Professional Documents
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SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
• MATLAB (2021).
THEORY:
The Spectrum Analyzer System object displays the
frequency spectrum of time-domain signals. This scope supports
variable-size input, which allows the input frame size to change. Frame
size is the first dimension of the input vector. The number of input
channels must remain constant.
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1. THE DISPLAY:
When looking at how to use a spectrum analyser, one of the main elements of
the test equipment is the display. The display has a graticule which typically
has ten major horizontal and ten major vertical divisions. The horizontal axis
of the analyser is linearly calibrated in frequency with the higher frequency
being at the right hand side of the display. The vertical axis is calibrated in
amplitude. This scale is normally logarithmic, although it is often possible to
have other scales including linear ones for specialised measurements.
A logarithmic scale is normally used because it enables signals over a very
wide range to be seen on the spectrum analyser - signals of interest may vary
by 70dB, 80dB or more. Typically a value of 10 dB per division is used. This
scale is normally calibrated in dBm (i.e. decibels relative 1 mill watt) and
therefore it is possible to see absolute power levels as well as comparing the
difference in level between two signals.
2. Setting the frequency
To set the frequency of a spectrum analyser, there are two selections that can
be made. These selections are independent of each other and on different
controls or entered via a keypad separately: 3
• Centre frequency:
The centre frequency selection sets the frequency of the centre of the
scale to the chosen value. It is normally where the signal to be
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monitored would be located. In this way the main signal is in the centre
of the display and the frequencies either side can be monitored.
• Span:
The span selection is the extent of the frequency coverage that is to be
viewed or monitored when using the spectrum analyser. The span may
be given as a bandwidth per division on the graticule, or the total span
that is seen on the calibrated part of the screen, i.e. within the
maximum extents of the calibrations on the graticule. Another option
that is often available is to set the start and stop frequencies of the scan.
This is another way of expressing the span as the difference between
the start and stop frequencies is equal to the span. Reducing the span
will allow better resolution of the signal, allowing close in components
of the signal to be seen.
• Top and bottom frequencies:
As an alternative to setting the span and the centre frequency, many
analysers offer the capability to enter the start and stop or top and
bottom frequencies for the sweep.
If sections of the test equipment are overloaded, then spurious signals may be
generated within the instrument. This can be prevented by including extra
attenuation using the input attenuator. However if too much attenuation is
inserted, additional gain is required in the later stages (IF gain) and the
background noise level is increased and this can sometimes mask lower level
signals. Thus a careful choice of the relevant gain levels within the spectrum
analyser is needed to obtain the optimum performance.
Modern test equipment often has a single gain control, normally called
the reference level control, that combines the input attenuation and IF gain
controls. It automatically adjusts both to obtain the optimum setting. In this
way both overload at one end the scale and noise floor at the other end are
optimised. Normally the overall gain is adjusted so that the peak of the signal
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of interest is placed towards the top of the display - typically a gap of 10dB
from the top is a sufficient margin. In this way the spurious and other signals
over in amplitude can also be seen very easily
If the reference level is reduced too far, the signals will reduce in value
and get progressively closer to the residual noise level. For reasonable
measurements there should be a 20dB difference between the signal and the
noise.
Scan rate
• IF filter:
The IF filter basic provides the resolution of the spectrum
analyser in terms of the frequency. Choosing a narrow filter bandwidth
will enable signals to be seen that are close together. However by the
very fact that they are narrow band these filters do not respond to
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• Video filter:
The video filter function was used with many analogue spectrum
analysers and is not commonly seen on those using digital signal
processing. It provides a form of averaging to be applied to the signal.
This has the effect of reducing the variations caused by noise and this
can help average the signal and thereby reveal signals that may not
otherwise be seen. Using video filtering also limits the speed at which
the spectrum analyser can scan.
On modern spectrum analysers the filter bandwidth is normally
automatically linked with the span, and scan rate, so that the optimum
setting is chosen for any given situation. The narrower the filter, the
finer the detail that is seen, and the lower the noise floor level. (NB
noise is proportional to bandwidth, so the lower the bandwidth the
lower the noise). As mentioned above a good rule of thumb is to ensure
that there is a 20dB difference between the noise and the signal level
for reasonable measurements. The filter bandwidth may also be
referred to as the resolution in view of the fact that finer detail can be
seen with narrower filter bandwidth levels.
Markers:
These detect the level of particular portions of the waveform and
can be used for measuring the levels of different signals, and
comparing figures like the levels of harmonics or spurious signals with
respect to the carrier. Typically these markers can be set to select the
peak, second peak and so forth, or to measure the level at a given point
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Applications:
Spectrum analysis applies across many factions of engineering.
For example, engineers must check cellular radio systems for
harmonics of the carrier signal in order to prevent interference between
systems at the same frequencies. Distortion of the message modulated
onto a carrier also requires spectrum analysis.
RESULT:
The features of Network and Spectrum analyser have been
studied carefully.
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EXPERIMENT-2: MEASUREMENT OF
RADIATION PATTERN AND RADIATION
RESISTANCE OF DIPOLE ANTENNA
AIM:
To measure the radiation pattern and radiation resistance of dipole antenna.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB
THEORY:
A short dipole is formed by two conductors with a total length L
substantially less than a half wave length (12⁄𝜆). Short dipoles are sometimes
used in applications where a full half-wave dipole would be too large. They
can be analysed easily using the results obtained below for the Hertzian
dipole, a fictitious entity. Being shorter than a resonant antenna (half
wavelength long) its feed point impedance includes a large capacitive
reactance requiring a loading coil or other matching network in order to be
practical, especially as a transmitting antenna.
FNBW= 2HPBW
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P= 15𝐼02𝜋∫∫{cos[(𝛽𝐿/2)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]−cos(𝛽𝐿/2)}2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑∅𝜋02𝜋0 (1)
= 30𝐼02∫{cos[(𝛽𝐿/2)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]−cos(𝛽𝐿/2)}2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝜋0𝑑𝜃 (2)
To make the reactance zero, that is, to make the antenna resonant,
requires that the antenna be shorted a few percent less than λ/2. This
shortening also results in a reduction in the value of the radiation resistance to
about 65Ω.
PROCEDURE:
➢ Switch on the system (with Windows OS & MATLAB tool).
➢ Launch MATLAB software by clicking on MATLAB icon on desktop.
➢ Create new program from NEW option in FILE menu.
➢ Write the program in TEXT EDITOR window .
➢ Save the program with .m extension.
➢ Run the program from EDITOR menu or by pressing F5.
➢ Check the COMMAND window for output values / error. If any errors
are there, debug the errors, modify the program and go to above step.
➢ Observe the text outputs in command window and graphical outputs in
FIGURES.
PROGRAM-1:
clc;
close all;
clear;
f=2.4e9;
c=3e8;
lamda=c/f;
L1=lamda/2;
d=dipole('length',L1,'Width',L1/100);
show(d)
figure, pattern(d,f);
figure, patternElevation(d,f);
figure, patternAzimuth(d,f);
figure, pattern(d,2e9,0,1:1:360);
figure, beamwidth(d,f,0,1:1:360);
figure, impedance(d ,500e6:10e6:2.45e9);
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OUTPUT:
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PROGRAM-2:
clc;
close all;
clear;
f=2.4e9;
c=3e8;
lamda=c/f;
L1=lamda/4;
d=dipole('length',L1,'Width',L1/100);
show(d)
figure, pattern(d,f);
figure, patternElevation(d,f);
figure, patternAzimuth(d,f);
figure, pattern(d,2e9,0,1:1:360);
figure, beamwidth(d,f,0,1:1:360);
figure, impedance(d ,500e6:10e6:2.45e9);
OUTPUT:
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APPLICATIONS:
HF wire dipole
Part of Yagi antenna
As omnidirectional vertical dipole
Driven element within a parabolic reflector
RESULT:
Therefore, the radiation pattern is observed and radiation resistance is
calculated
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EXPERIMENT-3: MEASUREMENT OF
RADIATION PATTERN AND RADIATION
RESISTANCE OF HORN ANTENNA
AIM:
To measure the radiation pattern and radiation resistance of dipole antenna.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB
THEORY:
Horn antennas are very popular at UHF (300 MHz-3 GHz) and
higher frequencies (horn antennas operate as high as 140 GHz). Horn
antennas often have a directional radiation pattern with a high antenna gain,
which can range up to 25 dB in some cases, with 10-20 dB being typical.
Horn antennas have a wide impedance bandwidth, implying that the input
impedance is slowly varying over a wide frequency range (which also implies
low values for $11 or VSWR). The bandwidth for practical horn antennas can
be on the order of 20:1 (for instance, operating from 1 GHz-20 GHz), with a
10:1 bandwidth not being uncommon. The gain of horn antennas often
increases (and the beam width decreases) as the frequency of operation is
increased. This is because the size of the horn aperture is always measured in
wavelengths; at higher frequencies the horn antenna is "electrically larger":
this is because a higher frequency has a spiller wavelength. Since the horn
antenna has a fixed physical size (say a square aperture of 20 cm for
instance), the aperture is more wavelengths across at higher frequencies. And,
a recurring theme in antenna theory is that larger antennas (in terms of
wavelengths in size) have higher directivities. Horn antennas have very little
loss, so the directivity of a horn is roughly equal to its gain.
EQUATIONS:
Pyramidal horns are normally constructed to provide optimal
gain. The gain of a pyramid horn antenna over an isotropic source, i.e. one
that radiates equally in all direction can be derived from the formula
Gain= 4𝜋𝐴𝑒𝐴𝜆2
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Then for a conical horn the gain formula can be shown to be:
Gain= [𝜋𝑑⁄𝜆]2𝑒𝐴
Where
A is the physical area of the aperture.
d is the physical diameter of a conical horn aperture A is the
wavelength.
𝑒𝐴 is the aperture efficiency and is a figure between 0 and 1.
Antenna can be obtained using directivity curves for E- and H-Planes sectoral
horn antenna.
𝑎1=√3𝜆𝜌ℎ
𝑏1=√3𝜆𝜌𝑒
PROCEDURE:
➢ Switch on the system (with Windows OS & MATLAB tool).
➢ Launch MATLAB software by clicking on MATLAB icon on desktop.
➢ Create new program from NEW option in FILE menu.
➢ Write the program in TEXT EDITOR window .
➢ Save the program with .m extension.
➢ Run the program from EDITOR menu or by pressing F5.
➢ Check the COMMAND window for output values / error. If any errors
are there, debug the errors, modify the program and go to above step.
➢ Observe the text outputs in command window and graphical outputs in
FIGURES.
PROGRAM-1:
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clc;
clear;
close all;
f=3.45e9;
c=3e8;
lambda=c/f;
L1=lambda/2;
h=horn('FlareLength',0.1020,'FlareWidth',0.0571,'FlareHeight',0.0338,'Length',0.0
500,'Width',0.0190,'Height',0.0095);
%figure 1
show(h);
%figure 2
figure, pattern(h,f);
%figure 3
figure, patternElevation(h,f);
%figure 4
figure, patternAzimuth(h,f);
%figure 5
figure, pattern(h,2e9,0,1:1:360);
%figure 6
figure, beamwidth(h,f,0,1:1:360);
%figure 7
figure, impedance(h,500e6:10e6:2.45e9);
OUTPUT:
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APPLICATIONS:
Horns are used at microwave frequencies where moderate gains are
sufficient.
They are used as feed elements
RESULT:
Therefore, radiation pattern is observed radiation resistance is
calculated.
EXPERIMENT-4: MEASUREMENT OF
RADIATION PATTERN AND RADIATION
RESISTANCE OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
AIM:
To measure the radiation pattern and radiation resistance of microstrip
antenna.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB
THEORY:
Micro strip antenna consists of a very thin metallic strip placed on a
ground plane with a di-electric material in-between. The radiating element and
feed lines are placed by the process of photo-etching on the di-electric material.
Usually, the patch or micro-strip is chosen to be square, circular or rectangular in
shape for the ease of analysis and fabrication. The following image shows a micro-
strip or patch antenna. The length of the metal patch is λ/2. When the antenna is
excited, the waves generated within the di-electric undergo reflections and the
energy is radiated from the edges of the metal patch, which is very low. Radiation
Pattern The radiation pattern of micro strip or patch antenna is broad. It has low
radiation power and narrow frequency bandwidth. The radiation pattern of a micro
strip or patch antenna is shown above. It has lesser directivity. To have a greater
directivity, an array can be formed by using these patch antennas.
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EQUATIONS:
For designing of a microstrip patch antenna, we have to select the
resonant frequency and a dielectric medium for which antenna is to be designed.
The parameters to be calculated are as under
Width (W):
The width of the patch is calculated using the following equation [5]
[3][6]
W = 𝐶02𝑓𝑟√{2Є𝑟+1} (1)
Where
W= Width of the patch
Co= Speed of light
Є𝑟= value of the dielectric substrate
Length:
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𝛥𝐿ℎ=0.412(∈𝑒𝑓𝑓+0.3)((𝑤ℎ)+0.264)(∈𝑒𝑓𝑓−0.258)((𝑤ℎ)+0.8)
Where
h = height of the substrate
The length (L) of the patch is now to be calculated using the below mentioned
equation
L=𝐶02𝑓𝑟√∈𝑒𝑓𝑓−2𝛥𝐿
Now the dimensions of a patch are known. The length and width of a
substrate is equal to that of the ground plane. The length of a ground plane (Lg)
and the width of a ground plane (Wg) are calculated using the following
𝐿𝑔=6ℎ+𝐿
𝑊𝑔=6ℎ+𝑊
For feeding the microstrip patch antenna, there are different methods
for example, feed line method, coaxial probe feeding method etc. But mostly
coaxial probe method is used.
PROCEDURE:
➢ Switch on the system (with Windows OS & MATLAB tool).
➢ Launch MATLAB software by clicking on MATLAB icon on desktop.
➢ Create new program from NEW option in FILE menu.
➢ Write the program in TEXT EDITOR window .
➢ Save the program with .m extension.
➢ Run the program from EDITOR menu or by pressing F5.
➢ Check the COMMAND window for output values / error. If any errors
are there, debug the errors, modify the program and go to above step.
➢ Observe the text outputs in command window and graphical outputs in
FIGURES.
PROGRAM:
clc;
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close all;
clear;
f=2.45e9;
c=3e8;
lambda=c/f;
L1=lambda/2;
h=patchMicrostrip('Length',75e-3,'Width',30e-3,'GroundPlaneLength',120e-
3,'GroundPlaneWidth',120e-3);
show(h);
figure,pattern(h,f);
figure,patternElevation(h,f);
figure,patternAzimuth(h,f);
figure,pattern(h,2e9,0,1:1:360);
figure,beamwidth(h,f,0,1:1:360);
figure,impedance(h,500e6:30e6:2.45e9);
OUTPUT:
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APPLICATION:
Mobile satellite communication
GPS
Missiles
Telemetry
RESULT:
Therefore, radiation pattern is observed and radiation resistance is
calculated.
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EXPERIMENT-5: MEASUREMENT OF
EYE DIAGRAM OF BASE BAND SIGNAL
AIM:
To measure eye diagram for baseband signal.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB
THEORY:
are displayed. This causes bit periods to overlap and the eye pattern to form
around the upper and lower signal levels and the rise and fall times. The eye
pattern readily shows the rise and fall time lengthening and rounding as well
as the horizontal jitter variation. It is well known that, when a signal passes
via a bandlimited channel it will suffer waveform distortion. As the data rate
increases the waveform distortion increases, until transmission becomes
impossible.
• The effect of ISI becomes apparent at the receiver when the incoming
signal has to be 'read' and decoded; i.e.., a detector decides whether the
value at a certain time instant is, say, 'HI' or 'LO' (in a binary decision
situation). A decision error may occur as a result of noise. Even though ISI
may not itself cause an error in the absence of noise, it is nevertheless
undesirable because it decreases the margin relative to the decision
threshold, i.e.., a given level of noise that may be harmless in the absence if
ISI, may lead to a high error rate when ISI is present.
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infinite receiver bandwidth with zero noise characteristics and jitter), and a
perfect transmission media (i.e., no dispersion and nonlinearities) are used,
the received eye diagram is shaped as a perfect rectangular. In reality, the
transmitter and receiver have a limited bandwidth with noise and jitter, and
the transmission media (i.e., optical fibre) has dispersion and nonlinearities.
Therefore, the eye diagram deviates from the perfect rectangular shape.
The shape of the eye is generally broadened and distorted (i.e., eye is
closed) due to limited bandwidth and fiber impairments, and noise and
timing jitter are added onto this broadened and distorted eye shape.
The eye pattern is a composite signal that reflects the channel
bandwidth, attenuation, jitter, and rise/fall time variations. As the signal
frequency increases for a given bandwidth and the signal is attenuated and
interfered with, the eye begins to close. Eye pattern measurements can show
the overall signal integrity of a data path. Eye patterns are used mainly with
high-speed interface testing. Some standards offer eye pattern masks as
guidelines.
PROCEDURE:
➢ Switch on the system (with Windows OS & MATLAB tool).
➢ Launch MATLAB software by clicking on MATLAB icon on desktop.
➢ Create new program from NEW option in FILE menu.
➢ Write the program in TEXT EDITOR window .
➢ Save the program with .m extension.
➢ Run the program from EDITOR menu or by pressing F5.
➢ Check the COMMAND window for output values / error. If any errors
are there, debug the errors, modify the program and go to above step.
➢ Observe the text outputs in command window and graphical outputs in
FIGURES.
PROGRAM:
clc;
clear;
close all;
N=800;
fs=5;
randn('state',0);
am=2*(rand(1,N)>0.5)-1;
sincNum=sin(pi*(-fs:1/fs:fs));
sincDen=(pi*(-fs:1/fs:fs));
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sincDenZero=find(abs(sincDen)<10^-10);
sinc0p=sincNum/sincDen;
sinc0p(sincDenZero)=1;
alpha=1.0;
cosNum=cos(alpha*pi*(-fs:1/fs:fs));
cosDen=(1-(2*alpha*(-fs:1/fs:fs)).^2);
cosDenZero=find(abs(cosDen)<10^-10);
cos0p=cosNum./cosDen;
cos0p(cosDenZero)=pi/4;
gt_alpha5=sinc0p.'*cos0p;
amUpSampled=[am;zeros(fs-1,length(am))];
amU=amUpSampled(:).';
st_alpha5=conv(amU,gt_alpha5);
st_alpha5=st_alpha5(1:4000);
st_alpha5_reshape=reshape(st_alpha5,fs*2,N*fs/10);
close all;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(0:1/fs:1.99,real(st_alpha5_reshape).','b');
title('eye diagram with alpha =1.0');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
axis([0 2 -1.5 1.5]);
grid on;
OUTPUT:
APPLICATIONS:
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SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB
THEORY:
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PROCEDURE:
➢ Switch on the system (with Windows OS & MATLAB tool).
➢ Launch MATLAB software by clicking on MATLAB icon on desktop.
➢ Create new program from NEW option in FILE menu.
➢ Write the program in TEXT EDITOR window .
➢ Save the program with .m extension.
➢ Run the program from EDITOR menu or by pressing F5.
➢ Check the COMMAND window for output values / error. If any errors
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are there, debug the errors, modify the program and go to above step.
➢ Observe the text outputs in command window and graphical outputs in
FIGURES.
PROGRAM:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
%Define parameters.
M = 16 % Modulation order (alphabet size or number of points in signal
constellation)
k = log2(M); % Number of bits per symbol
n = 3000 % Number of bits to process
sps = 1; % Number of samples per symbol (oversampling factor)
%Set the rng function to its default state, or any static seed value, so that the
example produces repeatable results. Then use the randi function to generate
random binary data. rng default;
dataIn = randi([0 1],n,1); % Generate vector of binary data
%Convert Binary Signal to Integer-Valued Signal
dataInMatrix = reshape(dataIn,length(dataIn)/k,k);
dataSymbolsIn = bi2de(dataInMatrix);
%Modulate Using 16-QAM
dataMod = qammod(dataSymbolsIn,M,'bin');
% Binary coding with phase offset of zero
dataModG = qammod(dataSymbolsIn,M); % Gray coding with phase offset of zero
%Add White Gaussian Noise
%Calculate the SNR
EbNo =10;
snr= EbNo+10*log10(k)-10*log10(sps);
%Pass the signal through the AWGN channel for the binary and Gray coded
symbol mappings.
receivedSignal = awgn(dataMod, snr,'measured');
receivedSignalG= awgn(dataModG,snr,'measured');
%Create Constellation Diagram
sPlotFig = scatterplot(receivedSignal,1,0,'g.');
hold on;
scatterplot(dataMod,1,0, k*primesPlotFig);
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OUTPUT:
APPLICATIONS:
It is used in digital signal processing.
It is used in space communication where a spacecraft transmits
signals to earth.
It is used in video compression.
It is used in speech processing.
The digital communication systems used in telephony for text
messaging, etc.
RESULT:
Thus, the constellation diagram of QAM is observed.
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SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:
➢ Switch on the system (with Windows OS & MATLAB tool).
➢ Launch MATLAB software by clicking on MATLAB icon on desktop.
➢ Create new program from NEW option in FILE menu.
➢ Write the program in TEXT EDITOR window .
➢ Save the program with .m extension.
➢ Run the program from EDITOR menu or by pressing F5.
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➢ Check the COMMAND window for output values / error. If any errors
are there, debug the errors, modify the program and go to above step.
➢ Observe the text outputs in command window and graphical outputs in
FIGURES.
PROGRAM:
Random Wave:
% Generate a random signal
amplitude = 1; % Amplitude of the random signal
duration = 2; % Duration of the random signal (in seconds)
samplingRate = 44100; % Sampling rate (number of samples per second)
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Square Wave:
% Generate a square wave
amplitude = 1; % Amplitude of the square wave
frequency = 1; % Frequency of the square wave (in Hz)
dutyCycle = 0.5; % Duty cycle of the square wave (between 0 and 1)
duration = 2; % Duration of the square wave (in seconds)
samplingRate = 44100; % Sampling rate (number of samples per second)
OUTPUT:
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Sine Wave:
% Parameters
amplitude = 1; % Amplitude of the sine wave
frequency = 1; % Frequency of the sine wave
phase = 0; % Phase offset of the sine wave
duration = 2; % Duration of the sine wave (in seconds)
sampling_rate = 44100; % Sampling rate (number of samples per second)
OUTPUT:
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APPLICATIONS:
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB
THEORY:
Amplitude-shift keying:
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PROGRAM:
clc;
clear;
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close all;
f1=25;
f2=5;
a=3;
t=0:0.0001:1;
x=a/2.*square(2*pi*f2*t)+a/2;
u=a.*sin(2*pi*f1*t)+a/2;
y=x.*u;
d=y./u;
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t,x);
title('msg signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
grid on;
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,x);
title('carrier signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
grid on;
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,x);
title('modulated signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
grid on;
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,x);
title('demodulated signal');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
grid on;
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OUTPUT:
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APPLICATIONS:
Low—frequency RF applications
Home automation devices
Industrial networks devices
Wireless base stations
Tire pressuring monitoring systems
RESULT:
Thus, ASK (Amplitude shift keying) modulation and demodulation are
performed.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB
THEORY:
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is another relatively simple,
low-performance type of digital modulation. FSK is a form of constant-
amplitude angle modulation similar to standard frequency modulation
(FM) except the modulating signal is a binary signal that varies between
two discrete voltage levels rather than a continuously changing analog
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PROCEDURE:
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PROGRAM:
clc
clear all
close all;
f1=100;
f2=60;
f3=10;
t=0:0.001:1;
m=(square(2*pi*f3*t)+1)/2;
c1=sin(2*pi*f1*t);
c2=sin(2*pi*f2*t);
for i=0:1000
if(m(i+1)==1)
s(i+1)=c1(i+1)
else
s(i+1)=c2(i+1)
end
end
for i=0:1000
if(s(i+1)==c1(i+1))
d(i+1)=1;
else
d(i+1)=0;
end
end
subplot(5,1,1)
plot(t,m);
title('message signal'); xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude');
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20011A0428 MD Abdul Afroz
subplot(5,1,2)
plot(t,c1);
title('message signal'); xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(5,1,3)
plot(t,c2);
title('message signal'); xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(5,1,4)
plot(t,s);
title('message signal'); xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(5,1,5)
plot(t,d);
title('message signal'); xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude');
OUTPUT:
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20011A0428 MD Abdul Afroz
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB
THEORY:
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20011A0428 MD Abdul Afroz
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20011A0428 MD Abdul Afroz
PROCEDURE:
➢ Switch on the system (with Windows OS & MATLAB tool).
➢ Launch MATLAB software by clicking on MATLAB icon on desktop.
➢ Create new program from NEW option in FILE menu.
➢ Write the program in TEXT EDITOR window .
➢ Save the program with .m extension.
➢ Run the program from EDITOR menu or by pressing F5.
➢ Check the COMMAND window for output values / error. If any errors
are there, debug the errors, modify the program and go to above step.
➢ Observe the text outputs in command window and graphical outputs in
FIGURES.
PROGRAM:
clc
clear all
close all;
f1=100;
f2=50;
t=0:0.001:1;
m=(square(2*pi*f2*t)+1)/2;
c1=sin(2*pi*f1*t);
for i=0:1000
if(m(i+1)==1)
s(i+1)=c1(i+1)
else
s(i+1)=-c1(i+1)
end
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20011A0428 MD Abdul Afroz
end
for i=0:1000
if(s(i+1)==c1(i+1))
d(i+1)=1;
else
d(i+1)=0;
end
end
subplot(4,1,1)
plot(t,m);
title('message signal'); xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(4,1,2)
plot(t,c1);
title('message signal'); xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(4,1,3)
plot(t,s);
title('message signal'); xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude');
subplot(4,1,4)
plot(t,d);
title('message signal'); xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude');
OUTPUT:
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20011A0428 MD Abdul Afroz
APPLICATIONS:
The BPSK modulation is a very basic technique used in various
wireless standards such as CDMA, WiMAX (16d, 16e), WLAN 11a,
11b, 11g, 11n, Satellite, DVB, Cable modem etc.
Hence it can withstand severe amount of channel conditions or channel
fading. It is used in OFDM and OFDMA to modulate the pilot
subcarriers used for channel estimation and equalization.
The channels used to transmit system related information which are
very essential are modulated using BPSK modulation.
RESULT:
Thus, BPSK (Binary phase shift keying) modulation and
demodulation are performed.
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