Effect Of Marble Stone Dust On The

Engineering Properties Of
Clayey Soil
Literature Review
Supervisor
Engr. Zia Ur Rahman

Co-Supervisor
Engr. Abdul Samad
(SDO C&W Highway division Chackdara, Malakand)

Group Members
Mushahid Raza 17BNCIV0954
Altaf Hussain 17BNCIV0950
Ubaid Ullah 17BNCIV0962
 Outlines
 Soft Subgrade Stabilization With Quarry Dust And Industrial Waste
 Investigation on Compaction and Strength Characteristics of Expansive Soil by Using Lime
and Marble Dust Powder
 Utilization of Stone Dust to Improve the Properties of Expansive Soil
 An Experimental Study of Soil Stabilization Using Marble Dust
 Analysis of Swelling & Shrinkage Properties of Expansive Soil Using Brick Dust As a
Stabilizer
 Dimensional Consolidation Characteristics of Clay Stabilized with Major Industrial Wastes of
Haryana
 Improvement in Strength of Soil by Use Stone Dust and Plastic Wastes
 Improving the Mechanical Properties of Fine Soil Using Marble Waste
 Stabilization of Clayey Soil with Lime and Waste Stone Powder
 Strength Improvement of Clay Soil by Using Stone Powder
 Use of Waste Marble Dust for Stabilization of Clayey Soil
 Soft Expansive Soil Improvement by Eco-friendly Waste and Quick Lime
 Effect of Lime and Stone Dust in the Geotechnical Properties of Black Cotton Soil
 1 Soft Subgrade Stabilization With Quarry Dust And Industrial Waste
U Arun Kumar and 2014 INTRODUCTION
Kiran B. Biradar They have worked on the Soft Subgrade Stabilization by simply
using quarry dust or Stone dust and industrial waste. Their study
area was transportation and geotechnical engineering. The typical
approach of stabilization of soft Subgrade was to remove the soft
soil, and replace it with soil of high strength. One approach was
to improve the properties of soil was with addition of the waste
materials. In this study Quarry Dust has been selected as a
Stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil with various
percentage of Quarry Dust. Atterberg’s limit and compaction test
were carried out on both unmodified and modified soil. California
bearing ratio (CBR) test was performed to determine the strength
properties of the Soil–Quarry dust mixtures. Higher CBR values of
soil-quarry dust mix extent their potential for use as a Subgrade
for flexible pavement.
 1 Soft Subgrade Stabilization With Quarry Dust And Industrial Waste
U Arun Kumar and 2014 CONCLUSION
Kiran B. Biradar The experiment conducted to study the effect of Quarry dust
addition on conventional soil reveals the following [1].
i. The addition of the Quarry dust to the soil reduces the clay
content and thus increases in the percentage of coarser
particles, reduces the Liquid limit by 26.86% and plasticity
index by 28.48% of unmodified soil.
ii. Optimum moisture content of soil is decreased by 36.71%,
with increase in Percentages of Quarry dust.
iii. Maximum dry density of soil is increased by 5.88% by
addition of (40%) Quarry dust. 4. It is also identified that
addition of (40%) Quarry dust yield high CBR value.
 2 Investigation on Compaction and Strength Characteristics
of Expansive Soil by Using Lime and Marble Dust Powder
J. Surya Narayana 2020 INTRODUCTION
et al The main objective of this research was to investigate the
possibility of utilizing waste marble dust in stabilizing problematic
soils (especially swelling clays). Test results indicate that marble
dust addition improved the shear strength parameters and
reduced the swell potential of the tested clay samples. Marble
dust had a noticeable role in the hydration process because of
high calcium content. This paper deals with the complete analysis
of the improvement of soil properties and its stabilization using
lime. An experimental program was undertaken to study the
individual and admixed effects of lime and marble dust on the
geotechnical characteristics of expansive soil.
 2 Investigation on Compaction and Strength Characteristics
of Expansive Soil by Using Lime and Marble Dust Powder
J. Surya Narayana 2020 INTRODUCTION
et al Lime and marble dust were added to the expansive soil at 2%–
10% and 0%–30% by dry weight of soil, respectively. Testing
specimens were determined and examined in chemical
composition, grain size distribution, consistency limits,
compaction, CBR, free swell and swell capacity.
 2 Investigation on Compaction and Strength Characteristics
of Expansive Soil by Using Lime and Marble Dust Powder
J. Surya Narayana 2020 CONCLUSION
et al The effect of lime and fly ash addition on reducing the swelling
potential of an expansive soil is presented. It is revealed that a
change of expansive soil texture takes place when lime and
marble dust are mixed with expansive soil. Plastic limit increases
by mixing lime and liquid limit decreases by mixing fly ash, which
decreases plasticity index. As the amount of lime and marble dust
is increased, there are an apparent reduction in maximum dry
density, free swell and swelling capacity under 50 kPa pressure,
and a corresponding increase in the percentage of coarse
particles, optimum moisture content and CBR value. Based on the
results, it can be concluded that the expansive soil can be
successfully stabilized by lime and marble dust. [2]
 3 Utilization of Stone Dust to Improve the Properties
of Expansive Soil
Dr. M. S. Dixit and 2016 INTRODUCTION
Dr. K. A. Patel The basic purpose of the study is to study the effect of utilization of
stone dust on properties of soil and to make them suitable for
highway construction. This paper deals with the study to be carried
out to assess utilization of stone dust in road, highway construction
the experimental program consisting of evaluating firstly the
properties of original expansive soils collected from different
location and the stone dust collected from same locations for
modifications of soils. The modification of soil is carried out by
addition of stone dust to original expansive soils in the range of 0 to
60% by the percentage increase of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and
60% the effect of stone dust on liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity
index, dry density, optimum moisture content and CBR values is
considered.
 3 Utilization of Stone Dust to Improve the Properties
of Expansive Soil
Dr. M. S. Dixit and 2016 CONCLUSION
Dr. K. A. Patel Based on the studies carried out following are the conclusions
drawn [3]
i. Stone dust a product from crusher unit consists of mainly sand
size particles and is having good C.B.R. value. Thus, the stone
dust itself can be considered as a good sub base material.
Hence it can be used for construction of road embankment.
ii. From the compaction studies out on stone dust, it is found that
the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content
relationship is fairly flat at peak values. Hence the variation in
water content as compared to optimum moisture content
leads to marginal change in maximum dry density.
iii. For soil SA and SP by addition of stone dust SDA and SDP
showed considerable increase in maximum dry density and
considerable reduction in optimum moisture content.
 3 Utilization of Stone Dust to Improve the Properties
of Expansive Soil
Dr. M. S. Dixit and 2016 CONCLUSION
Dr. K. A. Patel iv. The information based on the studies carried out will be useful
for the design and construction of sub grade, embankment and
structural fills for utilization of stone dust as a stabilizing agent.
v. Stone dust has high specific gravity and the soaked CBR value
for standard compaction is more. This indicates that stone dust
can be used as an embankment material, backfill material for
the lower layer of sub base. Also reuse of this waste material is
economically advantages and does not bring any
environmental hazards.
vi. As the CBR value of stone dust is more, the crust thickness of
flexible pavement is less and it is economical in construction of
road, highways.
 4 An Experimental Study of Soil Stabilization Using
Marble Dust
Anukant Lohia et 2018 INTRODUCTION
al The main objective of this study was to investigate the use of waste
marble dust in stabilizing soil and to evaluate the effects of marble
dust on CBR values of unsaturated soil by carrying out standard
proctor tests and CBR tests on different soil samples. The results
obtained were compared for the three different percentage of
marble dust (10%, 15%, and 20%) and inferences were drawn
towards the bearing strength of soil with different combination of
marble dust.
In this study, waste limestone dust and waste dolomitic marble
dust, by-products of marble industry, were used for stabilization of
clayey soils. The marble dust addition ratios which have been
studied were 10%, 15 % and 20% by weight.
 4 An Experimental Study of Soil Stabilization Using
Marble Dust
Anukant Lohia et 2018 INTRODUCTION
al Marble dust had a noticeable role in the hydration process because
of high calcium content. Obtained results showed that marble dust
addition to the clay samples will reduce the cost of constructing
structures on problematic soils, and finding new utilization areas
for waste marble dust will decrease environmental pollution.
Utilizing waste marble dust materials in problematic soils will have
great contribution to the economy and conservation of resources.
 4 An Experimental Study of Soil Stabilization Using
Marble Dust
Anukant Lohia et 2018 CONCLUSION
al The addition of the marble dust to the soil reduces the clay
contents and thus increases in the percentage of coarser particles.
Overall it can be concluded that soil stabilized with marble dust can
be considered to be good ground improvement technique,
especially in engineering projects on weak soils where it can act as
a substitute to deep/raft foundations, reducing the cost as well as
energy [4].
 5 Analysis of Swelling & Shrinkage Properties of
Expansive Soil Using Brick Dust As a Stabilizer
Sachin N. Bhavsar 2014 INTRODUCTION
and Ankit J. Patel In this paper they have performed stabilization on expansive type
of soil with marble dust which is a waste material and also widely
available in large quantity. To resolve the problem of swelling and
shrinkage they have replaced the soil by stabilizing agent of its 50%
dry weight. For the analysis of effect of stabilizer on soil the
comparison has done of properties of 100% black cotton soil and
the combination of 50% black cotton soil + 50% brick dust. The
comparison includes total properties consideration by carried out
compaction test, atterberg’s limit test, linear shrinkage test, and
swelling test on both normal & stabilized soil. From the above
mentioned tests, great decrement in swelling and shrinkage of soil
was observed.
 5 Analysis of Swelling & Shrinkage Properties of
Expansive Soil Using Brick Dust As a Stabilizer
Sachin N. Bhavsar 2014 CONCLUSION
and Ankit J. Patel From the observations it was clearly identified that the engineering
properties are improving after stabilizing it with Brick Dust by 50%
of its dry weight. It has shown a great reduction in swelling and
shrinkage behavior of expansive soil [5]
 6 Dimensional Consolidation Characteristics of Clay
Stabilized with Major Industrial Wastes of Haryana
Ashwani Jain and 2013 INTRODUCTION
Nitish Puri One-dimensional consolidation tests were conducted to study the
effect of addition of various percentages of rice husk ash, fly ash
and stone dust on compressibility characteristics of highly
compressible clay soil. Statically compacted soil specimens were
prepared at optimum moisture content and maximum dry density
by adding various industrial waste materials to the parent soil.
Specimens have been subjected to increments of vertical pressure
in a fixed ring consolidometer. The addition of different waste
materials to parent clay results in significant improvements in
compaction characteristics. Results of this study also show that the
industrial wastes effectively increase one-dimensional stiffness and
therefore, reduce settlement.
 6 Dimensional Consolidation Characteristics of Clay
Stabilized with Major Industrial Wastes of Haryana
Ashwani Jain and 2013 CONCLUSION
Nitish Puri The following conclusions have been drawn based on the
laboratory investigations carried out in this study, as we have only
concerned with MSD so we will only list the effect of MSD. [6]
i. The use of rice husk ash, fly ash and stone dust as additives
lowers the slope of virgin compression curves, thereby
reducing the values of Cc. It has been observed that out of the
three industrial wastes, addition of rice husk ash is more
helpful in reducing compression index and hence decreasing
the consolidation settlement of the parent soil.
ii. Further, it has been observed that the time required for
achieving a given degree of consolidation decreases with
increase in the percentage of rice husk ash, fly ash and stone
dust at a particular effective stress.
 7 Improvement in Strength of Soil by Use Stone Dust
and Plastic Wastes
Piyush Pandey and 2019 INTRODUCTION
Mukesh Saw The main objective of this study was to investigate the use of waste
dust and waste plastics as stabilizer of the clayey soil. And also
study that how they affects its shear strength and other properties
by adding these unwanted wastes as a stabilizer materials. These
solid wastes are increasing day by day in environment. These are
not environment friendly. So they find the best utilization of these
materials as a reinforcement. They see here the impact of these
materials on two different types of soil and concluded that which
one will be best suited for it. The results obtained are with varying
percentage of stone dust (5%, 10%, and 15%) and waste plastic
(0.05%, 0.15%, and 0.25%).
 7 Improvement in Strength of Soil by Use Stone Dust
and Plastic Wastes
Piyush Pandey and 2019 CONCLUSION
Mukesh Saw On the basis of their experimental study, the following conclusions
were drawn [7]
i. Based on direct shear test on soil sample- 1, with fiber and
rock dust reinforcement of (0.05%+5%), (0.15%+10%) and
(0.25%+15%), the increase in cohesion was found to be 10%,
4.8% and 3.73% respectively. The increase in the internal angle
of friction (φ) was found to be 0.8%, 0.31% and 0. 47%
respectively. Since the net increase in the values of c and φ
were observed to be 19.6%, from 0.325 kg/cm2 to 0.3887
kg/cm2 and 1.59%, from 47.72 to 48.483 degrees respectively,
for such a soil, randomly distributed polypropylene fiber
reinforcement is not recommended.
 7 Improvement in Strength of Soil by Use Stone Dust
and Plastic Wastes
Piyush Pandey and 2019 CONCLUSION
Mukesh Saw ii. The results from the UCS test for soil sample- 1 are also similar,
for reinforcements of (0.05%+5%), (0.15%+10%) and (0.25%
+15%),the increase in unconfined compressive strength from the
initial value are 11.68%, 1.26% and 0.62% respectively. This
increment is not substantial and applying it for soils similar to soil
sample1 is not effective.
iii. The shear strength parameters of soil sample- 2 were determined
by direct shear test illustrates that the increase in the value of
cohesion for fiber reinforcement of (0.05%+5%), (0.15%+10%)
and (0.25%+15%), are 34.7%, 6.09% and 7.07% respectively.
Study further illustrates that the increase in the internal angle of
friction (φ) was found to be 0.8%, 0.31% and 0. 47% respectively.
Thus, a net increase in the values of c and φ were observed to be
53%, from 0.3513 kg/cm2 to 0.5375 kg/cm2 and 15.02%.
 8 Improving the Mechanical Properties of Fine Soil
Using Marble Waste
Abid Ali et al 2020 INTRODUCTION
In this study, the marble waste slurry has been added to the soil to
reduce the permeability of the dam cores. Marble Waste Powder
(MWP) was mixed with the soil with different varying proportions.
Laboratory experiment include atterberg’s limits, liquid limit,
hydrometer test, falling head permeability test, moisture density
relation test, sieve analysis were performed on the treated and
untreated soils. The result revealed that addition of 10-15% of
MWP to the soil significantly improve in the density and strength
and at the same time reduction in the permeability and plasticity of
the stabilized soil with respect to varying moisture conditions is
also very much improved.
 8 Improving the Mechanical Properties of Fine Soil
Using Marble Waste
Abid Ali et al 2020 CONCLUSION
Based on the experimental results obtained from this study, finding
new utilization areas for waste marble powder will decrease
environmental pollution and by the utilizing these wastes material
in problematic soils have great contribution to the economy and
conservation of resources. Marble powder waste is an excellent
material for mechanical stabilization of plastic/ cohesive soils. The
soil stabilized with marble powder will give more stable and
economical dam cores. The limit of the marble powder for the
maximum improvement in properties ranges from 10-15% however
the type of soil and the marble powder will affect the upper limit in
other cases. Depending on the requirement of stabilization, the mix
may require to be designed for each project. The results are
representative of the white marble slurry and may not be applied
to all types of the marble wastes. [8]
 9 Stabilization of Clayey Soil with Lime and Waste
Stone Powder
Armin 2013 INTRODUCTION
Roohbakhshan and In this research, waste stone sludge obtained from slab stone
Behzad Kalantari processing, from stone washing plants were recycled for
Stabilization of clayey soil with lime. Thus, the effectiveness of
using waste stone powder and lime in stabilizing fine-grained clayey
soil (CL) was investigated in the laboratory. The soil samples in
natural state and when mixed with varying percentages of lime and
waste stone powder were used for the laboratory tests that
included atterberg limits tests, grain size analysis, standard Proctor
compaction tests, unconfined compression tests and California
bearing ratio tests
 9 Stabilization of Clayey Soil with Lime and Waste
Stone Powder
Armin 2013 CONCLUSION
Roohbakhshan and The results show significant reduction in plasticity and changed the
Behzad Kalantari optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of clayey soil
with increasing percentage content of waste stone powder and
lime. The results of the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and
California bearing ratio (CBR) tests show that at the different curing
times, the addition of waste stone powder and lime caused an
increase in the value of UCS up to 6% waste stone powder content
and 7% lime content, and increase in the value of CBR to 6% waste
stone powder content and 9% lime content, thereafter, the values
of UCS and CBR decreased [9].
 10 Strength Improvement of Clay Soil by Using
Stone Powder
Ahmed Sameer 2015 INTRODUCTION
Abdulrasool This paper presents results from a comprehensive laboratory study
carried out to investigate the feasibility of using stone powder for
improvement of engineering properties of clays. Three percentages
are used for stone powder (1%, 3% and 5%) by dry weight of clay.
Several tests are made to investigate the soil behavior after adding
the stone powder (Atterberg limits, Standard Proctor density, Grain
size distribution, Specific gravity, Unconfined Compressive test, and
California bearing ratio test). Unconfined Compressive tests
conducted at different curing. The samples are tested under both
soaked and unsoaked condition. Chemical tests and X-ray
diffraction analyses are also carried out.
 10 Strength Improvement of Clay Soil by Using
Stone Powder
Ahmed Sameer 2015 CONCLUSION
Abdulrasool This paper has discussed the results of a laboratory investigation
involving use of elite stone powder for ground improvement of
clays [10]
i. A decrease in liquid limit and plasticity index with the addition
of stone powder.
ii. A decrease in specific gravity of soil was obtained with
increasing of stone powder content due to the low values of
the specific gravity of stone powder
iii. When are increased stone powders, the maximum dry unit
weight decreases from 17.8 to 17.21 kN/m3.
iv. The optimum moisture content increases with increase of
stone powder percents from 14.8% to 17.21%
v. The shear strength of the stabilized soil gradually increases
with time.
 10 Strength Improvement of Clay Soil by Using
Stone Powder
Ahmed Sameer 2015 CONCLUSION
Abdulrasool vi. The test results indicate that clay soils treated with stone
powder result in adequate ground improvement as evidenced
from higher strengths measured from unconfined compressive
tests.
vii. CBR values also improve with addition of stone powder
mixtures to clay due to chemical interactions among soil, stone
powder and water to form cementing materials or binders.
 11 Use of Waste Marble Dust for Stabilization of
Clayey Soil
Altuğ Saygili 2015 INTRODUCTION
The research work was divided into two sections. The first section
deals with the shear strength parameters and swelling
characteristics, the second section deals with the microstructural
investigation of the improved problematic soils. The marble dust
addition ratios which have been studied were 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%
and 30% by weight. Physical, mechanical and chemical properties
of soil and marble dust samples were investigated. In addition, SEM
analyses were performed on the specimens. Test results indicate
that marble dust addition improved the shear strength parameters
and reduced the swell potential of the tested clay samples.
 11 Use of Waste Marble Dust for Stabilization of
Clayey Soil
Altuğ Saygili 2015 CONCLUSION
The engineering parameters of clay samples having varied activity
levels are improved substantially by the addition of waste marble
dust. High plasticity samples (K3B7) showed better performance in
direct shear and swelling tests, low plasticity samples (K7B3)
showed better performance in unconfined compressive strength
tests.
Based on the experimental results obtained from this study, finding
new utilization areas for waste marble dust (by-product) will
decrease environmental pollution and by utilizing these waste
materials in problematic soils have great contribution to the
economy and conservation of resources. Besides that, usage of
waste marble dust in improving problematic soils (especially
swelling) will be an alternative and economic method in highly
active clayey zones [11].
 12 Soft Expansive Soil Improvement by Eco-friendly
Waste and Quick Lime
Jahangir Khazaei 2019 INTRODUCTION
and Hossein This study focused on the feasibility of using waste from
Moayedi petrochemical plant (here called waste) as a stabilizer. The waste
was provided from the process of water softening in petrochemical
units. A complete set of laboratory tests were conducted to
investigate on the effect of an eco-friendly waste and quick lime on
stabilization of the expansive soil. For each of the introduced
additives, treated samples containing 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12%
concentration were prepared.
 12 Soft Expansive Soil Improvement by Eco-friendly
Waste and Quick Lime
Jahangir Khazaei 2019 CONCLUSION
and Hossein The results of compaction, swelling measurement, Atterberg’s
Moayedi limits, and unconfined compression strength (UCS) tests indicated a
reduction in swelling potential. This phenomena was contributed to
the marked increase in UCS and shear strength of improved
samples by waste and lime. The results unveiled that the new eco-
friendly waste showed excellent function when compared to the
conventional lime and it could provide desired geotechnical
properties in soft expansive soil [12].
 13 EFFECT OF LIME AND STONE DUST IN THE
GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF BLACK COTTON SOIL
Ankur Mudgal et al 2019 INTRODUCTION
In this study Black Cotton Soil was stabilized with a mixture of lime
and Stone Dust. First an optimum value of lime was determined on
the basis of some geotechnical properties of mixture of lime and
Black Cotton Soil. Then Stone Dust was mixed up-to 25% by weight
with an increment of 5% in the optimized mixture of lime-Black
Cotton Soil. California bearing ratio, unconfined compression
strength and maximum dry density values were determined of
these modified mixes. Morphology of the soil and admixture has
been studied by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), while
mineralogical composition has been determined by X-Ray
diffraction technique (XRD).
 13 EFFECT OF LIME AND STONE DUST IN THE
GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF BLACK COTTON SOIL
Ankur Mudgal et al 2019 CONCLUSION
Black Cotton Soil and admixtures were identified by experimental
studies. The changes in their physical properties were studied with
the help of laboratory tests. The following conclusions can be
obtained by test results data.
i. It is observed that maximum dry density of lime stabilized 9%.
Black Cotton Soil increases up to the addition of 20% Stone
Dust and further increase of the agent decreases the value.
ii. Similarly, for UCS and CBR, the strength increases up-to 20%
addition of Stone Dust in lime stabilized soil.
iii. X-Ray diffraction of samples shows the presence of
montmorillonite, vermiculite (minerals of smectite group), in
Black Cotton Soil, whewellite and Quartz in Stone Dust and
dolomite calcite in lime.
 SUMMARY

From above literature we can finally conclude that Marble Stone Dust has an
important role in the stability of any kind of soil i.e. clayey soil, black cotton soil
and expansive soil etc. We can use it as a stabilizer for our research work. As it
contain many chemical compounds like Silicon Dioxide, Aluminum Oxide,
Titanium Dioxide, Iron(III) Oxide Or Ferric Oxide, Calcium Oxide, Magnesium
Oxide, Sodium Oxide, Potassium Oxide, Sulphate, Phosphorus Pentoxide, and
Manganese Oxide, When they react with the compounds that are already present
in the soil, the chemical and physical properties of the soil enhances with clear
increment. So to enhance the properties and decrease the settlement of the
clayey soil and for the stability of structure for a long duration, we will use the
Marble Stone Dust as a stabilizer in our research work.
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