Unit 5:

Energetics and
Thermochemistry
5.3 Bond Enthalpies
● All roads lead to… another road it seems

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Practice Questions & Answers (in addition to Kognity assignments)

◎ Past paper Questions annotated

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 Video Help

◎ Richard Thornley Youtube

◎ MSJChem
◎ Mr Weng

They all do the same, choose the presenter that works best for
you.

3
5.3 Essential idea
Energy is absorbed when bonds are
broken and is released when bonds are
formed.

5.3 Knowledge and Skills - here

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Nature of Science
2.2 Models and theories—measured energy
changes can be explained based on the
model of bonds broken and bonds formed.
Since these explanations are based on a
model, agreement with empirical data
depends on the sophistication of the model
and data obtained can be used to modify
theories where appropriate.

(IBDP Chemistry Guide (First Assessment

2016)
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International Mindedness
Stratospheric ozone depletion is a particular
concern in the polar regions of the planet,
although the pollution that causes it comes from
a variety of regions and sources. International
action and cooperation have helped to
ameliorate the ozone depletion problem.

IBDP Chemistry Guide (First Assessment 2016)

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 5. Bond Enthalpies
- You’ve got to break a few eggs to
make an omelette.
ACS Endothermic vs Exothermic Video Review

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Checkpoint

◎ Which is true for a chemical reaction in which the

products have a higher enthalpy than the reactants?

Reaction ΔH
A. endothermic positive
B. endothermic negative

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C. exothermic positive
D. exothermic negative
Key Points

Exothermic reactions Endothermic reactions

Give out energy Absorb energy

Decrease in enthalpy Increase in enthalpy

Products more stable Reactants more stable

THINK: Burning methane

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CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O + energy (exothermic)

● Part of the reaction is endo, part of it is exo - how can this be?
● What makes it exothermic overall?
 Learning Objectives: Bond Enthalpies

◎ Understand bond enthalpies and what they represent (an

average)

◎ Use bond enthalpies to calculate enthalpy changes using:

○ ΔH = Σ(BONDS BROKEN) - Σ(BONDS FORMED)

◎ Use bond enthalpies to help you predict the outcome of an

experiment

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Playing with Magnets

◎ Take two magnets and place them together:

1.Pull your two magnets apart.

○ Is this an endothermic or an exothermic process? How do you
know? (Think ENERGY)

2.Place them near each other again and allow them to attract each
other.
○ Is this an endothermic or an exothermic process? How do you
know? (Think ENERGY)

3.Experiment with magnets of different strengths.

○ How do your energy changes relate to the strength of the
magnets?

4.What has all this got to do with chemical bonds?

○ Are there any limits to this analogy (places where it breaks
down)?

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REVIEW: Making and Breaking Bonds
◎ BOND BREAKING is ENDOTHERMIC.

◎ BOND MAKING is EXOTHERMIC.

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Image source TBC
 REVIEW: POTENTIAL ENERGY PROFILES 1
◎ AKA enthalpy/energy level diagrams Image source TBC

H H

◎ As the enthalpy increases, bonds are being broken, as it

decreases, bonds are being made.
◎ Activation energy (Ea)is the minimum energy required for a
reaction to occur (more in Unit 6)

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REVIEW: POTENTIAL ENERGY PROFILES 2

H H

∆H is negative (H goes down) ∆H is positive (H goes up)

Products have less enthalpy, are more stable Products have more enthalpy, are less stable
Break weaker bonds, make stronger bonds Break stronger bonds, make weaker bonds

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Bond breaking requires less energy than Bond breaking requires more energy than
bond making releases bond making releases
Chemical energy turned into heat energy Heat energy turned into chemical energy
REVIEW: Simplified diagrams

◎ These are the level needed by the IB

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◎ Less useful as they tell you nothing about activation energy
◎ What type of reaction is this? Exo or endo?
 FYI: Intermediates (more in Unit 6)

◎ Some reactions form intermediate products

○ A product that quickly turns into something else

◎ This can lead to more complicated enthalpy level diagrams

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Average Bond Enthalpy – Section 11
◎ Bond Enthalpy is the energy
required to break one mole of a
chemical bond, in a gaseous
molecule, under standard
conditions.
◎ For some this is averaged over
similar compounds containing this
bond.
◎ Check Section 11 of the Data
Booklet
◎ Which in the table would not be
average?

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 Average Bond Enthalpy (energy)
◎ Bond enthalpies are defined in terms of breaking bonds.

For O=O: O2(g) → 2O(g) ΔH = + 498 kJ mol-1

For H-F: HF(g) → H(g) + F(g) ΔH = + 568 kJ mol-1

For Si-H: SiH4(g) → ¼ Si (g) + H(g) ΔH = + 323 kJ mol-1

◎ Richard Thornley

◎ From gaseous covalent bonds to gaseous atoms

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Bond Enthalpies - Quick check
◎ Identify the equation which represents the bond enthalpy for the
HCl bond:

A. HCl(g) → H(g) + Cl(g)

B. HCl(g) → 1/2H2(g) + 1/2Cl2(g)
C. HCl(g) → H+(g) + Cl-(g)
D. HCl(aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl-(aq)
Pearson Bacc SL Chem
ANSWER is…..
Why not the others?

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Bond Enthalpies - Paper 1 Question A

From IB Questionbank

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Bond Enthalpies - Paper 1 Question B

From IB Questionbank

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Bond Enthalpies - Paper 1 Question C

From IB Questionbank

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 Average Bond Enthalpy
◎ Because they are average values taken from the same bonds in a range of similar
compounds, they do not take into account:

○ Variations in strengths of the same bond in different compounds

For example: the strength of a C-H bond will vary slightly depending on
whether it is in methane, ethene, glucose and so on
○ Energy changes due to state changes – they do not account for intermolecular
forces.
○ Energy changes due to dissolution in water

◎ This means enthalpy changes calculated from bond enthalpies can be less
accurate than those calculated by other means, and may differ slightly from
experimental values, but are still readily used.

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 Ozone - Review

◎ Oxygen in the atmosphere is present in two forms, normal

oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3).
◎ Draw the lewis structures (showing shape also) for O2 and O3
below and comment on the differences in bonds and bond
strengths (Unit 4):

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 REVIEW: Ozone

◎ Ozone is both created and destroyed in the earthʼs atmosphere and it is important
in protecting the surface of the earth from the damaging effects of UV radiation.
◎ UV radiation from the sun is absorbed by O2, splitting it into 2 oxygen *free
radicals, which then combine with O2 molecules to form O3.
UV *free radical
O2(g) → O•(g) + O•(g)
- a highly reactive
species with an
O2(g) + O•(g) → O3(g) unpaired electron
(O• Cl• Br• )
O3(g) + O•(g) → 2O2(g)
And repeat the cycle.

◎ The bonds in both O2 and O3 can be broken when they absorb UV radiation of
sufficient energy. Which one will require radiation of higher energy to break it and
why?

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Using Bond Enthalpies

○ ΔH = Σ(BONDS BROKEN) - Σ(BONDS FORMED)

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Bond Enthalpies in Calculations – Method 1
◎ Determine the enthalpy change for the following reaction

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

ΔH = Σ(BONDS BROKEN) - Σ(BONDS FORMED)

= (4 x C-H + 2 x O=O) - (2 x C=O + 4 x O-H)

= (4 x 413 + 2 x 498) - (2 x 804 + 4 x 464)
= 2648 – 3464
= -816 kJ mol-1

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 Bond Enthalpies in Calculations – Method 2
◎ Determine the enthalpy change for the following reaction

H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2 HCl(g)

H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2 HCl(g)

Breaking =
2 x H-Cl reverse process
= 2 x 432 = 864kJ so exothermic
1 x H-H + 1 x Cl-Cl
= - 864kJ
= 436 + 243 = 679kJ
2 H(g) + 2 Cl(g)

Following the arrows: ΔH = 679 – 864 = -185 kJ mol-1

Note: the experimentally measured value is also -185 kJ mol-1

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 Bond Enthalpies in Practice

◎ Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and

oxygen.

◎ In this experiment, you will design a method to measure

the enthalpy change and compare it to one calculated
from bond enthalpies.

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 Key Points

◎ Bond enthalpies tell you the average amount of energy

required to break one bond

◎ Bond enthalpies are always positive (endothermic)

◎ Enthalpies of reaction calculated from bond enthalpies are

less accurate due to them being averages and not taking into
account intermolecular forces in different states.

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5.2/3 Hess’s Law Summary
◎ Given ΔH formation data (section 12) and asked for ΔH reaction:

ΔH⦵ reaction = Σ(ΔHf⦵ products) −Σ(ΔHf⦵ reactants)

◎ Given ΔH Combustion data (section 13):

ΔH⦵ formation = Σ(ΔHc⦵ reactants) −Σ(ΔHc⦵ products)

◎ Given Bond enthalpy data (section 11):

ΔH⦵ reaction = Σ(BONDS BROKEN) - Σ(BONDS FORMED)

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 To Do:

◎ Try ALL energetics questions from the Past Paper Question

document given.

◎ Using your experience of IB-style questions, try to write

IB-style questions of your own (including markscheme) and
give them to your peers.

◎ Complete questions from the Oxford textbook (end of

chapter, exam style)
◎ Think of a few possible IA research questions for energetics.

32
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