 Strength Characteristics of Class F Fly Ash Modified with Lime and Gypsum (Ambarish Ghosh

and Chillara Subbarao)

Unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests with pore-pressure measurements were conducted for all the ten
mixes cured for 7 and 28 days.
  Compaction Characteristics of Pond Ash (Ashis Kumar Bera; Ambarish Ghosh and Amalendu
Ghosh)

The maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of pond ash vary within the range of 8.40–
12.25 kN/m3 and 29–46%, respectively.

 Compaction Characteristics and Bearing Ratio of Pond Ash Stabilized with Lime and
Phosphogypsum (Ambarish Ghosh)

In India, the specifications for the base and subbase of roads are followed in accordance with IRC 37
(2001). From the bearing ratio point of view, the subbase material should have a minimum bearing ratio
of 20% for cumulative traffic up to 2 msa and 30% for traffic exceeding 2 msa. It is recommended that
normally with bearing ratio value less than 100% should not be used in base construction. The pond ash
stabilized with lime 6% and above and PG cured for 28 days and above, meets the requirements of
bearing ratio for base course material. The leaching aspect of this stabilized material may be studied as a
part of suitability study of this stabilized material as road base and subbase material. Ghosh and Subbarao
(1998) reported the reduction of leaching from fly ash due to stabilization with lime alone or in
combination with analytical quality gypsum.
 The Mechanical Properties of Fly-Ash-Stabilized Sands (Minson Simatupang, Lukas Kano
Mangalla, Romy Suryaningrat Edwin, Adris Ade Putra, Muhammad Thahir Azikin, Nini H. Aswad
and Wayan Mustika)
 Influence of fly ash on strength behavior of typical soils (J. Prabakara, Nitin Dendorkar, R.K.
Morchhale)
Summary:

Pond ash/Fly ash OMC = 27-31%, 30-46% (Average may be taken as 35%)

Pure fly ash, Φ = 25°-29°

Pure pond ash, Φ = 33°-36°

Proposal for fly ash stabilization of sand:

Trial mix:

(i) Pure fly ash/pond ash

(ii) Sand mixed with Fly ash (30% - 50%)

Step 1: Proctor test

Proctor test to be done to determine optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD)
of fly ash stabilized sand.

Step 2: Direct shear test or Triaxial test or Unconfined Compressive Strength test or CBR

Fly ash and sand to be mixed thoroughly with the estimated OMC obtained from compaction test. After
mixing, direct shear test or UU test or UCS needs to be conducted. As fly ash has cementitious properties,
strength of fly ash stabilized sand increases with increased curing period. If provision for curing is
available, soil samples are to be wrapped in plastic cover and need to be placed in humidity control
chamber for proper curing. The samples need to be removed after 7 days, 28 days and so on to determine
the effect of curing period on the strength of fly ash stabilized sand.

Stabilization in Field:

 Proper quality control should be maintained in field

 Thorough mixing of fly ash, sand and water to be done
 Proper compaction equipments to be used to achieve the desired density
 Thickness of lift should be selected in such a way to achieve full compaction
 Field density of soil to be measured after compaction