QUESTION 1

1.0 Introduction

Fuji Electric is a Japanese manufacturing company at Kulim, Kedah. In February

1996, Fuji Electric (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (FEM) was founded. The factory, which is
located in Kulim Hi-Tech Park in Kedah Darul Aman and covers an area of around
86,000 square meters, media magnetic discs and others. In operating a manufacturing
company, Fuji Electric always focus towards the safety of their employees either in a
factory or department. The example of the policy of safety and health in Fuji Electric is:
 In my company which is Fuji Electric Sdn. Bhd., there are several measurements
by occupational safety, health and administrations (OSHA) that has been used in my
company are the first measurement is by knowing a real hazard. This means it's
important to understand the distinction between a risk and a hazard before we can
recognize and mitigate occupational hazards. A chance is the possibility of damage being
caused by a particular action. There are many methods for identifying and removing
occupational risks which is by finding any different danger points which we can walk
around the workplace or warehouse. We may also ask employees to recognize the
dangers that they are aware of by reminding everyone at the next meeting or by putting
out a company-wide questionnaire and other methods. For example, as a employers or
risk management, they should know how to differentiate between risk and hazard
because when they already know, it will be easier to take any action towards any
accidents. The second step is the safety management in my company will understand
who and how people might be harmed. For example, when clients entering a workplace
and easy for accidents to happen because they do not know the structure of the buildings.
Then, the other example is when a worker passing around the parking lot and it will also
be exposed to risk when falling due to uneven road conditions.

Next, the third measurement that will take by my company is they should know
how to evaluate hazard and making decisions when hazards is happening. After finding
hazards, the next move is to figure out how to protect those that may be injured. When a
threat cannot be completely removed, they can use any caution signs, warning tape, or a
barrier to contain it because the key is to avoid being hurt as much as possible. After that,
the fourth measurement that has been taken in my company is by record all the potential
hazard. That means, when the employers knowing potential hazard that could be happen
to them, they will be more careful when doing their jobs. Lastly, the last measurement is
by periodically update hazard with all the employees. As new risks emerge on a regular
basis, maintaining safety is a never-ending struggle. For example, safety management
should update any hazards related to the weather conditions, the state of machines and
other facilities, modern or upgraded technologies, staff capacity levels and others.
2.0 Task Activities and Risk

There are two work activities in my company which are machine operator and
pressure vessel equipment. Machine operators collaborate with other machinists to
guarantee that their tools function properly and that all production objectives are
realized. They could also collaborate with maintenance technicians to carry out the
required upkeep and repairs on the machinery that has been given to them. Nearly all
manufacturing businesses across all sectors require some kind of machinery. They can
include everything from coffee grinders to massive industrial turbines. Yet regardless of
size, every machinery has a risk that might result in workplace accidents. Machinery-
related concerns are quite complicated. Hazards might pertain to the success of corporate
operations, personnel, the environment, or any combination of these. If risks are not
appropriately detected and evaluated, the results might be disastrous. Underestimating
the hazards associated with machine safety might result in equipment failure, which can
reduce output or endanger your employees. Unnecessary equipment or engineering
expenditures may be incurred as a result of excessive risk. The range of employment
danger is considerable. In actuality, the majority of corporate directors and health and
safety professionals struggle to comprehend all of those threats, their locations, and their
level of importance. With TEG's Comprehensive Risk Directors Guide to machine safety
hazards, company may learn more about their responsibilities. A key aspect of a
corporate director's duty is to ensure that sufficient measures are taken to reduce risks
resulting from the dangers of proper machinery, plant, and equipment.

After that, as a work as pressure vessel equipment, there are a number of

concerns while working with pressure equipment because of abuse of the equipment or
incidents involving the equipment. Although the actual causes of risk might vary, there
are only three main places where pressure equipment is really at risk. For a piece of
equipment to sustain pressure in the most reliable and secure way possible, it is a
straightforward application of physics that the equipment must be composed of a
material that can support itself and endure harm from both its intended use and from any
external danger. The force needed increases with the amount of pressure involved. This
necessity typically results in the employment of bulky metal enclosures to house the
equipment in the industrial environment. This weight may be particularly hefty when
dealing with high pressures that must be maintained for extended periods of time. Any
really heavy item is dangerous because, if it shifts for any reason, it might crush anyone
around. The greatest risk that such equipment poses is unquestionably the abrupt release
of pressure from defective pressure equipment. Thankfully, explosive pressure release
only occurs when a very narrow set of conditions are satisfied. In the extremely small
region that is impacted, a little leak in a pressured environment seal can be lethal.

3.0 Risk Assessment

For the machine operator, the focus of equipment-based hazard analysis is on the
physical risks associated with the machinery application, while also taking into account
the potential sources of mechanical, electrical, and chemical risks that need to be
mitigated. Providing proper controls and other forms of protection between operators and
equipment is the main emphasis of risk assessment. Hazard and Operatability Study
(HAZOP) or Failure Mode and Impacts Analysis is the most used approach for this kind
of risk assessment (FMEA). Task-Based Hazard Analysis focuses on certain actions that
each group interacting with the machine should take (eg, operators, maintenance
technicians). Each group's completed duties are recorded and examined to look for any
dangers. Risk-reduction initiatives, such as modifications to operating/maintenance
procedures and extra controls, are reported when risks are discovered. The most suitable
approach is necessary to effectively identify all possible hazards for an application. Both
forms of machine risk assessment have advantages and disadvantages. Hence, while
designing policies and processes for machine risk assessment in an organisation, it is
crucial to recognise which applications are best addressed by equipment-focused risk
assessment and which require a task-based approach.
 After that, for pressure vessel, due to leaking or the ship breaking, pressure vessel
safety and hazard assessment should be taken into consideration. His book contains a
chapter on the "Dangers of Stress" that outlines two outcomes from a total breakdown.
One of these is the explosive effect brought on by a pressurized liquid that suddenly
expands. The second effect, in the event of a fragment type burst, is damage and harm
brought on by the fragment. Negative effects for leaking failure might range from having
no effect to having extremely substantial ones. Depending on the nature of the confined
fluid, asphyxia or poisoning may result from a leak into an enclosed environment. Fire
and explosion are examples of physical effects for flammable liquids. Putting some
perspective on the possible risks to people from pressure vessel operations is intriguing.
The National Boiler Board and Pressure Vessel Inspectors gather and disseminate annual
incident reports for pressure vessels within their purview (as well as a separate report for
boilers).

4.0 OSHA Program

In my company, there are basic policy that will be applied to the employees and
also employers. In the policy, At Fuji Electric, one of the most significant responsibilities
of business management is health and safety. To keep the workplace clean and healthy,
eliminate occupational hazards, and avoid mental and physical ailments, high-quality
health and safety practices are used, to maintain their own health and safety, all Fuji
Electric employees are required to engage in voluntary health and safety programs as a
team and to instill a safety culture in the workplace. In order to make sure that all things
that already stated are able to success, there are several programs that will run in order to
reduce any accidents in a workplace. Firstly, my company will make a Fuji Electric
Health and Safety Conference. Every year, they will conduct the Fuji Electric Health and
Safety Conference, which is attended by delegates from our plants, head office, branches,
trade union, associated firms, and associate companies, in compliance with our corporate
philosophy. Attendees pledge to create and sustain workplaces that are clean, stable,
prosperous, and happy. The conference's goals are to encourage a "culture of safety" in
which every employee works to avoid work-related incidents and to raise awareness
about the importance of safety and health within the Fuji Electric Group as a whole.
Despite the fact that the fiscal 2019 conference were cancelled due to COVID-19, we
planned and exchanged summaries of fiscal 2019 programs, as well as the key goals and
concerns to be resolved in fiscal 2020, for use of factory, head office, branch, and
associated company management policies.

After that, the next program that will be run in my company is Holding Health
and Safety Training. Fuji Electric offers instruction through open workshops, which are
open to staff of subsidiaries and associations as well; new employee training; and
company site and factory-level training and exercises. In addition, affiliate floor leaders
receive supervisor and workplace health and safety manager training. They plan and
perform health and safety instruction based on extremely realistic curriculums on a year-
round basis in this manner. In recent years, the company has also concentrated on road
management workshops and mental health training in order to prevent collisions in
company cars. Lastly, Fuji Electric also run a Factory Health and Safety Audit and Sales
Office Safety Conference. They manage and monitor compliance with factory health and
safety regulations by conducting health and safety audits in collaboration with safety
departments across the company. They use a standard checklist in these audits to ensure
consistency with legislation, legislation, and organizational guidelines, as well as provide
feedback through real on-site inspections. In order to enhance regulatory enforcement
and oversight, we also perform investigations of company vehicle management at our
distribution offices. As a result, the number of commercial vehicle collisions in fiscal
2019 was at an all-time low.
QUESTION 2

Article Title: Occupational Safety and Health in The Industry 4.0 Era: A Cause for
Major Concern

Modern industry has evolved to rely heavily on real-time communication, big

data, human-machine cooperation, remote sensing, process monitoring and control,
autonomous equipment, and networking. A new paradigm will emerge as a result of the
fourth industrial revolution, or Industry 4.0, and it will have an influence on occupational
health and safety (OHS) management. Do we properly take into account changes in OHS
requirements in the middle of this recent and growing industrial trend? Has the impact of
industry 4.0 on OHS been properly assessed? Will the benefits of this proactive approach
be lost? Is the primary worry supported by logic? In order to increase understanding of
the integration of OHS into Industry 4.0, we will examine this query in this post. It is
obvious that if technology is driving Industry 4.0, it will expand in silos and
manufacturers' activities will be dispersed and separated, which will increase risk and
have a negative overall impact on OHS. Prior successes in workplace preventive, health
and safety management will be at risk when significant changes are made. Researchers,
subject matter experts, and businesspeople must collaborate to ensure a seamless
transition to Industry 4.0 if we are to prevent technical advancements and OHS from
colliding.

There are many different protection devices that make use of this technology,
according to a recent study of the literature (Podgorski et al., 2017). Such smart device
usage appears to have altered working procedures and increased the complexity of the
production process. The authors of this paper propose a more dynamic OHS conceptual
framework built on a new, more individualized, and dynamic risk management paradigm
as a solution to this initial issue. Fernández and Pérez (2015) point out that while new
occupational health and safety concerns may be created by modern manufacturing
processes, these risks are difficult to uncover using traditional occupational risk analysis
methodologies. The author advises using a new risk analysis model that can track all
OHS hazards to resolve this issue (conventional and emerging). As this is happening, the
utilization of cyber-physical systems holds up the possibility of enabling the industry
system to adjust to shifting environmental conditions because of decision autonomy
(Kushnerus et al., 2015). For better adaptability to an autonomous and intelligent
environment, discover and utilize a cyber-physical system that abide by security
constraints that decrease technological risk to an acceptable level, as described in the
most recent standards (such as IEC 61508).

The study by Siemieniuch et al. (2015) makes the key point that ergonomic and
human factors research must play a substantial role in OHS in the context of Industry
4.0. This may be principally supported by the significant benefits of cyberphysical
systems. The author highlights the crucial role that engineers and ergonomists play in the
development of new systems and procedures as well as in minimizing the unexpected
consequences brought on by the shift in the industrial paradigm. Beetz et al. (2015)
voiced concerns in the same area regarding the usage of cobots and their intimate
contacts with employees to assist challenging and hazardous jobs. They emphasize the
significance of creating safety-aware robots that can identify behaviour that endanger
worker safety or potentially result in injury. Robots must be outfitted with sophisticated
systems that enable them to think and comprehend the demands of adjacent employees in
order to interact in a safe and successful manner. The objective of analyzing and using
the information circulating in the industry is made more difficult by the Internet of
Things and Big Data, according to Mattsson et al. (2016). The subject of how to utilize
and incorporate new information and technology to enhance performance and minimize
accidents is brought up by them. They do, however, see several chances to automate
monitoring different workplace data (eg pulse, emotions, activity, temperature, etc.).

Prior to the advent of digital technology, professionals in the field of accident

prevention gathered data, monitored operations, and evaluated behaviour to enhance
working conditions. Human needs as seen in the opinions of employees and managers
are always the beginning point of preventative measures in training. Data collecting
should be simpler in the digital era because devices can now log and preserve huge
volumes of data. Determining whether data are genuinely helpful to enhance accident
prevention is still a job, though. The hazard must be detected through thorough
information management prior to taking preventative or remedial action (Ross et al.,
2005). Analyzing a variety of data sources is necessary. This management is frequently
given to a group of professionals from different professions who must collaborate. The
difficulty of identifying the appropriate risk variables and retaining the availability of
OHS professionals, who will be less and less visible on the shop floor, is one of the
problems of Industry 4.0 risk management.
REFERENCES

Bees, C. (2015, June 17). Workplace accidents: common causes and consequences.
Retrieved from Safety, Training and Development:
https://oahumanresources.com/workplace-accidents-common-causes-and
consequences/

Bradbury, J. C. (2006). Regulatory federalism and workplace safety: evidence from

OSHA enforcement, 1981–1995. Journal of Regulatory Economics, 211-224.

Fuji Electric Sdn. Bhd. (2020). Employee Health and Safety Management. Retrieved
from Fuji Electric:
https://www.fujielectric.com/company/csr/with_employee/safety_management.
ml

Interactive, J. (2019, May 11). Slips, Trips, and Falls (ST&F). Retrieved from
Safeopedia: https://www.safeopedia.com/definition/189/slips-trips-and-falls
stf#:~:text=Slips%20are%20the%20result%20of,balance%2C%20and%20usua
%20a%20fall.

MARTINEZ AIRES, M. R. (2010). Prevention through design: The effect of European

Directives on construction workplace accidents. Loughborough University
Institutional Repository.