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Correlation
Correlation
Analysis
Dr Mohammad Anas
Meaning of Correlation
Analysis
Correlation is the degree of inter-relatedness
among the two or more variables.
Correlation analysis is a process to find out
the degree of relationship between two or
more variables by applying various
statistical tools and techniques.
According to Conner
“if two or more quantities vary in sympathy, so
that movement in one tend to be
accompanied by corresponding movements
in the other , then they said to be
correlated.”
Three Stages to solve correlation
problem :
Determination of relationship, if yes,
measure it.
Significance of correlation.
•Positive •Simple
•Linear
correlation correlation
correlation
•Partial correlation •Non – linear
•Negative
correlation correlation
•Multiple
correlation
Correlation : On the basis of
degree
Positive Correlation
if one variable is increasing and with its
impact on average other variable is
also increasing that will be positive
correlation.
For example :
Income ( Rs.) : 350360 370 380
Weight ( Kg.) : 30 40 50 60
Correlation : On the basis of
degree
Negative correlation
if one variable is increasing and with its
impact on average other variable is also
decreasing that will be positive
correlation.
For example :
Income ( Rs.) : 350 360 370 380
Weight ( Kg.) : 80 70 60 50
Correlation : On the basis of
number of variables
Simple correlation
Correlation is said to be simple when
only two variables are analyzed.
For example :
Correlation is said to be simple when it
is done between demand and supply
or we can say income and expenditure
etc.
Correlation : On the basis of
number of variables
Partial correlation :
When three or more variables are
considered for analysis but only two
influencing variables are studied and
rest influencing variables are kept
constant.
For example :
Correlation analysis is done with demand,
supply and income. Where income is
kept constant.
Correlation : On the basis of
number of variables
Multiple correlation :
In case of multiple correlation three or
more variables are studied
simultaneously.
For example :
Rainfall, production of rice and price of
rice are studied simultaneously will be
known are multiple correlation.
Correlation : On the basis of
linearity
Linear correlation :
If the change in amount of one variable
tends to make changes in amount of
other variable bearing constant
changing ratio it is said to be linear
correlation.
For example :
Income ( Rs.) : 350 360 370 380
Weight ( Kg.) : 30 40 50 60
Correlation : On the basis of
linearity
Non - Linear correlation :
If the change in amount of one variable
tends to make changes in amount of
other variable but not bearing constant
changing ratio it is said to be non - linear
correlation.
For example :
Income ( Rs.) : 320 360 410 490
Weight ( Kg.) : 21 33 49 56
Importance of correlation
analysis :
Measures the degree of relation i.e.
whether it is positive or negative.
Estimating values of variables i.e. if
variables are highly correlated then we
can find value of variable with the help
of gives value of variable.
Helps in understanding economic
behavior.
Correlation and Causation
The correlation may be due to pure
chance, especially in a small sample.
S. P. Gupta
S. C. Gupta
www.wikipedia.org
Mr. Kohli
Mr. D. Patri