INTRODUCTION

The smartphone is the most advanced technological device in the mobile phone market today,
comprising the features of both computers and mobile phones in one small device. Many people
today rely on their smartphones to carry out their daily tasks and for a variety of purposes,
including education, communication, entertainment, and shopping.

researchers have reported that technological devices emit harmful, non-ionizing, electromagnetic
field (EMF) radiation at a high-frequency level (100 kHz–300 GHz) (International Commission on
Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, 2020). Several studies have investigated the biological
interaction between the human body and exposure to this radiation. The evidence indicates that the
absorption of EMF radiation by the human body is linked with detrimental health impacts,
including respiratory problems (Jung, 2016), muscle pains (Park, 2015), headaches.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has caused harmful effects on human health across the
globe. Online strategies have been enforced to reduce the associated negative effects owing to the rapid viral

transmission by interpersonal contact. This has led to a rise in the usage of smartphones and other electronic
devices that emit injurious, non-ionizing EMF radiation of high frequency in the range of 100 kHz to 300 GHz.

The female placenta facilitates an exchange of oxygen and nutrients between the tissues of the mother and the
fetus. Thus, alterations in the mother’s body can affect fetal growth and development. EMF radiation emitted

from mobile phones can penetrate fetal tissues and cause hormonal imbalances in the mother and thermal,
anthropometric, and cardiovascular changes in the fetus. Hence, analyzing these radiation-induced damaging

effects in terms of physiological and pregnancy outcomes on the mother and the baby is important.