Design of Bonded Anchors TR 029 Edition June 2007TABLE OF CONTENTS Design method for bonded anchors. Introduction 1 Scope o 4.1 Type of anchors, anchor groups and number of anchors 12 Concrete member. 4.3 Type and direction of load 14 Safetyciass 2 Terminology and Symbols 24 Indices: 22 Actions and resistances 23 — Conerete and steel 24 Characteristic values of anchors oe Figure 2 ‘he 3 _ Design and safety concept. 31 General 3.2 Ubimate limit state 32.1 Design resistance. 32.2 Partial safety factors for resistances... 3221 Concrete cone eure sptng fale, combined pau and concrete cone fr, pr. fallure and edge failure 3222 Steel failure 3.3.” Serviceability limit state 4 ‘Static analysis 4.1 Non-crackéd and cracked concrete 42 Loads acting on anchors 4.2.1 Tension loads. 422 Shear loads. 10 422.1 Distibution of shear loads 10 4222 Determination of shear loads 1" 4223 Shear loads without lever arm 43 422.4 Shear loads with lever arm 14 3 _Utimate limit state 18 81 General 18 52 Design method 15 524 General 18 52.2 _ Resistance to tension loads. 15 522.1 Required proofs. 18 52.2.2 Steel failure, 18 5223 Combined pull-out and concrete cone failure. 18 5224 — Concrete cone faliure 7 49 5225 Spiting failure due to ancher instalation 22 5226 Spitting faiure due to loading 22 52.3 Resistance to shear loads, 23 523.1 Required proofs, 7 23 5232 Steet eilure, i 24 5233 — Concrete pry-out failure 25 5234 Concrete edge failure. a 5.2.4 Resistance to combined tension and shear loads 33 6 _ Seniceabilty limit state 34 61 Displacements. 34 6.2 Shear load with changing sign 34 7 ‘Additional proofs for ensuring the characteristic resistance of concrete member 34 7.4 General . 34 7.2 Shear resistance of concrete member 35 73 Resistance to splitng forces, 38Introduction ‘The design mathod for bonded anchors given in the relevant ETA’s is based on the experience of a bond resistance for anchors in the range up to 15 Nimm? and an intended embedment depth of 8 to 12 anchor diemeter. In the meantime anchors are on the market with significant higher bond resistance. Furthermore the advantage of bonded anchors, to be installed with varying embedment, needs a mocified design concept. This. Concept is given In this Technical Report. It covers embedment of min hg to 20 d. The minimum embedment depth is given in the ETA, it should be not less than 4d and 40mm, Restriction of the embedment depth may be given in the ETA. Algo the assessment and some tests in Part 5 need modifications, because it may be difficult to develop the characteristic bond resistance. Following the concept of Part § predominantly stee! failure and concrete cone failure may be observed for stialow and deep embedment, These results are of minor interest ‘The design method given in this Technical Report is based on Annex C with necessary modifications. itis val for enchors with European Technical Approval (ETA) according to the new approach with characteristic bond resistance (spy) and it is based on the assumption that the required tests for assessing the admissible service ‘conditions given in Part 1 and Part 5 with modifications according to this Technical Report have been carried out ‘The use of other design methods will equire reconsideration ofthe necessary tests, ‘The ETA’s for anchors give the characteristic values only of the different approved anchors. The design of the anchorages @.9. arrangement of anchors in a group of anchors, effect of edges of comers of the concrete member on the characteristic resistance shall be carried out according to the design methods described in Chapter 8 to 5 taking account of the corresponding characteristic values of the anchors. Chapter 7 gives additional proofs for ensuring the characteristic resistance of the concrete, ‘The design method is valid for all types of bonded anchors except undercut bonded anchors, torque controlled tonded anchors or post installed rebar connections. If values for the characteristic resistance, spacing, edge istances and partial safely factors differ between the design methods and the ETA, the value given in the ETA ‘governs. In the absence of national regulations the paral safety factors given in the folowing may be used, 4 Scope 1.1 Type of anchors, anchor groups and number of anchors. ‘The design method applies to the design of bonded anchors (according to Part 1 and §) in concrete using approved anchors which fulfil the requirements of this Guideline, The characteristic values of these anchors are given in the ralevant ETA, The design method is valid for single anchors and anchor groups. in case of an anchor group the loads are applied to the individual anchors of the group by means of a ngid future. In an anchor group only anchors of the ‘same type, size and lenath should be used. ‘The design method covers single anchors and anchor groups according to Figure 1.1 and 1.2. Other anchor arrangements @.9. in a tlangular or circular patter are also allowed; however, the provisions of this design method should be applied with engineering judgement, In General this design method is vaid only ifthe diameter dof the clearance hole in the fixture is not larger than the value according to Table 4.1 Exceptions: + For fastenings loaded in tension only a larger diameter ofthe clearance hole is acceptable if @ correspondent washer is used, ‘+ For fastenings loaded in shear or combined tension and shear if the gap between the hole and the fixture is filed with morter of sufcient compression strength or eliminated by other suitable means.anchor plate anchors - oe Gee e\ @ ° e © e ee e e e @ e ee e®ee a » 3) o 2 9 Figure 1.1 Anchorages covered by the design methods + allloading directions, if anchors are situsted far from edges (¢ 2 max (10 hw: 60.4) + tension loading only, it anchors are situated close to edges (c < max (10 har; 604 J) anchor plate % ances Im x, ¢2 < max GO; 80.4)) a 5 4 a Figure 1.2 Anchorages covered by the design methods ~ shear loading, if anchors are situated close to an edge (¢ < max (10h, 1.2 Concrete member ea) The concrete member should be of normal weight concrete of at least strength class C 20/25 and at most strength class C 50/60 accorcing to EN 206 and should be subjected only to predominantly static loads. The ‘concrete may be cracked or non-cracked, In general for simplification itis assumed thal the concrete is cracked, otherwise it as to be shown that the concrete Is non-cracked (see 4.1) 1.3. Type and direction of load ‘The design methods apply to anchors subjected to static or quasi-static loadings and not to anchors subjected to impact or seismic loadings. 1.4 Safety class Anchorages carried out in accordance with these design methods are considered to belong to anchorages, the failure of which would cause risk to human life andlor considerable economic consequences,2 Terminology and Symbols ‘The notations and symbols frequently used in the design methods are given below. Further notations are given in the text Indices = action resistance = materiat design value stee! = concrete wgovarzena = pullout spliting ultimate yield 2 Actions and resistances shear force = moment a g<27K = bond strength Fev (Nex: Vex: Mex: Mrs) Fe (Noa. Vsa, Miso. Mrsa) Ney (VE) NE (VE) Fra (Nr: Vand Fr (No Vag) 23 Concrete and steel characteristic value concrete pry-out = force in general (resutting force) ‘normal force (positive: tension force, negative: compression force) ‘characteristic value of actions acting on a single anchor or the foture ‘of an anchor group respectively (normal load, shear load, vending moment, torsion moment) ‘esign value of actions design value of tensile load (shear lod) acting on the most stressed anchor of an anchor group calculated according to 42 design value of the sum (resultant) of the tensile (shear) loads acting (on the tensioned (sheared) anchors of a group calculated according to42 characteristic value of resistance of a single anchor or an anchor ‘group respectively (normal force, shear force) dosign value of resistance fore characteristic concrete compression strength measured on cubes with a side tength of 150 mm {value of concrete strength class according to EN 206) tye characteristic steel yield strength (nominal value) ta characteristic steel ultimate tensile strength (nominel value) A stressed cross section of steel Wa section with diameter d) devi seen nocd tom te seed oot sein ost E> fr ardCexsp Seno Sen San Characteristic values of anchors (see Figure 2.1) ‘spacing between outer anchors of agjoining groups or between single anchors: spacing between outer anchors of adjoining groups or between single anchors in direction 1 spacing between outer anchors of adjoining groups or between single anchors in tection 2 ‘width of concrete member ‘eige distance edge distance in direction 1; in cas® of anchorages close to an edge loaded in shear cy is the edge distance in direction of the shear load (see Figure 2.1b and Figure 5.7) edge distance in direction 2; direction 2 is perpencicular to direction + ‘edge distance for ensuring the transmission of the characteristic tensile resistance of 2 single anchor without spacing and edge effects in cese of pullout failure ledge distance for ensuring the transmission of the characteristic tensile resistance of a single ‘anchor without spacing and edge etfects in case of concrete cone failure ledge distance for ensuring the transmission of the charactaxistc tensile resistance of 2 single anchor without spacing and edge effects in case of spliting failure ‘minimum allowable edge distance diameter of anchor bol or thread diameter, in case of intemally threaded cockets outside diameter of socket dail hole diameter > thickness of concrete member effective anchorage depth ‘minimum thickness of concrete meer spacing of anchors in a group spacing of anchors in a group in diction + spacing of anchors in a group In diction 2 spacing for ensuring the transmisSiOn of the characteristic resistance of a single anchor without ‘spacing and edge effects in case of pullout failure spacing for ensuring the tansmiss®n ofthe characteristic tensile resistance of a single anchor vuithout spacing and edge effecis if case of concrete cone failure spacing for ensuring the transmis*n ofthe characteristic tensile resistance of a single anchor without spacing and edge eifecis If vase of spliting fallure ‘minimum allowable spacingirection 1 and 2 depends on the direction of the shear load K for shear loads not perpendicular to the edge see Equ. 584) direction 1 and 2 a) anchors subjected to tension load ) anchors subjected to shear load in case of anchorage near to an edge Figure 2.1 Concrete member, anchor spacing and edge distance 3 Design and safety concept 3.4 General “The design of anchorages shall be in accordance with the general rules given in EN 1990. It shall be showin that the value of the design actions 8, does not exceed the value of the design resistance Ry Ss = Ry ey Se value of design action Rs = value of design resistance Actions to be used in design may be obtained from national regulations or in the absence of them from the relevant parts of EN 1991 ‘The partial safely factors for actions may be taken from national regulations or in the absence of them according to EN 1990, ‘The design resistance is calculated as follows Re = Rida 62) Ry, = characteristic resistance of a single anchor or an anchor group ™ pattil safety factor for material 3.2 Ultimate limit state 3.2.4 Design resistance ‘The design resistance is calculated according to Equation (3.2). 3.2.2 Partial safely factors for resistances Inthe absence of national regulations the following partial safety factors may be used: 3.2.2.4 Conerete cone failure, spi failure and edge failure ‘The partial safety factors for conorete cone failure, pry-out failure and edge failure (ry), splitting false (ying) and combined pull-out and concrete cone failure (vu,) are given in the relevant ETA, ing failure, combined pull-out and concrete cone failure, pry-out For anchors fo according to current experience the partial safety factor jx is determined from. Me = aR paral safely factor for conorete = 1.5, partial sefety actor taking account ofthe installation safety of an anchor system ke ”The pantal safety factor y is evaluated from the results ofthe installation safety test, see Pat 5, 61,222 Tension foading ” 1.0 for systems with high installation safety 1.2 for systems with normal installation safety 1.4 for systems with low bat stil acceptable installation safety ‘Shear loading » 10 For the partial safely factors rp and muy the value for 7ue may be taken, 3.2.2.2 Steel failure ‘The partial safety factors yu for steel falure are given in the relevant ETA. For anchors according to current experience the partial safety factors yh are determined as 2 function of the type of loading as follows: Tension loading: 214 (3.38) ‘Shear loading of thé enchor with and without fever arm’ 10 a= 2 128 fx $ 800 Nin? (3.20) and fylla $0.8 me = 15 fa > 600 Néme? (3.30) or filha > 08 23 Serviceability limit State In the serviceabiy limit sit® i sill be shown thatthe ceplacements occuring under the characteristic actions ‘are not larger than the adMissible displacement. For the characteristic displacements see chapter 6 Th® admissible cisplacemert dePnds on the apptcation in question and shouldbe evelusted by the designer In this check the pertial safety factors on actions and on resistances may be assumed to be equal to 1 0. 4 Static analysis 4.4 Non-cracked and facked concrete IF the condition in Equation (4.1) is not fufled oF nol checked, then cracked concrete is assumed Non-cracked concrete maY be assumed in special cases if in each case it Is proved thal under servict ‘conditions the anchor with # entre anchorage dep is located in non-cracked concrete. la the absence of ater uidance the following provisions may be taken, For anchorages subjecied '© a resultant load Fox < 60 KN non-cracked concrete may be assumed if Equation (@'1y is observes tag 20 at) oF stresses in the concrete induced by external loads, including anchors loads oR OF stresses if the concrete due to restraint of intrinsic imposed deformations (e.g. shrinkage Of concrete) %F extrinsic imposed deformations (e.g. cue to displacement of suppor temperatuf® variations). If no detailed analysis is conducted, then ca = 3 Nimm® should DS ‘assumed. cording to EC 2The stresses o, and on are calculated assuming that the concrete is non-cracked (slate 1). For plane concrete members which transmit loads in two directions (e.g. slabs, walls) Equation (4.1) should be fulfilled for both directions, 4.2 Loads acting on anchors: Inthe static analysis the loads and moments are given which are acting on the fixture. To design the anchorage the loads acting on each anchor are calculated, taking into account partial safety factors for actions according to 31 in the ullimate limit state and according to 3.3 inthe serviceability limit state, With single anchors normally the loads acting on the anchor are equal to the loads acting on the fixture, With anchor groups the loads, bending and torsion moments acting on the fixture are distrituted to tension and shear forces acting on the incividual anchors of the group. This distribution shail be calculated according to the theory of eiasticly, 4.24. Tension loads In general, the tension loads acting on each anchor due to loads and bending moments acting on the fixture shoul be calculated according to the theory of elasticity using the following assumptions: a} The anchor plate does not deform under the design actions. To ensure the valiity of this assumption the anchor plate has to be sufficiently sf. b)_ The stiness of all anchors is equal and corresponds to the modulus of elasticity ofthe steel, The modulus of elasticity of concrete is given in EC 2. As a simplification it may be taken as E_ = 30 000 Nm? ©) In the zone of compression under the fixture the anchors do not contribute to the transmission of normal forces (see Figure 4, tb. If in special cases the anchor plate is not sufficiently sif, then the flexibility of the anchor plate should be taken into account when calculating loads acting on the anchors. In the case of anchor groups with different levels of tension forces N. acting on the individual anchors of a group the eccentrcty ey of the tension force N§ of the group may be calculated (see Figure 4.1), 1o enable a more accurate assessment of the anchor group resistance. if the tensioned anchors do not form a rectangular pattem, for reasons of simplicity the group of tensioned anchors may be resolved into a group rectangular in shape (that means the cenire of graviy of the tensioned ‘anchors may be assumed in the centre of the axis in Figure 4. 1c)7 ines | 4 a} eccentricity in one direction, all anchors are loaded by a tension force neutral axis NS p | Not ‘7 va _| compressed XY {> f a ie { t Ns= DN | iH [ose] 0.55, s | Ng, = Nt ) eccentricity in one direction, only a partof the anchors of the group are loaded by a tension force peutral axis Ng oy 5 st ©) eccentricity in two directions, only 2 part the anchors ofthe group are loaded by a tensioN force @ tensioned anchors © contre of gravity of tensioned anchors X point of rasuiting tensile force Cf tensioned anchors Figure 4.1 Example of anchorages subjected to an eccentric tensile load N#4.2.2 Shear loads 4.2.2.4 Distribution of shear loads The distribution of shear loads depends on the mode of fallure: a) Steel fallure and concrete pry-out failure Itis assumed that all anchors of a group take up shear load if the diameter dy of clearance hole in the fixture is not larger than the value given in Table 4.1 (see Figure 4,2 and 4.6), b) Concrete edge failure Only the most unfavourable anchors take up shear loads if the shear acts perpencicular towards the edge {see Figure 4.3 and 4.7). All anchors take up shear loads acting parallel to the edge. Slotted holes in direction of the shear load prevent anchors to take up shear loads. This can be favourable in case of fastenings close to an edge (see Figure 4.4). ifthe diameter 0; of clearance hole jn the fixture is larger than given in Table 4.1 the design method is only valid if the gap between the bolt and the fxture is filed with mortar of sufficient compression strength or eliminated by other suitable means, Table 4.1 Diameter of clearance hole in the fixture [external diameter 8 0F on’ (mm) |e |s fo _|r2_|s4 [16 [18 [20 |22 jas [a7 [30 Glameter dof clearance hole in the fixture (mm —|7_|s_|r2_|ra fre fre 20 f22 [24 [26 |s0 [33 Tol bears apart the ture yr aunave bears sgainat he tre Vs rt { 7 tf d ve ; | | 1 | cece 4 Tat a) b) oe) Figure 4.2 Examples of load distribution, when all anchors take up shear loadsoo wo a) > 9 Figure 4.3 amples of load distribution, when only the most unfavourable anchors take up shear loads Figure 44 &¥€mples of load distibution for @ fastening with slotted holes in the case of anchor groups with diferent levels of shear forces Vz acting on the individual anchors ofthe group the eccenticiy & of the shear force Vf of the group may be calculated (see Figure 4.5), to enable @ more accurate assessMSnt of the anchor group resistance, Figure 4.5 E*&mple for a fastening subjected to an eccentric shear load 4.2.2.2 Determ!"4tion of shear loads The determinatiO" of shear loads to the fasteners in a group resulting from shear forces end torsion moments 2cting on the fixt¥* is calculated according to the theory of elasticity assuming equal stifiness forall fasteners of 2 group. Equilib"™ has to be satisfied. Examples are given in Figs 4.6 and 4.7,212+ ) Group of four anchors under a shear load ©) Group of four anchors under an Inclined shear load PL Ves a | 2) Group of three anchors under a shear toad [Vee Be Veins 4 Veen id Wesel Veawi 84 Voin!4 4 Veon lA Vance e e é Varo Varcer with: [p= radial moment of inertia (nare: |p = s\? + s2") 4) Group of four anchors under a torsion moment Figure 4.6 Determination of shear loads when all anchors take up loads (steel and pry-out falure)18+ Vee ve 2 | © Losded anchor > © Unloaded anchor ° é edge 2) Group of wo anchor added by 8 shear oad perpendicular tothe edge ° a = ++ Load not tobe considered Vee <— Load to be considered ° on Ve a Edge ') Group of two anchors loaded parallel to the edge W= Vso 608 ay Load not to be considered 4— Load to be considered Edge ©) Group of four anchors loaded by an inclined shear load Figure 47 Determination of shear loads when only the most unfavourable anchors take up loads (concrete edge falure) In case of concrete edge failure where only the most unfavourable anchors taka up load the component of the load acting perpenticuiar to the edge are taken up by the most unfavourable anchors (anchors close to the edge), while the components of the load acting parallel to the edge are ~ due to reasons of equilibrium ~ equally isinbuted to all anchors ofthe group. 4.2.23 Shear loads without lover arm ‘Shear loads acting on anchors may be assumed to act without lever arm if both of the following conditions are tuttlled 2) The fixture shail be made of metal and in the area of the anchorage be fixed directly to the concrete either without an intermediate layer of with a levelling layer of mortar (compression strength ® 30 Nimo") with a thickness < of2 bb). The fixture shall be in contact withthe anchor over its entire thicknessa4. 4.2.2.4 Shear loads with lever arm Hf the conditions a) and b) of 4.2.2.3 are not fullled the lever arm is calculated according to Equation (4.2) (see Figuee 4.8) eater (42) th @; = distance between shear load and concrote surface 25 = 05d 23 = 0 —_ifawasher and a nuts directly clamped tothe concrete surface (soe Figure 4) 4. = nominal diameter of the anchor bolt or thread diameter (see Figure 4 8a) anchor bolt conerete mae | Fo] te 1 tet b) Figure 4.8 Defintion otever arm “The design moment acting on the anchors calculated according to Equation (4.2) t Mss = Va 3) ‘The value ay depends on the degree of restraint of the anchor at the side of the fxture of the application in question and shall be judged according to good engineering practice. No restraint (ayq = 1.0) shall be assumed if the fixture can rotate freely (see Figure 4.93). This assumption is always on the safe side, Full restraint (ayq = 2.0) may be assumed only if the fixture cannot rotate (see Figure 4.9b) and the hole Clearance in the fiure is smaller than the values given in Table 4.1 or the anchor is clamped to the fixture by nut ‘and washer (see Figure 4.8). If restraint ofthe anchor is assumed the fixture shall be able to take up the restraint lf - fixture fixture a) ay = 1.0 Figure 4.8 Fixture without (a) and with (b} restraint-18- 5 Ultimate limit state 5.1 General ‘According to Equation (3.1) it has to be shown that the design value of the action is equal to or smaller than the design velue of the resistance, The characteristic values of the anchor to be used for the calculation of the resistance in he ulimate limit stale are given in the relevant ETA. Spacing, edge distance as well as thickness of concrete member should not remain under the given minimum values. The spacing between outer anchor of adjoining groups or the distance to single anchors should be a > Sai 5.2 Design method 5.24 General Ithas to be shown that Equation (3.1) is observed for all loading directions (tension, shear) 2s well as all falure ‘modes (steel failure, combined pull-out and concrete cone failure, concrete cone failure, splting failure, ‘concrete edge failure and concrete pry-out failure) In case of a combined tension and shear loading (oblique loading) the condition of interaction according to 5.2.4 should be observed 5.2.2 Resistance to tension loads 5.2.21 Required proofs f single enchor anchor group steel failure Noes Nee ts NY Nowe a ‘combined pull-out and Nee Neo! Yup NS.< Newel iy ‘concrete cone falure eee concrete cone falure Naa Nee! the NE, ¢ Ne! tue splitting failure sa. Nanso! NEy S Nave! tse 5.222 Steet fallure “The characteristic resistance of an anchor in case of steel fllure, Nasi Naw = A fa (NI 8.) Nas given in the relevant ETA 5.2.2.3 Combined pull -out and conerete cone failure ‘The characteristic resistance in case of combined pull-out and concrate cone failure, Naxp. 18 9 Aa Niue = Nico GE Wane Yate Wace Vanp INI 62) an ‘The diferent factors of Equation (5.2) for anchors according to current experience are given below a) The intel value ofthe characteristic resistance of an anchor is obtained by: Naep= td a. Tra ™ (5 2a) Tax [Nimm’} he and ¢ {mm}» 16- “Tra characteristic bond resistance, depending on the concrete strength class, values given for applications in cracked conerete (Trae) oF relevant ETA applications in non-cracked concrete (Taxus ) In the “The geometic effect of spacing and edge distance on the characteristic resistance is taken into account by the value Ap! Af y. where: Aly = influence area of an indvidual anchor with large spacing and edge distance at the concrete surface, idealizing the concrete cone as a pyramid with a base length equal to Seznp (680 Figure 6.1) Sermo Se (6.20) Aon actual ares: is ited by overlapping areas of scjlning anchors (6 < san) a8 well a5 by edges ofthe concrete member (c < Cam). Examples for the calculaon of Ayn are ven in Figure 52 with fe 5 Sernp = 20-0 = $3: Ny fmm) (5.20) with Trxver for C20/25 [Nimm"]; d [mm} Cceivp trom) (5.29) Note: The values according to Equations (5,2c) and (6. 2d) are val for both cracked and non-cracked concrete, Figure 5-1 Infuence area A2y ofan indvidel anchor“ate Aan = (C1 +05 Seated Ser i ey Caen 0.5 Saxp 05 Sean 4) individual anchor at the edge of concrete member a 9 (61 54 + 05 Sent) Sextlp © S Cony 54 $ Soins d| 2 3 ») group of t¥0 anchors at the edge of concrete member Ay = (C1 + 84+ 0.5 Scrip) (C2 + 82+ O15 Sexy) —~ ae ite 6562S Conny tan 81 1805 Sarty ANCA) ) 8 | | 05 Sexi 0.5 Samp Sa hey ©) group of four anchors at a comer of concrete member Examples of actual areas Ay for different arrangements of anchors i" the case of axial tension load ‘The fctor wanp takes account of the disturbance of the distribution of stres5%s in the concrete due to ‘edges Of the concrete member. For anchorages with several edge distances (®.g, anchorage in a comer ff th® Concrete member or in @ narrow member), the smallest edge distafe, c, shall be inserted in Equation (5.22) Figure 6.2 Q (6.26) wer 20.7 403 Corn* ° 9 -18- ‘The factor, Wen. takes account ofthe effect ofthe failure surface for anchor groups. Year rin) Wis - A210 29 Sas = = spacing, incase of anchor gtoups with 8, s: the mean value of al spacings ey and 6 should be taken win : 7 dot, wt, 150 mm (any diemeter) or with a diameter = 10 mm and a spacing > 100 mm then a shell spalling factor of Yep = 1.0 may be applied Independently of the anchorage depth. Special cases For anchorages with three or more edges with an edge distance Cmax < Cert» (Cnee * largest edge distance) (see Figure 6.3) the calculation accaraing to Equation 6.2 leads to recuils which are on the safe side More precise results are obtained i for by the larger value of s, eh hy = be of by = Cony Senate is inserted m Equation (5 2} and forthe determination of A’, and Acy according fo Figues 51 and 5.265 wel asin Equations (6.28) to (52h) the vabes 7 Cas Paw Sap TE Sune Sere = 5 Sermo Sexe Conp £95 Sere 28 inserted for Sn OF Cuno, spectively-19- n ear é tor [es a P| cs] srlen (410,418,218 Cea} Ceenp Figure 5.3 Examples of anchorages in concrete members where h't Sorp aNd Cozy may be used 5.2.24 Concrete cone failure The characteristic resist@nce of an anchor of a group of anchors, respectively, in case of concrete cone failure 63) oA Soe BE vt. Yan Wee Nae ‘The different factore of Equation (5.3) for anchors according to current experience are give" below: The inal vale €F the characteristic resistance ofan anchor placed in cracked of Non rocked concrete is obined by. Neer bo ffs ota? ™ 1 he en a) (S28) 72 for applications in cracked concrete 10 “for applications in non-cracked concrete ») The geomeine tect of spacing and edge distance on the characteristic resistanc® is taken ino account by the value Aes! A®.,, where rea of concrete of an individual anchor with large spacing 204 edge distence at the Concrete surface, idealizing the concrete cone as a pyramid wt" a height equal t0 he nd a base length equal to Sans (See Figure 5.43} Aaw Seu esun with Sen= 3a (6.30) ctual area of concrete cone of the anchorage at the concrete SUrface. iis limited by Skeriepping concrete cones of adjoining anchors (8 < Sax) 2s WEll as by edges of the Concrete member (¢ < Con). Examples for the calculation Sf A,y are given in ‘igure 5.40,=20- Figure $a. Idealzed concrete cone and area A, of concrete cone ofan incvdval anchor<2. B] A Ant 0.5 seen Ser 8 | i ey Coon a or 2) individual anchor at the edge of concrete member Aan = (1+ 81+ 055 Sern) Sect fe 61 Senn 54 5 Seen os. 015 San +) group of two anchors at the edge of concrete member Aon = (6 +814 0.8 Sein) (Co + 52-4 0.5 Scxn) tion ra 51} 82S Sonn 05 4m e AN cil st 05 Sen ©) group of four anchors at a corner of concrete member Figure S.4b Examples of aciual areas Ay of the idealized concrete cones for diferent arrangements of anchots in the case of axial tension loa9 * °) 9 -22- “The factor yay takes account of the disturbance of the distribution of stresses in the concrete due to ‘edges of the concrete member. For anchorages with several edge distances (e.g, anchorage in a corner ‘of the concrete member or in a narrow member), the smallest edge distance, c, shall be inserted in Equation (5.3) ven = 0.7403 (6.30) The shell spaling factor, vig takes account of the effect ofa reinforcement hy Ven = 05+ 24 (5.34 a (630) Fe (mm {tin the area of the anchorage there is a reinforcement with a spacing > 150 mm (any ciameter) or with 2 diameter < 10 mm and a spacing > 100 mm then a shell spalling factor of aay = 1.0 may be applied independently ofthe anchorage depth. ‘The facior of yscn takes account of a group effect when different tension loads are acting ‘on the individual anchors of a group. 1 Wen Tey Sax <1 (6.3¢) ew = eccenticity of the resulting tensile load acting on the tensioned anchors (see 4.2.1), Where there is an eccentricity in two directions, vax Shall be determined separately for each direction and the product of both factors shell be inserted in Equation (6.3) ‘Special cases For anchorages with three or more edges with an edge distance Cass < Can (Cner = largest edge distence) (see Figure 6.3) the calculation according to Equation &.3 leads to results which are on the sale sid. More precise results are obtained if for hg the larger velue of By or Hh Car 7 1s nserted in Equation (5.38) and forthe determination of A’, and Aey according fo Figures 5.3 and 5.4 as well as in Equations (5.3b), (5.3) and (5.3e) the values hy ORF Say =F Sen Sar 7 Gays = 05 See ‘re inserted for Sexy OF Cony Fospectivey. 5.2.2.5 Splitting fallure due to anchor installation Spliting failure is avoided during anchor instalation by complying wit minimum values for edge distance Crniry spacing Smig. member thickness Nn and reinforcement as given inthe relevant ETA. 5.2.2.6 Splitting failure due to foading For spitting failure due to loading the values Cures and Saiz» Shall be taken trom the ETA as a function of the embedment depth ab b) It may be assumed that spliting failure will not occur, if the edge distance in all directions is ¢> 1.2 Ceongp and the member depth is > 2 Nin With anchors suitable for use in cracked concrete, the calculation of the characteristic splitting resistance may be omited if the following two concitions are fullled ~ a reinforcements present which limits the crack width to w ~ 03 mm, taking into account the splitting forces according to 7.3 — the characteristic resistance for concrete cone failure and pull-out failure is calculated for cracked concrete-23- ifthe coneiions a) orb are filed the calculation of the characteristic epliting resistance may be omited. In al cher cases the cheracterisic resistance of a single anchor or an anchor group in case of spitting failure should be calculated according to Equation (6.4) a Aew Nace = Nige SEE Yan Wien: Wee: ss i) (6.4) with 2g. Waa Wie ew B€cording to Equations (6.3a) to (6.3e) and Ags, Ay as defined in 5.2.2.4 b), however the values c.,w and Se Should be replaced bY Caray Ad Secu ‘vase = ctor to account for the influence ofthe actual member depth, 1 onthe splltng resistance for anchors according to current experience ny? one (6.4) (zt : wth Betty \? If the edge distance of an anciior is smaller than the value Carsp then a longitudinal reinforceMent should be provided along the edge of the Member, The special case for anchorages with three or more edges as spectied in 5.2.2.0) also aptlies for splting failure due to loading, The modfied value of t's is inserted in Equation (53a) and forthe deter ination of APay and ew according to Figures 5:3 and 6.4, Furthermore, in Equations (8.38), (5.30) and (6.32) the vaiues for Saag ANG Cong a9 inserted f0F Sy Of Cure Tespectively. In Equation (5.4b) the sctual value Ps is used in the spetial case siuation 5.2.3 Resistance to shear loads single anchor anchor group steel failure, shear load Ve Vacs Ys without lever arm VioS Vaal the steel failure, shear load Vea $ Vins! Ye Via Vine! tas vith lever arm aan concrete pry-out failure Vea Viece | Ye Vis £Venep! Ye ‘concrete edge failure Vous Vive le VEE Vaio! Ye224 5.2.3.2 Steel failure 2) Shear load without lever arm The characteristic resistance of an anchor in case of steel fallure, Ves Is taken from the relevant ETA. In case of current experience itis given by Equation (5.5) Vans =O.5 Ay * foe wy 5) Vous fs given in the relevant ETA. In case of anchor groups, the characteristic shear resistance given in the relevant ETA is multipied with a factor 0.8, ifthe anchor is made of steel with a rather ow ductility (rupture elongation As < 8%)» =25- ‘Shear load with lever arm ‘The characteristic resistance of an anchor, Vacs, Is given by Equation (5.6), "Muss " 66) é whee uy = seea.2.24 & = aver atm according to Equation (4.2) Mrs = Mig (1=Nso!Naae) (Nm) (5.63) Naas = Naess Nixs.tus {9 be taken from the relevent ETA M&., = characteristic bending resistance of an incvigual anchor The characteristic bending resistance M&, shall be token from the relevant ETA The value of M2,., for anchors according fo current experience is obtained from Equation (5.60) Mi, = 1.2-Wer ta ine (6.60) 5.2.3.3 Concrete pry-out failure ‘Anchorages with short sti anchors can fail by a concrete pry-out failure at the side opposte to load direction (see Figure 5.5), The corresponding characteristic resistance Vee» may be calculated from Equation (6.7) and (6:72); the lowest value of (8.7) and (6.72) is decisive. Veer Ko News (87) Vince Ke Naxe (S72) where k = factor to be taken from the relevant ETA Naxp and Nace according to 52.2.3 and 5.2.2.4 determined for single anchors or all anchors of a group loaded in shear, For anchors according to current experience faling under tension load by concrete cone failure the Iollowing values are on the safe side tee = 60mm (570) ag 2 6Omm (570) concrete cone Nake Figure 6.5 Concrete pry-out failure on the side opposite to load direction Verification of pry-out failure for the most unfavourable anchor-26- In cases where the group is loaded by shear loads and/or extemal torsion moments, the direction of the individual sheer loads may alter. Fig, 5.5a demonstrates this for a group of two anchors loaded by @ torsion moment Itis self-explanatory that Equation (5.7) and (5.7a) are not suitable for this application. The shear loads acting on the individual anchors neutralise each other and the shear load acting on the entire group is Vay= 0, = 6 : Figure §.52 Group of anchors loaded by a torsion moment; shear loads acting on the individual anchors of the group alter their directions In cases where the horizontal or vertical components of the shear loads on the anchors alter thelr direction within group the verification of pry-out felure for the entire group is substituted by the verification of pry-out failure for the most unfavourable anchor of the group, When calculating the resistance of the most unfavourable anchor the influences of both, edge distances es well {a8 anchor spacing should be considered. Examples for the calculation of Ay are given in Fig, §.5b,-27- 28) Group of four anchors without edge influence ans (0-5 - Seny# 5112) (0.5 - Ser * 59/2) Ast Bens Aan Aans® Aon: (55 52) S Sey fans b) Group of two enchers ina corner Ans Aaa ens = (0-5 - Seqg 5512) (0.8 Saunt Co) ma (2412 + 61) (0.5 Sexy Ge) 51 $ Sen (e131 S Cac Figure .5b Exemles forthe calculation ofthe area Acy. of the idealised concrete cones 5.2.3.4 Concrete edg? failure Concrete edge failure Med not to be verified for groups with not more than 4 anchors when the edge cistance it all rections is c> 10 hat and c > 60 4. The cheractestic resistance for an anchor or an anchor group inthe case of concrete edge fare corresponds to a Ay Vene = Vike o- Yay wav ew Woev Yaw IN] 68) The different factors of Equation (6.8) for anchors according to current experience are given below: 4) The initial value of *® characteristic resistance of an anchor placed in cracked or non-cracked concrete and loaded perpendicula! to the edge corresponds to: Vane hed Me Vacane 6° ™ (6.80) dg. Cr [mili faces [NmmA] wit = 1.7 for 2PBlications in cracked concrete , = 2.4 far 8PBiications in non-cracked concrete os o7 (4) (5.8) crB =28- 2 -01(2) 680 oy 2) The geometrical effect of spacing ae wel a of further edge dtences and the etfect of thickness of the cenerete member on the characteristic loa is taken into account bythe rato Raw! AS, where: Agy Bey ‘area of concrete cone of an individual anchor at the lateral concrete surface not affected by ‘edges paralel to the assumed loading direction, member thickness or adjacent anchors, ‘assuming the shape of the fracture area as @ half pyramid with a height equal to cy and a base-tength of 1.5 ¢ and 3 o, (Figure 56) = 4807 (6.89) = actual area of concrete cone of anchorage at the lateral concrete surface. Its Imited by the overiapping concrete cones of adjoining anchors (6 < 3 c,) as well as by edges parallel to the assumed loading direction (cz < 1.5 cy) and by member thickness (h < 1.5 cy). Exemples for calculation of Azy are given in Figure 5.7 Forte cekovaionof A&y and Aey itis assumed that the shear loads ere applied perpendicular fo the edge of the concrete member Ae y= (21.80) - 1.5c, B45 e°0, Figure 5.6 \deaiized concrete cone and area A° 1.50; cas 1180; a) single anchor at a corner Boy = (2 150) + 5) hs 154, = 30, 1.801 50 | 1.501 'b) group of anchors at an edge in a thin concrete member WV TEL 1.50) | 52 ©) group of anchors at a corner in a thin concrete member Figure 5.7 Examples of actual areas of the idealized concrete cones for cifferent anchor arrangements under shear loading2 4 ) ‘The factor yay takes account of the disturbance of the distribution of stresses in the concrete due to further edges of the concrete member on the shear resistance. For anchorages with two edges parallel to the assumed direction of loading (e.g. in a narrow concrete member) the smaller edge cistance shall be inserted in Equation (5.8e). °, Wey = 0.7403 —a- <1 (6.8e) oa “The factor yny takes account of the fact thatthe shesr resistance does not decrease proportionally to the member thickness a5 assumed bythe ratio Aew Ay 15¢ Jy wy = (SA) 24 an fh The factor yav tekes account of the angle av between the load applied, Vs and the direction perpendicuar to the ree edge ofthe concrete member (a, 90", see Figue 4 7e) (6.89) The maximum value ay to be inserted in equation (5.8g) is limited to 90°. In case of ay > 90° itis assumed that anly the component of the shear load parellel to the edge Is acting fon the anchor. The component acting away from the edge may be neglected for the proof of concrete ‘edge failure. Examples of anchor groups loaded by Mr, Vsa or Both are given in Fig, 5.8 and Fig.6.8.<3te ‘no proof for conorete edge failure needed, Components directed away from the edge 42) group of anchors at an edge loaded by Vsawith an angle ay = 180° a j oe ° Joad on each anchor ‘components neglected, because: directed away from the edge load on anchor group for Caleuiation action load on each anchor load on anchor ‘group for calculation | ©} group of anchors at the edge loaded by a torsion moment tts igure 6.8 Examples of anchor groups at the edge loaded by 2 shear force or a torsion moment=32- action oad on each neglected because sum of anchor ‘components is directed away from the edge toad on anchor group Vea Kev load on anchor ‘group for ° ° caleutation 2} shear component due to torsion moment larger than component of shear force action ere Considered because sum of ded an eect ee 8 ‘components is directed no towards the edge load on anchor __ group, Vea /ey oad on anchor group for ore calculation b) shear component due to torsion moment smaller than component of shear force Figure 6.8 Examples of anchors groups at the edge loaded by a shear force and @ torsion moment=33- 1) The factor yew tekes account of a group effect when different shear loads are acting on the individual anchors of a group. 1 wey = oan st (©.8n) 142¢,1 Bq) ey = eccentricity of the resulting shear load acting on the anchors (see 4.2.2) 9) The factor vjgy takes account ofthe effect of the type of reinforcement used in cracked concrate, aw = 1.0 anchorage in non-cracked concrete and anchorage in cracked conerete without edge reinforcement Yaw ‘anchorage in cracked concrete with straight edge reinforcement (2.012 mm) Yow anchorage in cracked concrete with edge reinforcement and closely spaced stimups (as 100 mm) h} For anchorages placed at 2 corner, the resistances for both edges shall be calculated ard the smallest value is decisive, ) Special cases For anchorages in e narrow, thin member with Com < 1.5 Cr (Comer = greatest of the Iwo edge distances paraifeo the direction of loading) and h < 1.5 ¢; (See Figure 5.10) the calculation according to Equation (5.8) leads to resuits which are on the safe side. More precise resuls are achieved iin Equations (6.8) 10 (6.8) as well as inthe determination ofthe areas Ay and Aey acordng to Figures 5.6 and 5.7 the edge distance cy is replaced by the valve of Bong he greetst ofthe values Cony. 5 ad 1.5 oF Syd C880 of anchor groues fees andes S150 and het.soy Figure 6.10 Example of an anchorage in a thin, narrow member where the value o', may be used 6.24 Resistance to combined tension and shear loads For Combined tension and shear loads the following Equations (see Figure 5.11) shell be satisfied: Bust ) By 1 (6.2) But hy < 12 (6.8) where; fn (ratio between design action end design resistance fr tension (shear) loading In EQuation (5.9) the largest value of fy and fly for the different failure modes shall be taken (see 6.2.2.1 and 5237) 5307-34- By 10 (5.40) with (6.10) with e SA A oz By 02 10 Figure 8.11 Interaction diagram for combined tension and shear loads In general, Equations (6.92) to (5.96) yield conservative results. More accurate results are obtained by Equation (5.10) (B)" * Bu" < t (610) with: Pru By see Equations (5.9) = 20 if Nagand Vag are governed by steel falure a= 15 forallother failure modes 6 Serviceabllty limit state 6A placements. The characteristic displacement of the anchor under defined tension and shear loads shall be taken from the ETA It may be assumed thet the displacements ere a linear function of the applied load. In case of a combined tension and shear load, the displacements for the tension and shear component of the resultant load should be geometicaly added. In case of shear loads the influence of the hole clearance in the fixture on the expected displacement of the ‘whole anchorage shall be taken into account 6.2 Shear load with changing sign {the shear loads acting on the anchor change their sign several imes, appropriate measures shall be taken to ‘void a fatigue failure ofthe anchor steel (e.g. the shear load should be transferred by fiction between the fixture and the concrete (e.g. due to a sulficienty high permanent prestressing force)) ‘Shear loads with changing sign can occur due to temperature variations in the fastened member (e.g. facade elements). Therefore, either these members are anchored such that no significant shear loads duc to the restraint of deformations imposed to the fastened element will occur in the anchor or in shear loading with lever arm (stand-off installation) the bending stresses in the most stressed anchor Ac = maxs = mina in the serviceabilty limit state caused by temperature variations should be limited to 100 Nimm?, 7 Addit nal proofs for ensuring the characteristic resi tance of concrete member 7A General ‘The proof ofthe local transmission of the anchor loads into the concrete member is delivered by using the design methods described in this document. “The transmission ofthe anchor loads to the supports of the concrete member shall be shown forthe uitimate limit state and the serviceability iit state: for this purpose, the normal verifications shall be carried out under {due consideration ofthe actions introduced by the anchors, For these verifications the addtional provisions given In 7.2 and 7.3 should be taken into account.It the edge distance of an anchor is smaller than the characteristic edge distance cz: then a longitudinal Feinforcement of atleast @ 6 shall be provided at the edge of the member in the area Of the anchorage dept In case of siabs and beams made out of prefebricated units and added cast-in-place Concrete, anchor loads may be transmitted into the prefabricated concrete only if the precast concrete is connected with the castein-place concrete by a shear reinforcement. I this shear reinforcement between precast and C2st-In-place concrete is not present, the anchors should be embedded with hyn the added concrete. Otherwise Only the loads of suspended cellings or similar constructions with 2 load up to 7.0 kNim? may be anchored in the Precast concrete, 7.2 Shear resistance of conerete member In general, the shear forces Vseq caused by anchor loads should not exceed the value Veta 0.4 Vast wy wath Vas; = Shear resistance according Eurocode No. 2 [1] When caiculating Vegy the anchor loads shall be assumed as point loads with 2 width of load application {y= Sq +2 hy 20 ty='S2 + 2 hy, with si (Sa) spacing between the outer anchors Of a group in direction 1 (2) ‘The active width over vihich the shear force is transmitted should be caloulated Accarding to the theory of erasticty Equation (7.1) may be neglected, if one of the following conditions is met {a} The shear forCe Vsq atthe support caused by the design actions including the archer ads is Vee $ 28 Vacs 72) 'b) Under the characteristic actions, the resultant tension force, Nsw of the tensioned fAsteners is Nex < 30 kN ‘and the spacing, a, between the outermost anchors of adjacent groups or betwee" the outer anchors of a ‘group and individual anchors satisfies Equation (7 3) 2200 YN aml: Nox {kN} 73) The ancher lads are taken up by @ hanger reinforcement, which encloses the "sion reinforcement and is. anchored at the opposite side of the concrete member. Its distance from @" individual anchor or the outermost anchors of a group should be smaller than hy If under the chéacteristic actions, the resultant tension force, Nes. of the tensionéd fasteners is Nox > 60 KN. then either the @Mbedment depth of the anchors should be hy 2 0.8 h or a hangef "Cinforcement according to paragraph c) abv should be provided ‘The necessary Checks for ensuring the required shear resistance of the concrete ™&mber are summarized in Table 71,Table 7.1. Necessary checks for ensuring the required shear resistance of concrete member Caleulated value of shear force of the conerete Spacing between single Nox Proof of caloulated shear member under due ‘anchors and groups of force resulting from anchor ‘consideration of the anchor | anchors Ny loads loads Ve1s0.8 Van a2 San <60 | notrequirea a2 San 1 are <30 not required require: Ves™ 08 Veet a Vsaa<0.4 Ver 60 avn cor hanger reinforcement orhe2 08h 60 Mot requited, but hanger | reinforcement or he > 0.5 4 7.3 Resistance to spliting forces In general, the spliting forces caused by anchors should be taken into account in the design of the concrete member, This may be neglected if one of the folowing conditions is met 2) The load transfer area i in the compression zone of the concrete member 1) The tension component Nez of the characteristic loads acting on the anchorage (single anchor or group of anchors) is smaller than 10 KN. ©) The tension component Noy is not greater than 30 KN. In addition, for fastenings in slabs and walls a concentrated reinforcement in both directions is present in the region of the anchorage. The area of the liansverse reinforcement should be at least 60 % of the longitudinal reinforcement required for the actions due to anchor loads. If the characteristic tension load acting on the anchorage is Nex > 30 kN and the anchors are located in the tension zone of the concrete member the spitting forces shall be taken up by reinforcement. As a frst indication for anchors according to current experience the ratio between spliting force Fspx and the characteristic tension load Nsy may be taken as Fepa= 0.5 Nox for bonded anchors,European Organisation for Technical Approvals Europsische Organisation fGr Technische Zulassungen Organisation Européenne pour I'Agrément Technique ETAG 001 Edition 1997 GUIDELINE FOR EUROPEAN TECHNICAL APPROVAL OF METAL ANCHORS FOR USE IN CONCRETE Annex C: DESIGN METHODS FOR ANCHORAGES Amended October 2001 2° Amendment November 2006 3" Amendment August 2010 EOTA® Avenue des Arts 40 Kunstlaan, 1040 Brussels2 TABLE OF CONTENTS: ANNEX C Design methods for anchorages Introduction... 3 1 Scope : enna 7 Lag. 44 ‘Type of anchors, anchor groups and number of anchors. 3 12 Concrete member... le od 13 ‘Type and direction of load 4 14 Classification of the consequence of failure....... 4 2 Terminology and Symbols... 5 24 Indices, i is ve 22 Actions and resistances. 5 23 Concrete and steel 5 24 Characteristic values of anchors ‘see Figure 2.1). 6 3 Design and safety concept. 7 i 7 a4 Genel reeonnnnnn : 7 32 Uttimate limit state... 7 3.2.4 Design resistance... 7 3.22 7 3.2.21 Concrete cone failure, splitting failure, pull-out failure, pry-out failure and concrete edge failure, a f vl 3.22.2 Steel failure. 8 33 Serviceabilty imi state 8 4 Static analysis... 8 44 Non-cracked and cracked concrete 8 42 Loads acting on anchors ... 7 8 424 ‘Tension loads cele r 422 Shear loads 4.2.2.1 Distribution of loads 422.2 Determination of shear loads. 422.3 Shear loads without lever arm..... 4224 — Shear loads with lever arm. 5 _ Ultimate limit state... BA General... 52 Design method A 5.24 General . 522 Resistance to tension loads 6.2.2.1 Required proofs 5.222 Steel failure 6.223 Pulloutfailure....... 5.224 Concrete cone failure 5.2.2.6 Spiiting failure due to anchor installation. 5.2.26 Spliting failure due to loading 523 Resistance to shear loads... 8.2.3.1 Required proofs 5.2.32 Steel failure. : 5233 Concrete pry-out failure 5.2.34 Concrete edge failure... 524 Resistance fo combined tension and shear loads 53 Design method 8... 54 Design method C. 6 Serviceabilty imit state... 64 Displacements. 62 ‘Shear load with changing sign. a 7 _ Additional proofs for ensuring the characteristic resistance of concrete member ue 0ne082 7A General. 32 72 Shear resistance of concrete member. 33 73 Resistance to splitting 01608 ...nnmnnnmnnnnnnninvnnnnnnennnnnnnnn 34Introduction The design methods for anchorages are Intended to be used for the design of anchorages under due consideration of the safety and design concept within the scope of the European Technical Approvals (ETA) of anchors. ‘The design methods given in Annex C are based on the assumption that the required tests for assessing the admissible service conditions given in Part 1 and the subsequent Parts have been carried out. Therefore ‘Annex C is a pre-condition for assessing and judging of anchors. The use of other design methods will require reconsideration of the necessary tests. ‘The ETA’s for anchors give the characteristic values only of the different approved anchors. The design of the ‘anchorages (e.g. arrangement of anchors in a group of anchors, effect of edges or comers of the concrete ‘member on the characteristic resistance) shall be carried out according to the design methods described in ‘Chapter 3 to § taking account of the corresponding characteristic values of the anchors, Chapter 7 gives additional proofs for ensuring the characteristic resistence of the conerete member which are valid for all anchor systems. ‘The design methods are valid forall anchor types. However, the equations given in the following are valid for ‘anchors according to current experience only (see Annex B). If values for the characteristic resistance, spacings, edge distances differ between the design methods and the ETA, the value given in the ETA governs. In the absence of national regulations the partial safety factors given inthe following may be used. 1 Scope 11 Type of anchors, anchor groups and number of anchors ‘The design methods apply to the design of anchorages in concrete using approved anchors which fulfil the requirements ofthis Guideline. The characteristic values of these anchors are given in the relevant ETA, The design methods are valid for single anchors and anchor groups. In case of an anchor group the loads are ‘applied to the individual anchors of the group by means of a ngid fixture. In an anchor group only anchors of the same typa, size and length shall be used. The design methods cover single anchors and anchor groups according to Figure 1.1 and 1.2. Other anchor arrangements e.g. in a triangular or circular pattern are also allowed; however, the provisions of this design method should be applied with engineering judgement, In general this design method is vaid only ifthe diameter dy ofthe clearance hole in the fixture is not larger than the value according to Table 4.1 Exceptions: ‘+ For fastenings loaded in tension only a larger diameter of the clearance hole is acceptable If a corresponding washer is used, ‘+ For fastenings loaded in shear or combined tension and shear if the gap between the hole and the fixture is filled with mortar of sufficient compression strength or eliminated by other suitable means.anchor plate anne ® ee eee ° e @ e ee e e e e @ eee a » 9 * 9 4 Figure 1.1 Anchorages covered by the design methods = allloading directions, f anchors are situated far from edges (¢ 2 max (10 her, 60 ¢)) = tension loading only, if anchors are situated close to edges (c < max (10 ha, 60 d)} anchor plate > o anchors a » Q a Figure 1.2. Anchorages covered by the design methods Shear loading, if anchors are situated close to an edge (¢< max (10 hw , 60d) 12 Conerete member The concrete member shall be of normal weight concrete of at least strength class C20/25 and at most strength class C50/60 to EN 206 [8] and shall be subjected only to predominantly static loads. The concrete may be cracked or non-cracked. in general for simplification itis assumed that the concrete is cracked, otherwise it shall ‘be shown that the concrete is non-cracked (see 4.1). 1.3. Type and direction of load The design methods apply to anchors subjected to static or quasi-static loadings and nat to anchors subjected to impact or seismic loadings or loaded in compression. 14 Classification of the consequence of failure ‘Anchorages carried out in accordance with these design methods are considered to belong to anchorages, the faiure of which would comprise the stabllty of works, cause risk to human life andlor lead to considerable ‘economic consequences.2 Terminology and Symbols ‘The notations and symbols frequently used in the design methods are given below. Further notations are given in the text. 24 Indices action resistance material ‘characteristic vaiue design value steal concrete concrete pry-out pull-out splitting ultimate viel gouarxeno 2 Actions and resistances force in general (resulting force) ‘normal force (positive: tension force, negative: compression force) shear force moment g 800 Nima? (3.30) or Sa? 08. 3.3 Serviceability imit state In the serviceability limit state it shal! be shown that the displacements occurring under the characteristic actions ‘re not larger than the admissible displacement. For the characteristic displacements see 6. The admissible ‘isplacement depends on the application in question and should be evaluated by the designer. In this check the partiat safety factors on actions and on resistances may be assumed to be equal to 1.0. 4 Static analysis 44 Non-cracked and cracked concrete lf the condition in Equation (4.1) is not fulfilled or not checked, then cracked concrete shall be assumed. Non-cracked concrete may be assumed in special cases if in each case it is proved that under service Conditions the anchor with its entire anchorage depth Is located in non-cracked concrete, In the absence of other uidance the following provisions may be taken. For anchorages subjected to a resultant load Fs, < 60 kN non-cracked concrete may be assumed if Equation (4.1) is observed: ator $0 any a stresses in the concrete induced by external loads, including enchors loads stresses in the concrete due to restraint of intrinsic Imposed deformations (e.g. shrinkage of concrete) or extrinsic imposed deformations (e.g. due to displacement of support or temperature variations). If no detailed analysis is conducted, then oq=3.Nimm? should be ‘assumed, according fo EC 2 [1] The stresses 0, and op are calculated assuming that the concrete is non-cracked (state I). For ptane concrete members which transmit loads in two directions (e.g. slabs, walls) Equation (4.1) shall be futiled for both directions, 4.2 Loads acting on anchors In the static analysis the loads and moments are given which are acting on the fixture, To design the anchorage: the loads acting on each anchor shall be calculated, taking into account partial safety factors for actions according to 3.1 in the ultimate limit state and according to 3.3 in the serviceabilty iit state With single anchors normally the loads acting on the anchor are equal to the loads acting on the fture. With anchor groups the loads, bending and torsion moments acting on the fixture are distributed to tension and shear forces acting on the individual anchors of the group. This distribution shall be calculated according to the theory of elasticity.424 Tension loads 1m general, the tension loads acting on each anchor due to loads and bending moments acting on the fixture shall be calculated according to the theory of elasticity using the following assumptions: a) b) ° The anchor plate does not deform under the design actions, To ensure the validity of this assumption the anchor plata shall be sufficiently st. The stiffness of all anchors is equal and corresponds to the modulus of elasticity ofthe steel. The modulus of elasticity of concrete is given in [1]. As a simplification it may be taken as E = 30000 Nim’. {n the zone of compression under the fixture the anchors do not contribute to the transmission of normat forces (se0 Figure 4. 1b), If in special cases the anchor plate is not sulficiently sti, then the flexibility of the anchor plate shall be taken, into account when calculating loads acting on the anchors Inthe cease of anchor groups with diferent levets of tension forces Ny acting on the individual anchors of a group the eccentricity ey of the tension force NE of the group may be calculated (see Figure 4.1), io enable a more accurate assessment of the anchor group resistance, ) eccentricity in one direction, all anchors are loaded by a tension force ‘compressed ? ens neutral axis sf Net TT pas : a en Medm, sei 85y a Ng, = NS b) eccentricity in one direction, only a part of the anchors of the group are loaded by a tension force10 route nas“ —-—| 7 Ne 5 3 ©) eccentricity in two directions, only a part of the anchors of the group are loaded by a tension force © tensioned anchors ® contre of gravity of tensioned anchors, X Point of resuiting tensile force of tensioned anchors Figuro 4.1 Example of anchorages subjected to an eccentric tensile load N= If the tensioned anchors do not form a rectangular pattern, for reasons of simplicity the group of tensioned anchois may be resolved into @ group rectangular in shape (that means the centre of gravily of the tensioned anchors may be assumed inthe contre of the axis in Figure 4.) 4.2.2 Shear loads 4.2.24 Distribution of loads The distribution of shear loads depends on the mode of failure: a) Steel fature and concrete pry-out fallure itis assumed that all anchors of a group take up shear loads if the diameter dj ofthe clearance hole in the fixture is not larger than the value given in Table 4.1 (see Figures 4.2 and 4.6) b} Concrete edge failure Only the most unfavourable anchors take up shear loads if the shear acts perpendicular towards the edge (see Figures 4.3 and 4.7). All anchors take up shear loads acting parallel to the edge, ‘Slotted holes in the direction of shear load prevent anchors to take up shear loads. This can be favourable in case of fastenings close to an edge (see Figure 4.4) If the diameter dy of the clearance hole is larger than given in Table 4.1 the design method Is only valid ifthe gap between the bolt and the fixture is filed with mortar of sufficient compression strength or eliminated by ther suitable means," Vs quae Vs Vs. ea ») a) 2 Figure 4.2. Examples of oad distribution, when all anchors take up shear loads a ah wo a) ») ° Figure 4.3. Examples of load distribution when only the most unfavorable anchors take up shear loads Vs. { { Ree Figure 4.4 Examples of load distribution for an anchorage with slated holes12 Table 4.1 Diameter of clearance hole in the fhture external igmeter 6 |e] 10] 2] 14] 16 | 10 | 20| 22 | 24 | 27 | 30 8" OF bean” (mm) ciameter dof clearance 7 |e | 12] 14 | 16] 18 | 20 | 22 | 26 | 26 | 20 | a9 ole in the fature (mm ifbott bears against the fxture if sleeve bears against the fature In the case of ancher groups with citferent levels of shear forces Vz acting onthe incividual anchors ofthe group the eccentricity ey of the shear force VE of the group may be calculated (see Figure 45). to enable @ more accurete assessment of the anchor group resistance. sys ® centre of gravity of the anchors X point of resulting shear force of sheared anchors Figure 4.5 Example of an anchorage subjected to an eccentric shear load 4.2.2.2 Determination of shear loads ‘The determination of shear loads to the fasteners in a group resulting from shear forces and torston moments acting on the fixture is caloulated according to the theory of elasticity assuming equal stiffness forall fasteners of ‘group, Equilibrium has to be satisfied. Examples are civen in Figures 4.6 and 4.713 I 0 Veo 13 |? 2) Group of three anchors under a shear load -—Veu! |—Vss b) Group of four anchors under a shear ©) Group of four anchors under an inclined shear oo. aan |» ies . eft Yom he 2 s Vance at f/2°+(6,/2F]°© wih: Ip = radial moment of nea ree ly d) Group of four anchors under a torsion moment Figure 4.6 Determination of shear loads when all anchors take up loads (stee! and pry-out failure)14 ° ict > Load not to be considered Ves <— Load to be considered ° oe Ves = Edge a) Group of two anchors loaded parallel to the edge vA +~-Load not to be considered Loa to be considered Vala Edge b) Group of four anchors loaded by an inclined shear load Figure 4.7 Determination of shear loads when only the most unfavourable anchors take up loads (concrete ‘edge failure) In case of concrete edge failure where only the most unfavourable anchors take up load the components of the load acting perpendicular to the edge are taken up by the most unfavourable anchors (anchors close to the edge), while the components of the load acting paralel to the edge are ~ due to reasons of equilibrium — equally distributed to all anchors of the group. 4.2.2.3 Shear loads without lever arm ‘Shear loads acting on anchors may be assumed to act without lever arm if both of the following conditions are fulfilee:15 a) The fixture shall be made of metal and in the area of the anchorage be fixed directly to the concrete either without an intermediate layer or with a levelling layer of morter (compression strength > 30 Némm*) with a thickness < 4/2. )_ The fixture shall be in contact with the anchor over its entire thickness, 4.2.2.4 Shear loads with lever arm If the concitions a) and b} of 4.2.2.3 are not fulfilled the lever arm is calculated according to Equation (4,2) (see Figure 4.8) eater (42) wit distance between shear load and concrete surface osd Oifa washer and a nut are directly clamped to the concrete surface (see Figure 4.86) = nominal diameter of the anchor bolt or thread diameter (see Figure 4,88) anchor bot anchor bolt v v foture a) Figure 4.8. Definition of lever arm “The design moment acting on the anchor is calculated according to Equation (4.3) Mog = (4.3) ‘The value ayy depends on the degree of restraint of the anchor at the side of the fixture of the application in ‘question and shall be judged according to good engineering practice, No restraint (ay = 1.0) shall be assumed if the fixture can rotate freely {see Figure 4,9). This essumption is ‘lways conservative, Full restraint (ay, = 2.0) may be assumed only if the fixture cannot rotate (see Figure 4.9) and the hole ‘clearance in the fixture is smaller than the values given in Table 4.1 or the anchor is clamped to the fixture by nut ‘and washer (see Figure 4.8). If restraint of the anchor is assumed the fixture shall be able to take up the restr moment.16 ado etwre byay=20 4 ‘xture Figure 4.9 Fixture without (a) and with (b) restraint 5 Ultimate limit state 5A General For the design of anchorages in the utiimate limit state, there are three different design methods available, The linkage of the design methods and the required tests for admissible service conditions Is given In Table 6.4. In 5.2 the generat design method A is described; in 6.3 and 6.4 the simplified methods B and C are treated. The design method to be applied is given in the relevant ETA, ‘According to Equation (3.1) it shall be shown that the design value of the action is equal to or smalier than the design value of the resistance. The characteristic values of the anchor to be used for the calculation of the resistance in the ultimate limit state ere given in the relevant ETA. ‘Spacing, edge distance as well as thickness of concrete member shall not remain under the given minimum values, ‘The spacing between the outer anchor of adjoining groups or the distance to single anchors shall be a> Su. (design method A) or s.-respectvaly (design method 8 and C). Table 5.1 Linkage of the design methous and the required tests for admissible service conditions Design ‘racked and | non-cracked | characteristic resistance for Tesis according method non-eracked | concrete 20725 2012516 Annex 8 concrete ‘only ‘only 50/60 Option x x 7 A x 2 x x 7 x x 3 x 3 B x x 4 x @ x x 10. z 5 c x 6 x it x x 2W7 6.2 Design method A 6.24 General In design method A it shall be shown that Equation (3.1) is observed for all loading directions (tension, shear) as well as all failure modes (stee! failure, pull-out failure, concrete cone failure, spitting failure, concrete edge failure ‘and concrete pry-out failure). In case of a combined tension and shear loading (oblique loading) the condition of interaction according to 6.2.4 shall be observed, For Options 2 and 8 (see Part 1, Table 5.3), faane = 25 Nim? shall be inserted in Equations (6.2a) and (6.72). 5.2.2 Resistance to tension loads 5.2.2.1 Required proofs single anchor anchor group ste faure Nos & Nexs! ths NSpS Nene tus pulkout fature Noe Nexo! tp NIy< Neco! up concrete cone failure Nou SNe! Te NE Wave! me splitng failure Neos Navse! tp Nig SNe! Yep 5.22.2 Steel failure ‘The characteristic resistance of an anchor in case of stee! failure, Nex«, is given in the relevant ETA. Tho Valuo of Nix is obtained from Equation (6.4) Nas = Aa’ fs 61) 5.2.2.3 Pull-out failure ‘The characteristic resistance in case of failure by pUl-OUt, Nex, is given in the relevant ETA. 5.2.2.4 Conerete cone fallure “The characteristic resistance of an anchor or a group of anchors, in case of concrete cone failure is 0 Aen Nrae = Nine SE an Yan Magn IND 62) Aly “The different factors of Equation (5.2) for anchors according to current experience are given below: 2) The intel value of the characteristic resistance of an anchor placed in cracked or non-cracked concrete is obtained by: ke Yfokewe -a® IN (6.20) fexeace (Ninel he [oo] ky = 7.2 for applications in cracked concrete = 10.1 for applications in non-cracked concrete18 ») The geometric etfect of spacing end edge distance onthe characteristic resietance is ten ino account by tne value A.y/ AS, whore Aon Aan area of concrete of an individual anchor with large spacing and edge distance at the Concrete surface, ideatzing the concrete cone as a’pyramid with a height equal to he and a base length equal to 52.4 (s2e Figure 5.1). Sern Sen (6.20) actual area of concrete cone of the enchorage at the concrete surface. [kis limited by overlapping concrete cones of adjoining anchors (s < sxx) as well 2s by edges of the concrete member (6 < Cun). Examples forthe calculation of Agu are given in Figure 5.2. The values San and Cary are given in the relevant ETA, For an anchor according to current experience Sau = 2 Cee = 3 Neris taken. Se Figure 6.1. dealzed concrete cone and area A%y of concrete cone ofan individual anchor19 4 (61405 Send Sa & 15 Conn 3 4) individual anchor at the edge of concrete member a Aon = (Cr +51 40.5 Sern) Sect 3 if ey Stern 84 S8ech 05 San or | sy 08 Sean ils ) group of two anchors at the edge of concrete member am = (C1 #814 05 Sern) (Ca + 82+ 0.5 Sen) it!" eyteeS coun é 545825 SerN, 3 05 Sex ) group of four anchors at 2 corner of concrete member Figure 5.2 Examples of actual areas Ac 1 of the idealized concrete cones for different arrangements of °) anchors in the case of axial tension load The factor yen takes account of the disturbance of the distribution of stresses in the concrete due to ledges of the concrete member. For anchorages with several edge distances (e.g. anchorage in a corner of the concrete member or in a narrow member), the smallest edge distance, c, shall be inserted in Equation (5.2c), wn = 07403 O21 (620)a) °) 20 The shell spating factor, via, takes account of the effect ofa reinforcement van = 05+ 4 629 200 * with rin ome] {tin the area of the anchorage there is a reinforcement with a spacing > 160 mm (any diameter) or with a diameter < 10 mm and a spacing > 100 mm then a shell spalling factor of Yew = 1.0 may be applied independently of he anchorage depth ‘The factor of yee takes account of a group elfect when diferent tension loads are acting (on the individual anchors of a group. 1 van = Tagg E1 (620) ey = eccentricity of the resulting tensile load acting on the tensioned anchors (see 42.1). Where there is an eccentricity in two directions, ven shall be determined separately for teach direction and the product of both factors shall be inserted in Equation (5.2). ‘As a simplification factor W.w = 1.0 may be assumed, ifthe most stressed anchor is checked according to Equation (3.1) (N3q < Nice / Yu) and the resistance ofthis anchor is taken as. Nice = Niko! ® 629 with a jumber of tensioned anchors ‘Special cases For anchorages with three or more edges with an edge distance Cnae < Cun (Cane = largest edge distance) (see Figute 5.3) the calculation according to Equation 82 leads to results which are conservative. More precise results are obtained if for he the larger value fe = Sm hy ory = Sm hy Seat Bern is inserted in Equation (5.2a) and for the determination of Ay, and Aen according to Figures 5.1 and 5.2.28 well as in Equations (6.2b), (5.26) and (6.2e) the values Can 05 sex are inserted for 5. OF Cx, Fespectvely2 se] ce ces a) silo P| cur | si ler (Gr 01,1 C12 1 00.9 5 C22) S Conn Figure 5:3 Examples of anchorages in concrete members where Ne. Sev ANG Cary may be used 5.2.2.5 Splitting failure due to anchor installation Spiiting failure is avoided during anchor installation by complying with minimum values for edge distance min, spacing Smins Member thickness hin and reinforcement as given in the relevant ETA. 5.2.2.6 Splitting failure due to loading For spliting failure due to loading the values Seay and Cerzp are given in the ETA, 2) It may be assumed that spiting failure wil not occur, if the edge distance in all directions is 021.2 caso and the member depth is h = 2 he, b) With anchors suitable for use in cracked concrete, the calculation of the characteristic spiiting resistance may be omitted i the following two conditions are fulfiled: = areinforcementis present which timits the crack width to wc ~ 0.3 mm, taking into account the splitting forces according to 7.3 — The characteristic resietance for conerete cone failure and pull-out failure is calculated for cracked concrete. If the conditions a) and b) are not fuflled, then the characteristic resistance of a single anchor or an anchor {group in case of spliting failure shall be calculated according to Equation (6.3). Naxsp = NBce S5% Wan Woon Wea Wap (N] 63) with Nixes Yans Wret, Yon aecording to Equations (6.2a) to (6.26) and Aen, Aty 96 defined in $.2.2.4b), however the values cay and Su. shall be replaced by Cusp 2nd Sa. ‘vue = factor to account for the influence ofthe actual member deh, hon the epliting resistance for anchors actor to ctrent experence ara h =(“Y” c15 629 (ea) = i where 1 stl ickness ofthe member pq = member thickness, for which c.,q9 has been evaluated22 5.23 Resistance to shear loads 4 Required proofs single anchor ‘enchor group steel fllure, shear load Va Vane ts viy 10 hy and c > 60 ‘The characteristic resistance for an anchor or an anchor group in the case of concrete edge failure corresponds to: Sew ig Ya Yee Year Weave IN] 67 ‘The different factors of Equation (6.7) for anchors according to current experience are given below. Vie = Vike25 2) The initial valve of the characteristic resistance of an anchor placed in cracked or non-cracked concrete and loaded perpendicular to the edge corresponds to: Vie Goan” “hh fexcune “OF (670) arb Gx [Men foxes [Nieaen] where «= 1.7 for applications in cracked concrete ky = 2.4 for applications in non-cracked concrete ee on(8) am (6.70) 'b) The geometrical effect of spacing as well as of further edge distances and the effect of thickness of the concrete member on the characteristic load is taken into account by the ratio Azw/ASy. where Aey area of concrete cone of an individual anchor at the lateral concrete surface not affected by ledges parallel to the assumed loading direction, member thickness or adjacent anchors, assuming the shape of the fracture area as a haif pyramid with a height equal to cy and base-length of 1.5 c; and 3 c» (Figure 5.7). 45¢P 67a) ‘actual area of concrete cone of anchorage at the lateral concrete surface. It is limited by the ‘overiapping conorete cones of adjoining anchors (s < 3 cy) as well as by edges parallel to the assumed loading direction (cz < 1.5 cj) and by member thickness (h < 1.5 cy). Examples for ‘calculation of Azy are given in Figure 6.8 For the calculation of AZy and Ay itis assumed thatthe shear loads are applied perpendicular to the edge of the concrete member. Ag, = (2 1.8¢,) + 1.56, = 45-00, Figure 6.7 idealized concrete cone and area A2,, of concrete cone for a single anchor26 Ray = 1.804 (1.505 #09) >! 18c, 5 1c) ce | 150 a)single anchor at a comer Aey = 2+ 1Sor 489° hes 150, 525 3c, LZ OS EG fses| oe [1504 ») group of anchors at an edge in a thin concrete member Aa = (150 + 93 #03) y hes tse, S25 Sey es 185) UWE FE : vette .¢) group of anchors at a comer in a thin concrete member Figure 5.8 Examples of actual areas of the idealized concrete cones for aifferent anchor arrangements under shear loading9 d 8 ar “The factor yay takes account of the disturbance ofthe distribution of stresses in the concrete. «due to further edges of the concrete member on the shear resistance. For anchorages with two edges parallel to the assumed direction of loading (e.g. in a narow concrete member) the smaller edge distance shall be inserted in Equation (5.7e) ¢ 24 vev = 07 403° 72 = (678) ‘The factor yy takes account of the fact that the shear resistance does not decrease proportionally to the member thickness as assumed by the ratio Aew/ Ay, woo = (4) om The factor yay takes account of the angle ay between the load applied, Vss, and the direction perpendicular to the free edge of the concrete member (see Figure 4.7b). 670) ‘The maximum value ay o be inserted in equation (6.79) I limited to 90°. In case of ay > 90" itis assumed that only the component of the shear load parallel to the edge is acting ‘on the anchor. The component acting away from the edge may be neglected for the proof af concrete edge failure. Examples of anchor groups loaded by Mrq., Vsg or both are given in Fig. 6.9 and Fig 5.10.28 ae ‘no proof for concrete edge fallure needed, components directed away from the edge 4) group of anchors at an edge loaded by Vs.with an angle ay = 180° action oad on each anchor load on anchor ‘group for calculation jeg canonoe aco bcaus CS a ee ) group of anchors at an edge loaded by Vag\ith an angle 90 < cy < 180" action load on each anchor load on anchor group for Calculation {a 7 ;. ‘component neglected, because * _—-~ | directed away from the edge ey ©) group of anchors at the edge loaded by a torsion moment Mrs Figure 6.9 Examples of anchor groups at the edge loaded by a shear force or a torsion momentaction ° ve load on each ‘anchor neglected because sum of components is directed away from the edge load on anchor group for aleulation load on anchor ‘group for Caleulation 1} Shear component due to torsion moment larger than component of shear force towards the edge wsnmoe 2 GEES group for ° 7 6 calculation ») Shear component ave to torsion moment smaller than component of shear force igure 5.10 Examples of anchors groups at the edge loaded by a shear force and a torsion moment2 » 30 ‘The factor yacy takes account of a group eftect when different shear loads are acting on the individual anchors of @ group. 1 st 7) TF 2a, 1) = Cm. eccentricity ofthe resuiting shear load acting on the anchors (see 4.2.2) Yoav = ev ‘The factor Yiqy takes account ofthe effect of the type of reinforcement used in cracked concrete Way = 7.0 anchorage in non-cracked concrete and anchorage in cracked concrete without edge reinforcement or stirups anchorage in cracked concrete with straight edge reinforcement ( 12 mm) ‘anchorage in cracked concrete with edge reinforcement and closely spaced stivups (a < 400 mm} For anchorages placed in a corner, the resistances for both edges shall be calculated and the smallest value is decisive, Special cases For anchorages in @ narrow, thin member with Coma < 1.5 64 (Cam = greatest of the two edge distances patellel to the direction of icading) and h < 1.5 ¢ see Figure 5.11 the calculation according to Equation (6.7) leads to results which are conservative, More precise results are achieved if in Equations (5.7a) to (5.7f) as well as in the determination of the areas A, and Aey according 'o Figures 5.7 and 5.8 the edge distance c is eplacd by the vale ofc beng the graatst ofthe Wo VaWeS Canu/1.S ad 11.5 of Saga incase of anchor groups: Vee © fogs andcag 7 e18c, and. { - het.sey Figure 6.11 Example of an anchorage in a thin, narrow member where the value ¢'y may be used 5.24 Resistance to combined tension and shear loads For combined tension and shear loads the following Equations (see Figure 6.12) shall be satisfied: Dw < 1 (6.82) By st (5.86) But By < 42 (6.80) where Bw (Bu): ratio between design action and design resistance for tension (shear) loading,at In Equation (6.8) the largest value of By and By for the different failure modes shall be taken (see 6.2.2.1 and 5.2.3.1) Bu 10 (6.9) with (6.9) with c= 1,5 0 02 By on 10 Figure 6.12 Interaction diagram for combined tension and shear loads In general, Equations (6.8a) to (5.80) yield conservative results. More accurate results are obtained by Equation (5:9) (Bul* + Gy" <4 wit: 69) Bu. fy see Equations (6.8) © = 2.0 if Nagand Vag are governed by steel failure a= 15 forall other faire modes 53 Design method B Design method B; is based on a simplified approach in which the design value of the characteristic resistance is. considered to be independent ofthe loading direction and the mode of failure. Incase of anchor groups it shall be shown that Equation (8.1) Is observed for the mast stressed anchor. ‘The design resistance Fly may be used without mdiicaton ifthe spacing Se and the edge distance Ga are observed. Ff, Sand ey ae given inthe ETA ‘The design resistance shal be calculated according to Equation (6.10) if the actual values for spacing and edge distance are smaller than the values 6, and cz and larger than of equal to Snin and Grin given in the ETA Fea AR ete’ Fle " (6.10) where n= number of loaded anchors F, = design resistance given inthe relevant ETA for cracked or non-cracked concrete The fect of spacing and edge distance is taken info account by the factor Ax/ AY and vs, The factor AY A® shell be calculated according to 6:2.2.4b and the factor y shall be calculated according to §.2.2.4¢ replacing s..w and Gan BY Sy and cy. The effect of @ narrowy spaced reinforcement and of non-cracked concrete is taken into ‘Account by the Factors Yj. The factor Ws calculated according to 6.2.2.4 0) In ease of shear load with lever arm the characteristic anchor resistance shall be calculated according to Equation (65), replacing Naas By Fy In Equation (6.5) “The smallest ofthe values Fr accorcing to Equation (5.10) oF Vix tna 20cerding to Equation (6.6) governs32 5.4 Design method C Design method C is based on @ simplified approach in which only one value for the design resistance Fg is ‘given, independent of loading direction and mode of failure. The actual spacing and edge distance shall be equal {oor larger than the valves of Sy and cy, Fra, Ser and ca, are given in the relevant ETA. In case of shear load with lever arm the characteristic anchor resistance shall be calculated according to Equation (6.5) replacing Naas by Frain Equation (6.52) The smallest value Of Fry OF Visas According to Equation (6.8) governs, 6 Serviceability limit stato 61 Displacements ‘The characteristic displacement of the anchor under defined tension and shear loads shall be taken from the ETA. It may be assumed that the displacements are a linear function af the applied load. In case of a combined tension and shear load, the displacements for the tension and shear component of the resultant load shall be ‘geometricaly added. In case of shear loads the influence of the hole clearance in the fixture on the expected displacement of the ‘whole anchorage shall be taken into account. 6.2 Shear load with changing sign If the shear loads acting on the anchor change thsir sign several times, appropriate measures shall be taken to ‘avoid a fatigue failure of the anchor steel (e.g. the shear load should be transferred by fricion between the fixture and the concrete (e.g. due to a sufficienily high permanent prestressing force). ‘Shear loads with changing sign can occur due to temperature variations in the fastened member (e.g, facade elements). Therefore, either these members are anchored such that no significant shear loads due to the restraint of deformations imposed to the fastened element will accur in the anchar or in shear loading with lever am (stand-off installation) the bending stresses in the most stressed anchor Ae = maxs - ming in the serviceabily im state caused by temperature variations should be limited to 100 N/mm? 7 Additional proofs for ensuring the characteristic resistance of concrete member TA — General The proof of the local transmission of the anchor loads into the concrete member is delivered by using the design methods described in this document. ‘The transmission of the anchor loads to the supports of the concrete member shall be shown for the ukimate limit state and the serviceability limit state; for this purpose, the normal verifications shall be carried out under «due consideration of the actions introduced by the anchors. For these verifications the additional provisions given Jn 7.2.and 7.3 shall be taken into account, If the edge distance of an anchor is smaller than the characteristic edge distance can (design method A) oF cer (design methods B and C), then a longitudinal reinforcement of at least @ 6 shall be provided at the edge of the member in the area of the anchorage depth, In case of slabs and beams made out of prefabricated units and added cast-in-place concrete, anchor loads may be transmitted into the prefabricated concrete only if the precast concrete is connected to the castin-place concrete by a sheer reinforcement. If this shear reinforcement between precast and cast-n-place concrete Is not present, the anchors shall either be embedded with hef in the added concrete, or only the loads of suspended ceilings of similar constructions with a load up to 7.0 kNIm2 may be anchored in the precast concrete.33 7.2 Shear resistance of concrete member In general, the shear forces Vege caused by anchor loads shall nt exceed the value Vsea 04 Veen (ray where Vas =. shear resistance according Eurocode No. 2 [1] When calculating Vega the anchor loads shall be assumed as point loads with a width of load application ty= Sy #2 hy and & = 5g + 2 he, with sy (62) spacing between the outer anchors of a group in direction 1 (2) The active width over which the shear force is transmitted should be calculated eccercing to the theory of elasticity. Equation (7.1) may be neglected, if one of the folowing conditions is met a) The shear force Vsy at the support caused by the design actions including the anchor loads is Vos < 0.8 Vaet 2) ) Under the characteristic actions, the resultant tension force, Nox, ofthe tensioned fasteners is Nexx < 30 kN, and the spacing, 2, between the outermost anchors of adjacent groups or between the outer anchors of a ‘group and individual anchors satisfies Equation (7.3) 2200 JNqq alm); Nox [x] 73) ‘The anchor loads are taken up by a hanger reinforcement, which encloses the tension reinforcement and is ‘anchored at the opposite side of the concrete member. Its distance from an individual anchor or the outermost anchors of a group shall be smaller than hy funder the characteristic actions, the resultant tension force, Ns, of the tensioned fasteners is Nsx > 60 kN, then either the embedment depth of the anchors shall be hy’> 0.8 h or a hanger reinforcement according to paragraph c) above shall be provided, ‘The necessary checks for ensuring the required shear resistance of the concrete member are summarized in Teble 7.1 ‘Table 7.1 Necessary checks for ensuring the required shear resistance of concrete member, Calculated value of shear] Spacing Between single Ng, | Prof of ealeulated shear force of the concrete member | anchors and groups of [kN] | force resulting from anchor under due consideration ofthe | anchors toads anchor loads VsoS0.8 Vass a2 Sen" (Sa) £60 | not required a2 Sen" (Se) 30 |notrequired and 2 200- (Ne Vsu> 0.8 Vea $60 | requires: | Vsga 20.4 Veer or Fanger reinforcement : or haz 08h 82 Sun” (Se) >60 | not required, but hanger reinforcement or hy > 0.8 h Design method A 2! Design methods B and C34 7.3 Resistance to splitting forces In general, the spliting forces caused by anchors shell be taken into account in the design of the concrete member. This may be neglected i one of the folowing concitions is mat ‘The load transfer area is in the compression zone of the concrete member. ‘The tension component Nex of the characteristic loads acting on the anchorage (single anchor or group of anchors) is smaller than 10 KN, The tension component Nop is not greater than 30 KN. In addition, for fastenings in slabs and walls 2 concentrated reinforcement in both directions is present in the region of the anchorage. The area of the transverse reinforcement shall be at least 60 % of the longituinal reinforcement required for the actions due to anchor loads. It the characteristic tension foad acting on the anchorage Is Nex > 30 KN and the anchors are located in the tension zone of the concrete member, the spitting forces shall be taken up by reinforcement, As a frst indication for anchors according to current experience the ratio between spliting force Fspx and the characteristic tension load Nex or Nag (displacement controlled anchors) may be taken as. Fepx 1.5 No torque-controlied expansion anchors (Part 2) TONS Underout anchors (Part 3) = 2.0Nas éeformation-controlled expansion anchors (Part 4)