FOREST UTILIZATION

Forestry for IFoS 2020

Paper – 2 | Section - B

Part - 1
 FOREST UTILIZATION

Forest utilization is the process of HARVESTING, CONVERSION, TRANSPORTATION and DISPOSAL of forest
produce. It includes market and manufacturing of various usable commodities from it
Subject framework

Grading of
timber
❑ IFoS 2017 : What is logging? What are the objects of felling? Briefly
write the general rules of felling and basic cuts of tree felling (15 m).

❑ IFoS 2014 : Explain the term logging, its purposes and stages (8m).
Log making (Logging) is a series of operations consisting feeling of trees, trimming off the
branches (Limbing), bucking, conversion (sawing the clean bole) of it into sections of
required size, and transportation of it out of the forest areas
Current developments

The industry was required to minimize the heavy costs associated with felling operations,
conversion and transportation as well as wastage of wood.

❑ The effects of the felting operation on the local ecosystem and take
necessary steps to reduce its side effects

❑ Mechanization of felling operations

❑ Reduce impact logging (RIL)
❑ IFoS 2016 : Explain the recent developments in mechanization of logging
operations and their impact on the efficiency and wastage (10 m).

❑ IFoS 2019 : What is Reduce impact logging (RIL) ? What is its

composition? Explain the benefits of RIL (8 m).
REDUCED IMPACT LOGGING (RIL) is the intensively planned and carefully controlled
implementation of timber harvesting operations to minimize environmental impacts on
forest stands and soils. It involves a number of practical measures, such as -

• Forest organization
• Planning : Pre-harvest inventory and mapping of individual crop trees and terrain.
• Pre-harvest activities : Determine felling direction for each tree. Mark protected trees
(potential crop trees, seed trees) near trees to be felled. Pre-construct skid trails and
roads.
• Harvesting : Use directional felling and proper bucking techniques, to minimize damage
to the residual stand, to avoid waste, and to maximize volume and value recovery.
• Post-harvest : Restore drainage of this area
⁎ Pre-harvest forest inventories and the mapping of individual crop trees
⁎ The pre-harvest planning of roads, skid trails and landings to minimize soil disturbance
and to protect streams and waterways with appropriate crossings
⁎ The construction of roads, landings and skid trails in accordance with environmentally
friendly design principles
⁎ The use of appropriate felling and bucking techniques, such as directional felling, cutting
stumps low to the ground to avoid waste, and the optimal crosscutting of tree stems
into logs in ways that maximize the recovery of useful wood
⁎ The winching of logs to planned skid trails, ensuring that skidding machines
remain on trails at all times
⁎ Where feasible, the use of yarding systems that protect soils and residual
vegetation by suspending logs above the ground or by otherwise minimizing
soil disturbance

⁎ Conducting post-harvest assessments to provide feedback to resource

managers and logging crews and to evaluate the degree to which RIL
guidelines have been applied
Forestry for IFoS 2020

TRANSPORTATION
Log Raft
Double arm or “V” Shape boom
 TIMBER
STORAGE Forestry for IFoS 2020
• What is it ?
• Types ?
WORKS IN DEPOT
 GRADING OF TIMBER

AIM Common defects and terminology Grading

❑ Quality regulation ❑ IFoS 2017 : Briefly write about the natural defects
❑ Treatment observed in wood (8 m).
❑ Identify the causes
❑ IFoS 2011 : Discuss the various common defects
encountered after harvesting of the wood during
stacking ( 10 m).
 GRADING OF TIMBER

AIM Common defects and terminology Grading

 GRADING OF TIMBER

AIM Common defects and terminology Grading

❑ IFoS 2013 : Give the classification of timbers based on air-dry weight with suitable
examples (7m).
Uses of Wood
Forestry for IFoS 2020
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