reduced the capacity of the
of economists and planners under the leadership landlords to dominate politics.
of P.C. Mahala Nobis.  Attempts at consolidation of land – bringing small
If the first plan had preached patience, the second pieces of land together in one place so that the
wanted to bring about quick structural transformation farm size could become viable for agriculture –
by making changes simultaneously in all possible were also fairly successful.
directions.  But the other two components of land reforms
Before this plan was finalised, the Congress party at were much less successful.
its session held at Avadi near the then Madras city,  Statement 2 is correct: Though the laws were
passed an important resolution. made to put an upper limit or ‘ceiling’ to how
 Statement 2 is correct: It declared that ‘socialist much agricultural land one person could own,
pattern of society’ was its goal. people with excess land managed to evade the
This was reflected in the second plan. law.
 The government imposed substantial tariffs on  Statement 1 is correct: Similarly, the tenants who
imports in order to protect domestic industries. worked on someone else’s land were given
 Such protected environment helped both public greater legal security against eviction, but this
and private sector industries to grow. provision was rarely implemented.
 As savings and investment were growing in this
period, a bulk of these industries like electricity, Q.48) Ans: a
railways, steel, machineries and communication Exp:
could be developed in the public sector. In the face of the prevailing food-crisis, the country
 Indeed, such a push for industrialisation marked a was clearly vulnerable to external pressures and
turning point in India’s development. dependent on food aid, mainly from the United
States.
Q.46) Ans: c The United States, in turn, pushed India to change its
Exp: economic policies.
 India did not follow any of the two known paths The government adopted a new strategy for
to development – it did not accept the capitalist agriculture in order to ensure food sufficiency.
model of development in which development was Instead of the earlier policy of giving more support to
left entirely to the private sector, nor did it follow the areas and farmers that were lagging behind, now
the socialist model in which private property was it was decided to put more resources into those areas
abolished and all the production was controlled which already had irrigation and those farmers who
by the state. were already well-off.
 Statement 1 is correct: Elements from both these The argument was that those who already had the
models were taken and mixed together in India. capacity could help increase production rapidly in the
 That is why it was described as ‘mixed economy’. short run.
 Much of the agriculture, trade and industry were  Statement 1 is correct: Thus, the government
left in private hands. offered high-yielding variety seeds, fertilizers,
 Statement 2 is correct: The state controlled key pesticides and better irrigation at highly
heavy industries, provided industrial subsidised prices.
infrastructure, regulated trade and made some  Statement 2 is incorrect: The government also
crucial interventions in agriculture. gave a guarantee to buy the produce of the
farmers at a given price.
Q.47) Ans: c This was the beginning of what was called the ‘green
Exp: revolution’.
 In the agrarian sector, this period witnessed a
serious attempt at land reforms. Q.49) Ans: a
 Perhaps the most significant and successful of Exp:
these was the abolition of the colonial system of  Statement 1 is correct: Verghese Kurien,
zamindari. nicknamed the ‘milkman of India’, played a crucial
 This bold act not only released land from the role in the story of Gujarat Cooperative Milk and
clutches of a class that had little interest in Marketing Federation Ltd that launched Amul.
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Based in Anand, a town in Gujarat, Amul is a dairy

cooperative movement joined by about 2 and half Q.52) Ans: c
million milk producers in Gujarat. Exp:
The Amul pattern became a uniquely appropriate Option c is correct.
model for rural development and poverty alleviation, Article 51 of the Indian Constitution lays down some
spurring what has come to be known as the White Directive Principles of State Policy on ‘Promotion of
Revolution. international peace and security’.
 Statement 2 is incorrect: In 1970 the rural “The State shall endeavour to –
development programme called Operation Flood o Promote international peace and security
was started. o Maintain just and honourable relations between
 Operation Flood organised cooperatives of milk nations
producers into a nationwide milk grid, with the o Foster respect for international law and treaty
purpose of increasing milk production, bringing obligations in the dealings of organised people
the producer and consumer closer by eliminating with one another; and
middlemen, and assuring the producers a regular o Encourage settlement of international disputes by
income throughout the year. arbitration.”
 Operation Flood was, however, not just a dairy
programme. Q.53) Ans: b
 It saw dairying as a path to development, for Exp:
generating employment and income for rural The Indian national movement was not an isolated
households and alleviating poverty. process.
 The number of members of the cooperative has  Statement 1 is incorrect: It was a part of the
continued to increase with the numbers of worldwide struggle against colonialism and
women members and Women’s Dairy imperialism.
Cooperative Societies also increasing significantly.  Statement 2 is correct: It influenced the liberation
movements of many Asian and African countries.
Q.50) Ans: a Prior to India’s independence, there were contacts
Exp: between the nationalist leaders of India and those of
Planning did continue, but its salience was other colonies, united as they were in their common
significantly reduced. struggle against colonialism and imperialism.
 Statement 1 is correct: Between 1950 and 1980 The creation of the Indian National Army (INA) by
the Indian economy grew at a sluggish per annum Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose during the Second
rate of 3 to 3.5%. World War was the clearest manifestation of the
In view of the prevailing inefficiency and corruption in linkages established between India and overseas
some public sector enterprises and the not-so-positive Indians during the freedom struggle.
role of the bureaucracy in economic development, the
public opinion in the country lost the faith it initially Q.54) Ans: c
placed in many of these institutions. Exp:
 Statement 2 is incorrect: Such lack of public faith  The first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru played
led the policy makers to reduce the importance of a crucial role in setting the national agenda.
the state in India’s economy from the 1980s  He was his own foreign minister.
onwards.  Thus, both as the Prime Minister and the Foreign
Minister, he exercised profound influence in the
Q.51) Ans: c formulation and implementation of India’s foreign
Exp: policy from 1946 to 1964.
Option c is correct answer.  Option c is correct: The three major objectives of
A section of the big industrialists got together in 1944 Nehru’s foreign policy were to preserve the hard-
and drafted a joint proposal for setting up a planned earned sovereignty, protect territorial integrity,
economy in the country. It was called the Bombay and promote rapid economic development.
Plan. The Bombay Plan wanted the state to take major  Nehru wished to achieve these objectives through
initiatives in industrial and other economic the strategy of non-alignment.
investments.
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 There were, of course, parties and groups in the But in the same year when the USSR invaded Hungary,
country that believed that India should be more India did not join its public condemnation.
friendly with the bloc led by the US because that Despite such a situation, by and large India did take an
bloc claimed to be pro-democracy. independent stand on various international issues and
 Among those who thought on these lines were could get aid and assistance from members of both
leaders like Dr Ambedkar. the blocs.
 Some political parties, which were opposed to
communism, also wanted India to follow a pro-US Q.57) Ans: d
foreign policy. Exp:
 These included the Bharatiya Jan Sangh and later  The plateau of the central Asian region called
the Swatantra Party. Tibet is one of the major issues that historically
 But Nehru possessed considerable leeway in caused tension between India and China.
formulating foreign policy.  From time to time in history, China had claimed
administrative control over Tibet.
Q.55) Ans: a  And from time to time, Tibet was independent
Exp: too.
 “Our general policy is to avoid entanglement in  Statement 1 is not correct: In 1950, China took
power politics and not to join any group of over control of Tibet.
powers as against any other group. The two  Large sections of the Tibetan population opposed
leading groups today are the Russian bloc and the this takeover.
Anglo-American bloc. We must be friendly to both  Statement 2 is incorrect: India tried to persuade
and yet not join either. Both America and Russia China to recognise Tibet’s claims for
are extraordinarily suspicious of each other as independence.
well as of other countries. This makes our path  When the Panchsheel agreement was signed
difficult and we may well be suspected by each of between India and China in 1954, through one of
leaning towards the other. This cannot be helped. its clauses about respecting each other’s
 Jawaharlal Nehru territorial integrity and sovereignty, India
 Letter to K.P. S. Menon, January 1947 “ conceded China’s claim over Tibet.
 The Tibetan spiritual leader Dalai Lama
Q.56) Ans: a accompanied the Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai
Exp: during the official Chinese visit to India in 1956.
The foreign policy of independent India vigorously  He informed Nehru about the worsening situation
pursued the dream of a peaceful world by advocating in Tibet.
the policy of non-alignment, by reducing Cold War  But China had already assured India that Tibet will
tensions and by contributing human resources to the be given greater autonomy than enjoyed by any
UN peacekeeping operations. other region of China.
You might ask why India did not join either of the two  In 1958, there was armed uprising in Tibet against
camps during the Cold War era. China’s occupation.
India wanted to keep away from the military alliances  This was suppressed by the Chinese forces.
led by US and Soviet Union against each other.
Contemporary World Politics, during the Cold War, Q.58) Ans: c
the US-led North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Exp:
and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact came into existence.  In 1950, China took over control of Tibet.
 Statement 1 is correct: India advocated non-  Large sections of the Tibetan population opposed
alignment as the ideal foreign policy approach. this takeover.
This was a difficult balancing act and sometimes the  India tried to persuade China to recognise Tibet’s
balance did not appear perfect. claims for independence.
 Statement 2 is incorrect: In 1956 when Britain  When the Panchsheel agreement was signed
attacked Egypt over the Suez Canal issue, India led between India and China in 1954, through one of
the world protest against this neo-colonial its clauses about respecting each other’s
invasion. territorial integrity and sovereignty, India
conceded China’s claim over Tibet.
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 Statement 1 is correct: The Tibetan spiritual  Since then, the emphasis is more on trade
leader Dalai Lama accompanied the Chinese relations between the two countries.
Premier Zhou Enlai during the official Chinese visit
to India in 1956. Q.61) Ans: c
 He informed Nehru about the worsening situation Exp:
in Tibet.  Statement 1 is correct: Support for Pakistan came
 But China had already assured India that Tibet will from the US and China.
be given greater autonomy than enjoyed by any  The US-China rapprochement that began in the
other region of China. late 1960s resulted in a realignment of forces in
 Statement 2 is correct: In 1958, there was armed Asia.
uprising in Tibet against China’s occupation.  Henry Kissinger, the adviser to the US President
 This was suppressed by the Chinese forces. Richard Nixon, made a secret visit to China via
Pakistan in July 1971.
Q.59) Ans: b  In order to counter the US-Pakistan-China axis,
Exp: India signed a 20-year Treaty of Peace and
 The China war dented India’s image at home and Friendship with the Soviet Union in August 1971.
abroad.  Statement 2 is correct: This treaty assured India
 India had to approach the Americans and the of Soviet support if the country faced any attack.
British for military assistance to tide over the
crisis. Q.62) Ans: b
 Statement 1 is incorrect: The Soviet Union Exp:
remained neutral during the conflict. Option a is correct:
 It induced a sense of national humiliation and at A decisive victory in the war led to national jubilation.
the same time strengthened a spirit of Most people in India saw this as a moment of glory
nationalism. and a clear sign of India’s growing military prowess.
 Some of the top army commanders either Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister at this time. She
resigned or were retired. had already won the Lok Sabha elections in 1971. Her
 Nehru’s close associate and the then Defence personal popularity soared further after the 1971 war.
Minister, V. Krishna Menon, had to leave the After the war, assembly elections in most States took
cabinet. place, bringing large majorities for the Congress party
 Nehru’s own stature suffered as he was severely in many states.
criticised for his naïve assessment of the Chinese
intentions and the lack of military preparedness. Q.63) Ans: d
 Statement 2 is correct: For the first time, a no- Exp:
confidence motion against his government was  India’s nuclear policy
moved and debated in the Lok Sabha.  Another crucial development of this period was
the first nuclear explosion undertaken by India in
Q.60) Ans: b May 1974.
Exp:  Nehru had always put his faith in science and
 Sino-Indian relations since 1962 technology for rapidly building a modern India.
 It took more than a decade for India and China to  A significant component of his industrialisation
resume normal relations. plans was the nuclear programme initiated in the
 Statement 2 is correct: It was in 1976 that full late 1940s under the guidance of Homi J. Bhabha.
diplomatic relations were restored between the  India wanted to generate atomic energy for
two countries. peaceful purposes.
 Atal Behari Vajpayee was the first top level leader  Statement 1 is incorrect: Nehru was against
(he was then External Affairs Minister) to visit nuclear weapons.
China in 1979.  So, he pleaded with the superpowers for
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Later, Rajiv Gandhi comprehensive nuclear disarmament.
became the first Prime Minister after Nehru to  However, the nuclear arsenal kept rising.
visit China.  When Communist China conducted nuclear tests
in October 1964, the five nuclear weapon powers,
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the US, USSR, UK, France, and China (Taiwan then  Dalai Lama - Tibetan spiritual leader who policy in
represented China) – also the five Permanent the period 1950-1964 crossed over to India
Members of the UN Security Council – tried to
impose the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty Q.66) Ans: b
(NPT) of 1968 on the rest of the world. Exp:
 Statement 2 is incorrect: India always considered  Statement 1 is incorrect: Shastri was the
the NPT as discriminatory and had refused to sign country’s Prime Minister from 1964 to 1966.
it.  During Shastri’s brief Prime Ministership, the
 When India conducted its first nuclear test, it was country faced two major challenges.
termed as peaceful explosion.  While India was still recovering from the
 India argued that it was committed to the policy economic implications of the war with China,
of using nuclear power only for peaceful failed monsoons, drought and serious food crisis
purposes. presented a grave challenge.
 As discussed in the previous chapter, the country
Q.64) Ans: d also faced a war with Pakistan in 1965.
Exp:  Statement 2 is correct: Shastri’s famous slogan
 Fast Forward India’s Nuclear Programme ‘Jai Jawan Jai Kisan’, symbolised the country’s
 India has opposed the international treaties resolve to face both these challenges.
aimed at non-proliferation since they were
selectively applicable to the non-nuclear powers Q.67) Ans: c
and legitimised the monopoly of the five nuclear Exp:
weapons powers.  Statement 1 is correct: Indira Gandhi (1917-
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Thus, India opposed the 1984): Prime Minister of India from 1966 to 1977
indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995 and also and 1980 to 1984; daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru;
refused to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban participated in the freedom struggle as a young
Treaty (CTBT). Congress worker; Congress President in 1958;
 Statement 2 is incorrect: India conducted a series  Statement 2 is correct: minister in Shastri’s
of nuclear tests in May 1998, demonstrating its cabinet from 1964-66, led the Congress party to
capacity to use nuclear energy for military victory in 1967, 1971 and 1980 general elections;
purposes. credited with the slogan ‘garibi hatao’, victory in
 Pakistan soon followed, thereby increasing the 1971 war and for policy initiatives like abolition of
vulnerability of the region to a nuclear exchange. Privy Purse, nationalisation of banks, nuclear test
 The international community was extremely and environmental protection; assassinated on 31
critical of the nuclear tests in the subcontinent October 1984.
and sanctions were imposed on both India and
Pakistan, which were subsequently waived. Q.68) Ans: c
 India’s nuclear doctrine of credible minimum Exp:
nuclear deterrence professes “no first use” and  Statement 1 is correct: Ram Manohar Lohia
reiterates India’s commitment to global, verifiable (1910-1967): Socialist leader and thinker; freedom
and non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament fighter and among the founders of the Congress
leading to a nuclear weapons free world. Socialist Party; after the split in the parent party,
the leader of the Socialist Party and later the
Q.65) Ans: d Samyukta Socialist Party; Member, Lok Sabha,
Exp: 1963-67;
 The goal of India’s foreign - Preservation of  Statement 2 is correct: founder editor of Mankind
territorial integrity, sovereignty and economic and Jan, known for original contribution to a non-
development European socialist theory; as political leader, best
 Panchsheel - Five principles of peaceful known for sharp attacks on Nehru, strategy of
coexistence non-Congressism, advocacy of reservation for
 Bandung Conference - Led to the establishment of backward castes and opposition to English.
NAM
Q.69) Ans: a
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Exp:
 The dramatic nature of the political change would Q.72) Ans: d
be more apparent to you at the State level. Exp:
 Statement 1 is correct: The Congress lost majority  Statement 1 is correct: V.V. Giri (1894-1980):
in as many as seven States. President of India from 1969 to 1974; Congress
 In two other States defections prevented it from worker and labour leader from Andhra Pradesh;
forming a government.  Statement 2 is correct: Indian High Commissioner
 These nine States where the Congress lost power to Ceylon (Sri Lanka); Labour Minister in Union
were spread across the country – Punjab, cabinet; Governor of U.P., Kerala, Mysore
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, (Karnataka); Vice-President (1967-1969) and
West Bengal, Orissa, Madras and Kerala. acting President after the death of President Zakir
 In Madras State (now called Tamil Nadu), a Hussain; resigned and contested presidential
regional party — the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam election as independent candidate; received
(DMK) – came to power by securing a clear support from Indira Gandhi for his election as
majority. President.
 The DMK won power after having led a massive
anti-Hindi agitation by students against the centre Q.73) Ans: a
on the issue of imposition of Hindi as the official Exp:
language. Yet, hereditary privileges were not consonant with the
 Statement 2 is incorrect: This was the first time principles of equality and social and economic justice
any non-Congress party had secured a majority of laid down in the Constitution of India.
its own in any State. Nehru had expressed his dissatisfaction over the
matter time and again.
Q.70) Ans: c  Statement 1 is correct: Following the 1967
Exp: elections, Indira Gandhi supported the demand
 Statement 1 is correct: K. Kamaraj (1903-1975): that the government should abolish privy purses.
Freedom fighter and Congress President; Chief  Statement 2 is incorrect: Morarji Desai, however,
Minister of Madras (Tamil Nadu); having suffered called the move morally wrong and amounting to
educational deprivation, made efforts to spread a ‘breach of faith with the princes’.
education in Madras province;
 Statement 2 is correct: introduced mid-day meal Q.74) Ans: c
scheme for schoolchildren; in 1963 he proposed Exp:
that all senior Congressmen should resign from The split in the Congress reduced Indira Gandhi
office to make way for younger party workers— Government to a minority.
this proposal is famous as the ‘Kamaraj plan.’ Yet her government continued in office with the issue-
based support of a few other parties including the
Q.71) Ans: d Communist Party of India and the DMK.
Exp: During this period the government made conscious
 Syndicate was the informal name given to a group attempts to project its socialist credentials.
of Congress leaders who were in control of the This was also a phase when Indira Gandhi vigorously
party’s organisation. campaigned for implementing the existing land
 Option d is correct: It was led by K. Kamraj, reform laws and undertook further land ceiling
former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and then the legislation.
president of the Congress party.  Statement 2 is correct: In order to end her
 It included powerful State leaders like S.K.Patil of dependence on other political parties, strengthen
Bombay city (later named as Mumbai), S. her party’s position in the Parliament, and seek a
Nijalingappa of Mysore (later Karnataka), N. popular mandate for her programmes, Indira
Sanjeeva Reddy of Andhra Pradesh and Atulya Gandhi’s government recommended the
Ghosh of West Bengal. dissolution of the Lok Sabha in December 1970.
 Both Lal Bahadur Shastri and later Indira Gandhi This was another surprising and bold move.
owed their position to the support received from  Statement 1 is correct: The fifth general election
the Syndicate. to Lok Sabha were held in February 1971.
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Option d is correct: Charu Majumdar (1918-1972):

Q.75) Ans: c Communist revolutionary and the leader of the
Exp: Naxalbari uprising; participated in the Tebhaga
 Statement 1 is correct: In March 1974 students movement before independence; left the CPI and
came together in Bihar to protest against rising founded the Communist Party of India (Marxist-
prices, food scarcity, unemployment and Leninist); believed in the Maoist path of peasant
corruption. rebellion and defended revolutionary violence; died in
 Statement 2 is correct: After a point they invited police custody.
Jayaprakash Narayan (JP), who had given up
active politics and was involved in social work, to Q.78) Ans: a
lead the student movement. Exp:
 He accepted it on the condition that the  Statement 1 is correct Loknayak Jayaprakash
movement will remain non-violent and will not Narayan (JP) (1902-1979): A marxist in his youth;
limit itself to Bihar. founder general secretary of the Congress
 Thus the students’ movement assumed a political Socialist Party and the Socialist Party;
character and had national appeal.  Statement 2 is incorrect: a hero of the 1942 Quit
 People from all walks of life now entered the India movement; declined to join Nehru’s cabinet;
movement. after 1955 quit active politics; became a Gandhian
 Jayaprakash Narayan demanded the dismissal of and was involved in the Bhoodan movement,
the Congress government in Bihar and gave a call negotiations with the Naga rebels, peace initiative
for total revolution in the social, economic and in Kashmir and ensured the surrender of decoits
political spheres in order to establish what he in Chambal; leader of Bihar movement, he
considered to be true democracy. became the symbol of opposition to Emergency
 A series of bandhs, gehraos, and strikes were and was the moving force behind the formation of
organised in protest against the Bihar Janata Party.
government.
 The government, however, refused to resign. Q.79) Ans: d
Exp:
Q.76) Ans: c  Declaration of Emergency
Exp:  Statement 1 is incorrect: On 12 June 1975, Justice
 The Naxalite Movement Jagmohan Lal Sinha of the Allahabad High Court
 Statement 1 is correct and Statement 2 is passed a judgment declaring Indira Gandhi’s
correct: In 1967 a peasant uprising took place in election to the Lok Sabha invalid.
the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills  This order came on an election petition filed by
district in West Bengal under the leadership of the Raj Narain, a socialist leader and a candidate who
local cadres of the Communist Party of India had contested against her in 1971.
(Marxist).  The petition, challenged the election of Indira
 Beginning from the Naxalbari police station, the Gandhi on the ground that she had used the
peasant movement spread to several states of services of government servants in her election
India and came to be referred broadly as the campaign.
Naxalite movement.  Statement 2 is incorrect: The judgment of the
 In 1969, they broke off from the CPI (M) and a High Court meant that legally she was no more an
new party, Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) MP and therefore, could not remain the Prime
(CPI-ML), was formed under the leadership of Minister unless she was once again elected as an
Charu Majumdar. MP within six months.
 It argued that democracy in India was a sham and  On June 24, the Supreme Court granted her a
decided to adopt a strategy of protracted guerrilla partial stay on the High Court order – till her
warfare in order to lead to a revolution. appeal was decided, she could remain an MP but
could not take part in the proceedings of the Lok
Q.77) Ans: d Sabha.
Exp:
Q.80) Ans: c
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Exp:  Statement 2 is correct: twice Chief Minister of

 Lok Sabha Elections, 1977 U.P.; later he was one of the founders of the
 In January 1977, after eighteen months of Janata Party in 1977 and became Deputy Prime
emergency, the government decided to hold Minister and Home Minister (1977-79); founder of
elections. Lok Dal.
 Accordingly, all the leaders and activists were
released from jails. Q.83) Ans: c
 Statement 1 is correct: Elections were held in Exp:
March 1977.  Statement 1 is correct: Jagjivan Ram (1908-1986):
 This left the opposition with very little time, but Freedom fighter and Congress leader from Bihar;
political developments took place very rapidly. Deputy Prime Minister of India (1977-79);
 The major opposition parties had already been  Statement 2 is correct: member of Constituent
coming closer in the pre-Emergency period. Assembly; also a Member of Parliament since
 Now they came together on the eve of the 1952 till his death; Labour Minister in the first
elections and formed a new party, known as the ministry of free India; held various other
Janata Party. ministries from 1952 to 1977; a scholar and astute
 Statement 2 is correct: The new party accepted administrator.
the leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan.
 Some leaders of the Congress who were opposed Q.84) Ans: b
to the emergency also joined this new party. Exp:
 Some other Congress leaders also came out and  Chipko movement
formed a separate party under the leadership of  Statement 1 is incorrect: The movement began in
Jagjivan Ram. two or three villages of Uttarakhand when the
 This party named as Congress for Democracy, forest department refused permission to the
later merged with the Janata Party. villagers to fell ash trees for making agricultural
tools.
Q.81) Ans: a  However, the forest department allotted the
Exp: same patch of land to a sports manufacturer for
 Statement 1 is correct: The Janata Party commercial use.
government that came to power after the 1977  This enraged the villagers and they protested
elections was far from cohesive. against the move of the government.
 After the election, there was stiff competition  The struggle soon spread across many parts of the
among three leaders for the post of Prime Uttarakhand region.
Minister – Morarji Desai, who was the rival to  Larger issues of ecological and economic
Indira Gandhi ever since 1966-67; Charan Singh, exploitation of the region were raised.
leader of the Bharatiya Lok Dal and a farmers’  Statement 2 is correct: The villagers demanded
leader from UP; and Jagjivan Ram, who had vast that no forest-exploiting contracts should be given
experience as a senior minister in the Congress to outsiders and local communities should have
governments. effective control over natural resources like land,
 Statement 2 is incorrect: Eventually Morarji Desai water and forests.
became the Prime Minister but that did not bring
the power struggle within the party to an end. Q.85) Ans: a
Exp:
Q.82) Ans: d Option a is correct:
Exp:  Anti-Arrack Movement
 Statement 1 is correct: Chaudhary Charan Singh  When the BKU was mobilising the farmers of the
(1902-1987): Prime Minister of India between July north, an altogether different kind of mobilisation
1979 - January 1980; freedom fighter; active in in the rural areas was taking shape in the
the politics of Uttar Pradesh; proponent of rural southern State of Andhra Pradesh. It was a
and agricultural development; left Congress party spontaneous mobilisation of women demanding a
and founded Bharatiya Kranti Dal in 1967; ban on the sale of alcohol in their
neighbourhoods.
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 statement 2 is correct. In the very beginning of

Q.86) Ans: b the movement, Gandhi and other leaders were
Exp: arrested and Congress was declared illegal. A
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Sardar Sarovar Project is spontaneous movement of protest arose
a multipurpose mega-scale dam. everywhere, giving expression to the pent-up
 Its advocates say that it would benefit huge areas anger of the people. Left leaderless and without
of Gujarat and the three adjoining states in terms any organisation, the people reacted in any
of availability of drinking water and water for manner they could. In many places, people took
irrigation, generation of electricity and increase in to violent actions. They attacked the symbols of
agricultural production. British authority.
 Many more subsidiary benefits like effective flood  statement 3 is correct. The government
and drought control in the region were linked to crackdown was most severe and within a few
the success of this dam. months, revolt of 1842 was crushed. Still, it
 In the process of construction of the dam 245 demonstrated the depth that nationalist feelings
villages from these States were expected to get had reached the country and the great capacity
submerged. for sacrifice that the people had developed.
 Statement 2 is correct: It required relocation of Movement had spread to hitherto untouched
around two and a half lakh people from these areas. It was more violent than ever before. In
villages. many areas, martial law had to be imposed to
 Issues of relocation and proper rehabilitation of suppress it. It was proven that the normal
the project-affected people were first raised by administration could not be carried out without
local activist groups. martial law if such events occurred once again.
 It was around 1988-89 that the issues crystallised
under the banner of the NBA – a loose collective Q.89) Ans: d
of local voluntary organisations. Exp:
 Statement 1 is correct: At the Congress Working
Q.87) Ans: a Committee meeting in Wardha on 14th July, 1942,
Exp: the Congress accepted the idea of the struggle
 Statement 1 is correct: E.V. Ramasami Naicker and All India Congress Committee meeting in
(1879-1973): Known as Periyar (the respected); Bombay endorsed the resolution. Gandhi gave the
strong supporter of atheism; famous for his anti- famous mantra of "Do or Die".
caste struggle and rediscovery of Dravidian  Statement 2 is correct: It was characterized by
identity; initially a worker of the Congress party; terrorist activities by educated youth directed
 Statement 2 is incorrect: started the self-respect against army installations, police stations, and
movement (1925); led the anti-Brahmin communications. A second hierarchy of leaders
movement; worked for the Justice party and later began to emerge comprising of Achyut
founded Dravidar Kazhagam; opposed to Hindi Patwardhan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Ram Manohar Lohia,
and domination of north India; propounded the Biju Patnaik and the charismatic socialist leader
thesis that north Indians and Brahmins are Jai Prakash Narayan.
Aryans.  Statement 3 is correct: The parallel governments
were formed at different places during the Quit
Q.88) Ans: c India Movement. First parallel government was
Exp: formed under Chitu Pandey in Ballia, Uttar
 statement 1 is correct: The failure of the Cripps Pradesh. Tamluk Jatiya Sarkar was formed under
Mission embittered the Indian people. The Satish Samanta at Midnapur and it survived till
congress now decided to take active steps to September 1944. Prati Sarkar was formed under
compel the British to accept the Indian demand Nana Patil at Satara, Maharashtra.
for independence. It passed the famous 'Quit
India' resolution and proposed the starting of a Q.90) Ans: c
nonviolent mass struggle under Gandhi’s Exp:
leadership.  Statement 1 is correct: Maulana Azad writes,
“The Shimla Conference marks a break down in
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Indian political history. This was for the first time

that negotiations failed not on the basic political
issues between India and Britain but on the
communal issues dividing different Indian
groups.”
 Statement 2 is correct: In fact, failure of Shimla
Conference was the victory of Muslim League. It
clearly showed that the League had veto power in
Indian politics.
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