FORMWORK

CPM

J KAAVYASHREE-44
KOMAL-47
M.JAYASHRI-51
MEGHANA.D-56
NIVEDHITHA-77
Introduction to FORMWORK

Formwork is a temporary structure that is used to support wet

concrete until it hard. Formwork cost is 25 to 30% of the total
cost.
When the concrete is tilted, it is in a plastic state, so it needs
temporary supports and casing to hold it until it is strong
enough. This temporary casing is called Formwork or Form or
Shuttering.
The term mould is used for the formwork of small units like
lintels, cornices etc.
The formwork used for circular works like arch, dome etc. is
called centering.
The shape of the formwork is kept according to the shape of
the concrete member. The formwork is properly arranged and
filled with concrete.
Formwork is maintained until the concrete is strong enough
to withstand the impacts on it.
Formwork is an expensive item and therefore its proper
design and Simple Textcan
maintenance Here lead to considerable cost
savings, with construction costing 20 to 25 times the cost of
concrete for formwork.

Formwork cost is 25 to 30% of the total

cost.
formwork
FORMWORK is an mold including all supporting structures Types of FORMWORK
used to shape and support the concrete until it attains sufficient
strength to carry its own weight long with the imposed dead
and live load.
Conventional FORMWORK
1 Conventional formwork is made of
1 2 3 wood, while engineered formwork can
be made from a variety of materials,
such as plastic, metal or steel

Climbing FORMWORK
2 Climbing formwork, also known as
jumpform, is a special type formwork for
vertical concrete structures that rises
with the building process.

Modular FORMWORK
3 Modular formwork systems are
designed with standardized panels
and component items to reduce or limit
the need for cutting material on site.
 Conventional
Formwork
Conventional formwork is too time consuming to use for
larger structures. It has the tendency to warp, swell and
shrink – all things that could be major problems on a job
where keeping things square and plumb is important.
Conventional formwork usually lasts around five to ten
uses if treated correctly. The fact that it is flexible allows
it to be used in conjunction with engineered formwork for
unique sections that require custom formwork

Column formwork

Section of conventional
Beam FORMWORK detail FORMWORK.
climbing
Formwork
Climbing formwork, also known as jumpform, is a special
type formwork for vertical concrete structures that rises
with the building process. The term ‘climb form’ is
sometimes used to describe both slip or jump forms.

While relatively complicated and costly, it can be an

effective solution for buildings that are either very
repetitive in form (such as towers or skyscrapers) or that
require a seamless wall structure (using gliding
formwork, a special type of climbing formwork).

Slip form and jump form system

Self climbing type of formwork, the structure elevates itself with the help of
mechanic leverage equipment (usually hydraulic ). To do this, it is usually fixed
to sacrificial cones or rails emplaced in the previously cast concrete.

Slip forms and jump forms are the terms given to self-climbing formwork
systems designed to construct lift and stair cores in high rise buildings and
other concrete structures like silos, stacks and chimneys.

Slip forms and jump forms usually consist of a number of platforms or decks for
workers and may also be fitted with trailing screens suspended from the form.
 modular
Formwork
Modular formwork systems are designed with standardized panels and
component items to reduce or limit the need for cutting material on site.
This speeds up the overall process and therefore requires less labour on
site. They are also interchangeable with conventional methods. Modular
Formwork Systems are generally easy to assemble and much faster than
conventional Formwork, saving time, allowing you to pour sooner.

Table form system

A table form/flying form is a large pre-
assembled formwork and falsework
unit, often forming a complete bay of
suspended floor slab. It offers mobility
and quick installation for construction
projects with regular plan layouts or
long repetitive structures, so is highly
suitable for flat slab, and beam and
slab layouts.

Tunnel form system

Tunnel form is a formwork system that
facilitates the casting of walls and
slabs in one operation. It not only
enhances the accuracy of concrete
construction but also helps create
efficient load-bearing structures that
are known to be earthquake-resistant
and can be used in a wide variety of
applications.
 DIFFERENT MATERIALS USED FOR FORMWORK
A Formwork is a temporary structure used as mold for the original structure. There are different
materials available to construct the formwork. Formwork Material is selected depending upon
many factors like cost, requirement, type of structure etc.

1. TIMBER AS FORMWORK MATERIAL

Timber is the most commonly used material for formwork.
Timber logs, lumber etc. are used as bracing members from
ancient times. So, the Timber formwork is also called as traditional
formwork.
It is most economical material used for formwork.
2. PLYWOOD AS FORMWORK MATERIAL
Plywood is a manufactured product of timber.
It consists number of veneer sheets or plies in layers.
Now a days, the use of plywood formwork increases especially for
facing panels.
3. STEEL AS FORMWORK MATERIAL
Steel can also be used as formwork material.
It is very costly but it can be used for more number of times than
others.
They provides excellent finish to the concrete surfaces.
For mass structures like dams, bridges, etc. steel form work is so
strong and safe
4. ALUMINIUM AS FORMWORK MATERIAL
Aluminum formwork is used often for pre-fabricated
formworks.
It is getting more popular because of its light weight and
good strength.
It requires fewer supports and ties.

5.MAGNESIUM AS FORMWORK MATERIAL

Magnesium is another metal element which is used for
formwork.
Magnesium is not directly used for formwork and is used
with the combination of oxygen atoms which forms
magnesium oxide, usually called magnesia or MgO.
. MgO boards are available in required sizes and grades.

6.FABRIC AS FORMWORK MATERIAL

Fabric formwork is the modern technology in construction
sector.
Fabric can be mold into any required shapes which makes it
more famous formwork for architectural purposes.
REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD QUALITY FORMWORK

1) It should be cheap and reusable.

2) It shall be strong enough to withstand all external loads besides the concrete weight.

3) It should be waterproof so that it should not absorb water from the concrete.

4) It should be light in weight so that it is easy to transfer.

5) Swelling and shrinkage should be minimum.

6) Deflection of formwork should be minimum.

7) Surface should be smooth and it should afford easy stripping.

ERECTING FORMWORK FRAME

be erected progressively to ensure the installers’ safety and the
Formwork frames should
stability of the overall structure.

Braces should be attached to the frames as soon as practicable and designated access ways
should be indicated by using bunting or by other means.

If side bracing or other edge protection is installed progressively on formwork frames other
control measures to prevent a fall occurring may not be required.

Many conventional formwork frames consist of diagonal braces that cross in the middle. While
these braces are not considered to be suitable edge protection for a completed formwork
deck, they may provide reasonable fall protection during frame erection. This is only the case
where braces are installed in a progressive manner as soon as the frames are installed.

As the height of formwork frames increase there is a greater need to provide lateral stability
to the frames. Ensure framing, including bracing, is carried out in accordance with on-site
design documentation and manufacturers’ instructions. People erecting formwork must be
trained to erect formwork using safe methods.

The risk of internal falls while erecting frames can be controlled by fully decking each lift of
the formwork decks and false decks. This involves:
1. positioning a full deck of scaffolding planks or other suitable decking at each lift
2. positioning decking on the next lift while standing on a fully decked platform, and
3. leaving each lift fully decked in place until it is dismantled.
A false deck should be able to support the expected load of workers and materials during
construction and people or objects that could fall onto the deck. Access should be
provided to each of the false decks.

When considering the design of the deck for erecting, altering or dismantling formwork,
the weight of the false deck and live load should be applied to the formwork support
structure.

A formwork deck should be laid in a progressive way so people will be provided with a method to
prevent them from falling below the deck.

A minimum of four joists at 450 mm centres—400 mm gaps, totalling 1.8 metres—are located on bearers
next to the person and in the other direction joists extend for at least

 ROLE OF EQUIPMENTS IN FORMWORK CONSTRUCTION

Equipment plays a crucial role in formwork construction, which is the process of creating
temporary structures that support the weight of wet concrete until it hardens and
becomes self-supporting.
The equipment used in formwork construction helps to ensure the accuracy, safety, and
efficiency of the process.

SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EQUIPMENT USED IN FORMWORK CONSTRUCTION

INCLUDES:

1. Formwork: This is the primary equipment used in formwork construction, and it

includes various types of forms, such as timber, steel, aluminum, and plastic. The
formwork must be strong enough to support the weight of the concrete and be able to
resist the pressure created by the wet concrete.
LEGEND
A Formwork element FF20 in detail
B Inter-panel connections
C Tie rod system
D Length adjustment using closures
E Vertical stacking of panels
F 90 degree corners
G Acute & obtuse-angled corners
H Stop-end formwork
I Plumbing accessories
J Pouring platforms with single brackets / Pouring platforms
K Opposing guard-rail
L Ladder system
M Lifting by crane
2. Scaffolding: This equipment is used to provide a stable platform for workers to
access the formwork, which is often located at heights above the ground level.
Scaffolding also helps to ensure the safety of workers while they are working on the
formwork. PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING

3. Concrete Mixers: These machines are used to mix the cement, sand, water, and
other materials to create the concrete mixture that will be poured into the formwork.
4. Vibrators: Vibrators are used to ensure that the concrete mixture is evenly
distributed and compacted within the formwork. This helps to ensure that the
concrete is strong and durable.

5. Cranes: Cranes are used to lift and move the formwork and other equipment to the
desired location on the construction site.

6. Safety Equipment: Safety equipment, such as helmets, safety harnesses, and safety
glasses, is essential to protect workers from potential hazards during the formwork
construction process.
 ECONOMY IN FORMWORK CONSTRUCTION
The construction of formwork takes time and
involves expenditure upto 20 to 25% of the cost
of the structure or even more. Design of these
temporary structures are made to economic
expenditure.
The total cost of concrete construction work
includes the cost of formwork also.
Construction of formwork involves considerable
expenditure in terms of cost of material, cost of
labour for fabrication, erection and removal of
formwork and time element.
In case of buildings, the cost of formwork may
range between 30 to 40% of the cost of concrete
work.
In case of special structures like bridges, tall
chimneys, dams etc., the cost of formwork may
range between 50 to 100% of the cost of
concrete work, or even more.
 HOW TO ACHIEVE ECONOMY IN THE FORMWORK
CONSTRUCTION?
1. Formwork shall be made of low-cost materials.
2. The building should be planned in such a way that there are minimum numbers of
variations in the size of rooms, floor area etc., so as to permit re-use of the
formwork moulds repeatedly.
3. Use single framing scheme for the entire project. This would improve learning of
labors and cut mobilization and formwork material cost. Two framing schemes are
justifiable only on large projects.
4. Use the same depth for all beams and joists since reduced cost would surpass the
increased cost of steel and concrete.
5. To save time and money, orient all framing in one direction in case of one-way
system construction.
6. Repetitive utilization of formwork is another economic requirement that must not
be compromised. So, they must be able to withstand a good number of reuses
without losing their shape.
7. Increase reuse of forms by using the same size for columns, horizontally in one
storey and vertically in one stack. Change reinforcement and concrete strength to
accommodate loads.
8. The formwork should be constructed in such a way that timber (where used) is cut
to the minimum and it can be struck off with ease and re-used with least damage.