A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT ON THE

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEARNERS IN

MALAYA INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

KAYLEN HERA ARELLANO

VERGEL AVISO

CRISTINA BACORDIO

ROUELLA BUENO

JADE IGLESIASA

MICO MILLAR
Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter shows the background of the study, theoretical framework,

conceptual framework, statement of the problem, hypothesis, scope and

limitation, signifance of the study, and definition of terms.

Background and Purpose of the Study

Family is an important part of society. It is the main source with which young

children interact and communicate. The family's most important and

extraordinary responsibility is to prepare and raise children by societal

standards and expectations. In addition, the family is a child's first social and

educational environment. Children's intellectual, social, and emotional

development is influenced by their family and parents, which can increase and

improve their educational outcomes.

According to Porumbu & Necşoi (2013)1, families' educational

influences on their children can come in one of two ways: indirectly, through

the behavior models of family members and other less focused activities, or

directly, through the psychological environment that the family is currently

experiencing.

However, the experiences vary based on the family structure, which could

have an impact on their education. Based on the study of Ceka and Murati
(2016)2, it has been proven that children in different family structures do gain a

range of experiences from engaging in different activities and are constantly

exposed to a range of influences and expectations from the individuals with

whom they share a home.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Bureau of Labor

Statistics (2016)3, 50.7 million children live in families with two parents, 47.7

million live with two married parents, and 3.0 million life with two unmarried

parents. Typically, children growing up in single-parent families do not have

access to the same financial or human resources as children growing up in

two-parent families. Compared to children living in married-couple families,

children raised in single-parent households are more likely to drop out of

school, have or cause a teen pregnancy, and suffer divorce in adulthood (Kid

Counts data center 2017, p.1)4.

In this situation, regardless of family structure, parents have a

significant impact on their child's education. Parents are their children's first

teachers. From the point of view of Cole (2017) 5, parental involvement impacts

the academic achievement of students. Even after a child starts school,

parents still need to teach their kids, and they should help them with their

homework. Parent must show their children how much enjoyment and

valuable learning can be. Parents must be involved in their children's

education for them to attain academic success.

Furthermore, Tus (2021)6 stated that parental involvement is defined as

parents' involvement in their children's education both at home and at school,

it includes attending the parent-teacher conference at school, helping them

with homework, providing and supporting their expenses at school, and

regularly communicating with their teachers.

In the Philippines, Filipino parents are most likely to participate in their

child’s education. However, when it comes to parenting style, Filipino parents

are more authoritarian than progressive. Authoritarian parents anticipate that

their directives or orders will be obeyed without question, they are also strict,

difficult to please, and utilize corporal punishment to discipline children when

they misbehave, as a result, this parenting style may affect their children’s

well-being. On the contrary, authoritative parenting produces the most positive

outcomes and promotes higher academic accomplishment. Filipino parents

have high expectations of their children’s academic performance, which is why

they are more authoritative (Hayek, et al., 2022) 7.

As stated by Alampay & Garcia (2019)8, Filipino families place a high

priority on their children's academic achievements. Providing for their

children's education is a fundamental objective for Filipino parents, and

children consider academic success as a means of meeting filial obligations

and parental expectations.

Children who have parental support are more likely to take part in all

extracurricular activities and to grow up to be contributing members of society.

As many studies have related family structure to student academic

performance, the purpose of this research is to assess the significant

differences in academic performance of Senior High School students at

Malaya Integrated National High School between having a nuclear family and

a single-parent family. Using a survey questionnaire list and interviews, the

researchers seek to know the comparison of parental involvement regardless

of the family structure of the students.

Theoretical Framework

A psychiatrist's perspective is that attachment, a basic human need, is

what makes a relationship between children and parents safe. John Bowlby, a

child psychiatrist, developed the attachment theory in 1969, which explains in

detail how the relationship between a child and parent develops and how it

affects the child's emotional and social growth. Bowlby created a system of

attachment that has four stages. These phases start during infancy.

Preattachment, attachment in progress, clear-cut attachment, and the

development of reciprocal relationships are these stages. All of these phases

create a link between parents and children that emotionally ties them together.

He also stated that if a single parent is unable to form a better bond

with their child, the child is more likely to face challenges, such as

psychological disorders, social difficulties, and irreversible developmental

implications such as decreased IQ, increased anger, and violent behavior. (Ali

& Samar, 2019) 9

 On the other hand, Hoover-Dempsey, a professor of psychology and

human development, focuses on family engagement and its impact on student

learning outcomes as well as parental involvement in the education of children

10
and adolescents. (Vanderbilt University, 2023)

Hoover-Dempsey developed a theory with Howard Sandler, also a

professor of psychology and human development, that parental involvement

improves student achievement.

On their theory, there’s a three (3) primary mechanisms by which

parents increased their involvement in their children's education. First, the

modeling theory states that children will imitate their parents' actions. As a

result, parents who show interest in and time for school-related activities

improve the probability that their children will perform well in school. Second,

the reinforcement mechanism refers to the method through which parents

praise, reward, and show interest in their kids' actions that result in academic

success. These psychological rewards can improve a child's effort to behave

in ways that are crucial for academic success if they do not conflict with the

child's intrinsic motivation and are valued by the student. Finally, through

direct instruction, parents can have an impact on their children's educational

11
outcomes. (Hoover-Demsey & Sandler, 1996)

The theory predicts that children whose parents are interested in their

schooling are more likely to develop a strong, positive sense of efficacy for

accomplishing achievement in school-related tasks than children whose

parents are not involved.

 Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

A. Effects of Parental
Involvement on the • Determined
academic the difference
performance of SHS Analysis of data
on the
students in terms of through:
academic
family structure such a. Survey
performance
as: Questionnaires
of senior high
a. single-parent b. Interview
school
family; c. Statistical
students from
 monthly family analysis
single-parent
income and
 source of nuclear
income family.
b. nuclear family;
• Proposed an
 monthly family
action plan
income
 source • Academic
of
income achievement
c. first semester of the
average learners
• Strengthen
the Parent-
child
relationship

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 illustrates the conceptual framework of a comparative

study of parental involvement in the academic performance of senior high

school learners at Malaya Integrated National High School.

The input shows the data gathered that will be used to provide answers

to research questions, it is composed of the effects of parental involvement on

the academic performance of senior high school students in terms of family

structure such as single-parent family; monthly family income, and source of

income. Nuclear family; monthly family income, source income, and

firstsemester average.

The process presents the analysis of data through survey

questionnaires, interviews, and statistical treatment.

The output involves the determined difference in the academic

performance of senior high school students from a single-parent and nuclear

family, the proposed action plan, the academic achievement of the students,

and the strengthening of the parent-child relationship.

Statement of the Problem

This study compares the academic achievements of senior high school

students at MINHS who come from single-parent and nuclear family. The goal

of the study is to determine whether there are any significant differences in

academic performance between these two groups of students and to analyze

any possible causes of any discrepancies that may be found. The research

will specifically look into the following research questions:

1. What is the effect of parental involvement on the academic performance of

senior high school students in terms of family structures such as:

1.1 single parent family;

 1.1.1 monthly family income;

1.1.2 source of family income;

1.2 nuclear family;

1.2.1 monthly family income; 1.2.2 source of family income;

1.3 first semester average?

2. Is there a significant difference on the academic performance of senior high

school students from single-parent and nuclear family in terms of:

2.1 monthly family income;

2.2 source of income; and

2.3 first semester general average?

3. What are the challenges faced by SHS students from single-parent

households and those from nuclear family in their academic performance?

4. Based on the results of the study, what output can be developed?

Assumptions

The study's main objective was to compare the effects of parental

involvement on the students academic performance. The researchers made

the following assumptions:

1. The researchers assumed that the respondents would be a reliable source

of information, ensuring the success of this study.

2. The researchers assumed that the respondents would

answer the

questions truthfully.
3. The researchers assumed that students from nuclear and single-parent

families performed well academically.

4. The researchers would be able to explain the

study's goal to the

respondents.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The purpose of this study is to determine the parental involvement of

single and nuclear parenting on the academic performance of students at

Malaya Integrated National High School. This study includes senior high

school students with a total population of 235 learners.

This will include the students' family structure, monthly family income,

source of family income, and students' first-semester average, which will be

determined through the use of surveys-questionnaires-checklist, and

interviews.
Another goal of the study is to identify the various aspects and

characteristics that should be considered for the student's family structure.

The limitations were used in this study to ensure accurate and reliable

results.

Significance of the Study

The research can be significant in the value of education

regardless of the family structure of the students.

Certain people will benefit from this as well. First, teachers will instruct

students who come from single-parent or nuclear families on how to

communicate with them and inform them that they can help learners with their

academic success.

Second, the parents will help in providing support for their children's

academic achievement, helping them to understand what has to be done to

support them, and helping them recognize the impact of single parents and

nuclear families on the children's academic performance.

Third, senior high school learners will gain knowledge from this study

that will enable them to keep up with their academic performance and receive

the same treatment and opportunities regardless of whether they come from

nuclear or single-parent families.

Finally, the study can be used as a reference by future researchers

who want to study the same topic.

Definition of Terms

The following are the terms that appear throughout the study, defined

operationally and/or conceptually.

Academic achievement or Academic performance. It is the extent to which

a student, teacher or institution has attained their short or long-term

educational goals12.
 Specifically, it refers to the first semester's overall average.

Family Structure. A term that describes the members of a household who are

linked by marriage or bloodline13.

It refers to the families of senior high students.

Nuclear Family. A group of people who are united by ties of partnership and

parenthood and consisting of a pair of adults and their socially recognized

children14.

It refers to a family with a mother and father living at home.

Parental Involvement. This refers to the amount of participation a parent has

when it comes to the schooling of his/her children 15.

Single-Parent Family. It refers to a person who has a child or children but

does not have a spouse or live-in partner to assist in the upbringing or support

of the child16.

It states a family where the father and mother are separated and

only one of them—either his/her father or mother—lives with them.

Notes

1
Porumbu, D., & Necşoi, D. V. (2013). Relationship between parental
involvement/attitude and children's school achievements. Procedia-Social
and Behavioral Sciences, 76, 706-710.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042813007349

2
Ceka, A., & Murati, R. (2016). The Role of Parents in the Education of
Children. Journal of Education and practice, 7(5), 61-64. https://eric.ed.gov/?
id=EJ1092391

3
Asia Watt (2019). Single Parent Households and the Effect on Student
Learning. Student Theses & Publications.
https://thekeep.eiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5464&context=theses

4
The Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2017) 2017 Kids Count Data Book.
Baltimore, MD, Retrieved from
https://www.aecf.org/m/resourcedoc/aecf2017kidscountdatabook.pdf

5
Cole, S. A. (2017). The Impact of Parental
Involvement on Academic Achievement. https://eric.ed.gov/?
id=ED577825#:~:text=In%20order%20for%20a%20child,P arental
%20involvement%20impacts%20student%20academics.

6
Tus, J. (2021). Amidst the online learning in the Philippines: the parental
involvement and its relationship to the student's academic performance.
International Engineering Journal for Research & Development, 6(3), 1-15.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352368179_Amidst_the_Online_L
ea
rning_in_the_Philippines_The_Parental_Involvement_and_Its_Relationship
_t o_the_Student%27s_Academic_Performance

7
Hayek, J., Schneider, F., Lahoud, N., Tueni, M., & De Vries, H. (2022).
Authoritative parenting stimulates academic achievement, also partly via
selfefficacy and intention towards getting good grades.
 PLOS ONE, 17(3), e0265595.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265595

8
Alampay, L.P., & Garcia, A.S. (2019). Education and Parenting in the
Philippines. In: Sorbring, E., Lansford, J. (eds) School Systems, Parent
Behavior, and Academic Achievement. Young People and Learning
Processes in School and Everyday Life, vol 3. Springer, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28277-6_7

9
Shumaila Khadim Ali and Sarmad Muhammad Soomar.(2019) JOJ Nurse
Health Care.10(2): 555781. DOI: 10.19080/JOJNHC.2019.10.555781.

10
Vanderbilt University, 2023.

https://www.vanderbilt.edu/psychological_sciences/bio/kathleen-hoover-

dempsey

11
Hoover-Dempsey & Sandler (1995). “Parental Involvement in Children's
Education: Why Does It Make a Difference?” Teachers College Record, 95,
p. 327.

https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/8/41057/files/2017/10/
HooverDempsey-and-Sandler-1997-1rggst8.pdf

12
Academic Performance.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_achievement
13
Family Structure.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/9781119085621.wbefs016

14
Nuclear Family. https://www.britannica.com/topic/nuclear-family

15
Parental Involvement. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1207994

16
Single Parent. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_parent
Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter contains related literature and studies, both local and

international, compiled by researchers from internet publications and

resources, with the expectation that this paper will serve as a guide to

conducting more accurate study results. This chapter gave the researchers a

greater comprehension and a broader perspective on the information

gathered.

Foreign Literature

Education is a lifelong commitment. The opportunity to continue your

education after primary school relies largely on your academic performance.

As a result, it is important to look into how children's academic achievement is

influenced by their family background at a young age.

Wilson (2013)1 believed that the family is and will always be the

fundamental social organization or unit of any society, composed mainly of a

man and a woman living in peace and harmony. This partnership, more than

any other, provides sexual, emotional, intellectual, and social stability. Also,

this is where a person has the greatest potential of succeeding, particularly in

school.

Bennett (2017)2 has also identified human capital (parent education).

He went on to say that children whose parents encourage academic success

are more likely to pursue higher education themselves. Furthermore, parental

education is beneficial in this regard and a factor in a young person's success.

 Besides, one of the primary elements of a child's success that may

have an impact on their development, including their academic performance

and achievement, is their family structure (Sirin & Gupta, 2015) 3.

Nowadays, the nuclear family and the single-parent family structure are

the two most common family types. The two family structures may seem

similar but there are differences in terms of finances and parenting, especially

in their involvement in the academic performance of their children. Moreover,

parents serve as the first teacher of their children. Once a child begins

attending school, the necessity to teach does not end and parents should

assist their children with their homework. It is the parent’s responsibility to

demonstrate the fun and value of learning.

Achilike (2017)4 found that the children's poor home lives and regular

school attendance have a negative impact on their ability to learn.

Moreover, Dhendup, Dorji, and Jatsho (2021) 5, add that broken glass

harms the environment and students' academic performance, while others

recorded a broken family as a cause of poor academic performance.

Local Literature

According to Felisilda and Torreon (2020)6 the learner's poor attitude

and behavior served as an indicator of low academic success.

Bartolome, Mamat, and Masnan (2017)7 believed that parental

involvement refers to how involved a parent is in his or her children's

education. Some schools encourage healthy parental involvement, but

parents may be hesitant to get involved in their children's education.

 For most Filipinos, parents seek opportunities to participate in their

children's academics. In her column in the Philippine Daily Inquirer, Lee-Chua

(2013)8 stated that parents who participate in learning have a positive impact

on student performance. Blair (2013)9, insisted that Filipino parents are very

active in their children's school activities.

Given these considerations, both international and local literature

concluded that parental involvement has a significant impact on students'

academic performance. Additionally, it claims that single parent families have

a major negative influence on students.

Foreign Studies

The researchers studied many studies, and these are just a few of

those that are chosen as being more relevant to this study.

On the study of Castro, et al., (2015)10, the parental roles that place the

greatest emphasis on general monitoring of children's academic pursuits are

those that are most strongly linked to excellent accomplishment. The

strongest links are seen when families hold their children to high academic

standards, establish and sustain communication with them about

schoolrelated activities, and help them form reading habits.

Furthermore, Awuni, Ayimbila, Azangeo, and Pappoe (2022) 11 noted

that it is advised that parents spend enough time with their children at home

and discuss their academic performance, that parents speak often with

teachers to know their children's academic success, that administration of

senior high schools within the municipality should discuss with parents the
value of parental involvement in education, and that

Parents-Teachers

Association.

According to Gyamfi and Pobbi (2016)12, parental monitoring was

measured using seven monitoring activities: setting TV time for a child,

limiting playing time, monitoring homework, selecting a TV program for the

child, setting time for children to return from school, setting study time for

children, and selecting subjects for children. They discovered that parental

involvement in all monitoring activities of their children's academic work was

low.

On the contrary, single parents do not regularly monitor and supervise

their children. The academic progress of their wards, and as a result, these

children are typically not provided with the necessary learning materials to aid

their learning and this leads to poor academic performance. (Ntumi, Larbi, and

Yirenkyi, 2015)13

It has an impact on children's academic performance because most

single parents do not have a consistent source of income, does not always

pay their children's fees on time, does not provide most of their children's

school needs (textbooks, school bag, and shoes), and do not consistently

provide food for their children before and after school. (Fotoh, 2021) 14

Local Studies

According to Barsalote, Guinanas, Pormento, and Yuayan (2018)

15
, even though there is a moderate gap between nuclear families and
singleparent households, both can be considered to have a positive

connection.

In addition, Repogio (2016) 16 discovered that there is no relationship

between students' academic achievement and parents' level of involvement,

as well as between students' perceptions of their parent's involvement.

Generally speaking, these studies—both foreign and local—will help

and serve as a guide for researchers to improve and have more

understanding regarding the comparative study of parental involvement on the

academic performance of senior high school students in MINHS.

Notes

1
Wilson, L. (2013). The family unit and its importance. Retrieved

October 16, 2017, from http://drlwilson.com/articles/families.htm

2
Bennett, L. (2017). Family factors that influence students’ behavior in

school. Retrieved October 23, 2017 from

https://www.hellomotherhood.com/familyfactors-that-influence-students-

behavior-in-school-9634618.html
3
Sirin Selcuk R. , Gupta, Taveeshi. (2015). School Achievement as

Moderated by Sociodemographic Status: The US Case,Editor(s): James D.

Wright,

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second

Edition)
4
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B97800809070868231024

Achilike, B. A., (2017). Effect of Broken Home on Student’s academic

achievement in Ohaukwu Local Government Area of Ebonyi State South East

Nigeria. International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary

Research Vol. 04, Issue 05, pp.2581-2586, May 2017.

http://www.research.vibushaips.com/sites/default/files/issues pdf/1229_0.pdf

5
Dhendup, Sonam, Dorji, Tshering & Jatsho, Sherab (Sep 2021). The

Impact of Family Type on Bhutanese Secondary Students’ Academic

Performance. Journal of Humanities and Education Development (JHED).

https://www.theshillonga.com/index.php/jhed/article/download/253/174
6
Felisilda, M. M. A., & Torreon, L. C. (2020). Effects Of Broken Family On
Pupils’ Behavioral Developmental And Academic Success. International

Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 8(10), 216–223.

https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i10.2020.1526
7
Bartolome, M. T., Mamat, N., & Masnan, A. H. (2017). Parental

Involvement in the Philippines: A Review of Literature. International Journal

of Early Childhood Education and Care, 6, 41-50 https://eric.ed.gov/?

id=EJ1207994

8
Lee-Chua, Queena N. (2013). Teachers Should Help the Weakest.

Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/525403/teachers should-

help-the-weakest
9
Blair, S. L. (2013). Filipino Parental Involvement and Children’s
Educational

Performance. A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL, 30(1), 49-72.

https://www.addu.edu.ph/tambara/wpcontent/uploads/sites/6/2020/12/

Tambara_Vol30-Iss2-

December2013.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2UB7YccSzOQP6VbcVIY60zv3QgB3BtrvDV

On9rvsVaHioGohZFAm9u33I#page=55
10
Castro, M., Expósito-Casas, E., López-Martín, E., Lizasoain, L.,

NavarroAsencio, E., & Gaviria, J. L. (2015). Parental involvement on

student academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational research

review, 14,

33-46. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1747938X15000032

11
Ayimbila, E., Awuni, J., Azangeo, P., and Pappoe, A., (2022). Parental

Involvement in Monitoring Students’ Academic Performance, British

Journal of
Education Vol.10, Issue 10, pp.83-103

https://www.academia.edu/94808357/Parental_Involvement_in_Monitoring_St

udents_Academic_Performance?fbclid=IwAR3TOe3PdEHIjojv4_ANTsqrz4M6

eGysQHUq44U36NMKhbctf1NGg0Frslo
12
Gyamfi, Kwadwo & Pobbi, Michael Asamani (2016). Parental Monitoring

and Child Performance in Ghana. Journal of Education and Practice ISSN

2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.7, No.21, 2016

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1109409.pdf
13
Ntumi, S., Larbi F., & Yirenkyi, L. A., (2015), Effects of single parenting on

student’s academic performance: A case study at Amamoma Presbyterian

junior high school, International Journal of Humanities and Social

Sciences.Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 27-35, ©IJHSS https://www.google.com/url?

sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https%3A%2F%2Fij hss.net%2Findex.php

%2Fijhss%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F112%2F43&ved=

2ahUKEwjCxfqxtYD-

AhVDmFYBHT6lDgoQFnoECAsQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3MfmsY6MsB1dNO3nvN

puD6&fbclid=IwAR2nUUO52c1q-I5N09UDR-MHoPrzVR-

G2ZhshwX6drLBkCxiozeMv8ZyK1g
14
Fotoh, A., (2021). Single Parenting and Its Effects on Students’ Academic

Performance in Kumba III Municipality, Meme Division, Cameroon.

International Journal of Education, Learning and Development Vol. 9, No.1,

pp.30-41 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3770176

15
Barsalote, P. Guinanas, G. Pormento, S & Yuayan, H.(2018). A SURVEY

ON NUCLEAR AND SINGLE-PARENT FAMILY: ITS IMPACT IN THE

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF Students
https://www.academia.edu/36304821/A_SURVEY_ON_NUCLEAR_AND_SIN

GLE_PARENT_FAMILY_ITS_IMPACT_IN_THE_ACADEMIC_PERFORMAN

CE_OF_STUDENT?fbclid=IwAR3oUjXZHOYHe-

y_vI96AByiMWAcOEslKNIAZaZbmvRVHeTQMaE41mDYF8
16
Repogio, J. (2016). PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT AND
ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

https://www.academia.edu/40435730/PARENTAL_INVOLVEMENT_AND_AC

ADEMIC_PERFORMANCE_AMONG_HIGH_SCHOOL_STUDENTS?fbclid=I

wAR1kjLYVt5OQKgiTva6w8oNZRIXEsGyyX6pGiWpj5ANCYgkzfkk4YAY0sHI
Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH AND SOURCES OF DATA

This chapter presents the research design, setting of the study, subject

of the study, sources of data, procedure of the study, and statistical treatment.

Research Design

The descriptive research design will be utilized in this study to collect

the data needed. Descriptive research design aims to accurately and

methodically describe a population, circumstances, or phenomena.

Descriptive research design examines the circumstances of the

population and identifies the issues that exist within a unit, an organization, or

a population, or examines the differences and practices between institutions

or even nations (Siedlecki, 2020).1 The researchers do not manipulate the

variables but rather only describe the variables. The purpose of descriptive

research design is to describe an event, or conditions by studying them as

they occur in nature.

This research design is suited for this study since the researchers will

collect data through survey questionnaires and interviews using mixed

research methods to determine the differences of parental involvement on the

academic performance of senior high school students in terms of family

structures.
Setting of the Study

This study will be conducted in Malaya Integrated National High School.

MINHS is located at Vicencio Street, Malaya, Pililla, Rizal with a school

population of 1,364 learners. It was established in 1975 as Malaya Barangay

High School before being renamed Malaya National High School.

MINHS was integrated in March 6, 2020, which is why its present name

is Malaya Integrated National High School.

The school have executed a vision that was released by the

Department of Education in dreaming of Filipinos who passionately love their

country and whose competencies and values enable them to realize their full

potential and contribute meaningfully to building the nation. It follows the

mission of DepEd which is to protect and promote the right of every Filipino to

quality, equitable, culture-based and complete basic education where

students learn in a child-friendly, gender-sensitive, safe and motivating

environment.

The school runs initiatives and activities centered on the planning of

lessons and the teaching-learning process.

The school also conduct monthly school club activities that are

organized by organizations like SSG and others.

In addition, MINHS participated in regional sports activities, and several

of the athletes took home medals. Recently, Grade 10 SSC of MINHS won
third place and the People's Choice Award in the National Competition of the

Geology Summit Photographic Essay.

As a result of this, it can be stated that MINHS is involved in activities

that assist learners in developing their ability and efficiency.

Figure 2

Location Map of Malaya Integrated National High School

Subject of the Study

The subject of the study is the comparative study of parental

involvement on the academic performance of Senior High School Learners in

Malaya Integrated National High School. The ideal sample size of SHS

students was calculated using the stratified random sampling technique and

Slovin’s formula. Out of 235 SHS students, only 30 possible students were
selected.

Sources of Data

To collect relevant data, the researchers will use a questionnaire

checklist and a semi-structured interview.

The questionnaire will have three parts, and the interview will have

three questions. The first part of the questionnaire contains background

information about a family structure such as single-parent family; monthly

family income, source of income, nuclear family; monthly family income,

source of income, and first-semester general weighted average.

The second part includes a five-point frequency scale checklist that will

be used to assess home engagement.

The third part will also use a five-point frequency scale to assess

school involvement. The interview will contain questions about the challenges

faced by SHS students from single-parent households and those from the

nuclear family in their academic performance.

Each item’s responses will be rated on a five-point scale interval by

using Likert Scale.

Rating Scale Interval Range Verbal Interpretation

5 4.20-5.00 Always

4 3.40-4.19 Often

3 2.60-3.39 Sometimes

2 1.80-2.59 Rarely

1 1.00-1.79 Never
Procedure of the Study

Data will be collected using both qualitative and quantitative methods.

Based on the variables, statement of the problem, and relevant literature, the

researchers crafted the questionnaire checklist. The semi-structured interview

will contain open-ended questions about the challenges faced by Senior High

School students from single-parent households and those from the nuclear

family in their academic performance. Academic records of the learners will

also be obtained from the school to determine their academic performance.

Once the questionnaire checklist and semi-structured interview have

been validated, the survey questionnaire will be distributed to the selected

respondents, and the semi-structured interview will be asked of the chosen

respondents.

To ascertain the relationship between parental involvement and

academic achievement, the data gathered will be evaluated statistically using

techniques such as weighted mean and ANOVA.

Statistical Treatment

The researchers will utilize different statistical tools to answer the

problems of the study and to examine the data gathered.

Problem number 1. The weighted mean with verbal interpretation will

be used by the researchers to determine the effects of parental involvement

on the academic performance of Senior High School Students in terms of

family structure.
 Problem number 2. The researchers will employ ANOVA to determine

whether there is a significant difference in the academic performance of

Senior High School students from single-parent households and those from

nuclear families.

Problem number 3. The researcher will conduct semi-structured

interviews to learn about the academic challenges experienced by SHS

students from single-parent households and those from nuclear families.

Notes

1
Siedlecki, S. L. (2020). Understanding descriptive research designs and

methods. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 34(1), 8-12.

https://journals.lww.com/cnsjournal/Citation/2020/01000/Understanding_Desc

riptive_Research_Designs_and.4.aspx