Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction Mechanisms
Athletes and their coaches are continuously Quantification of the exact mechanisms
searching for training aids that enhance both explaining how compression garments may have
performance and recovery. We are constantly a beneficial effect on performance and recovery
being bombarded with advertisements for the is currently lacking. However, it is suggested that
latest article of sporting apparel with claims of the garments may be effective in reducing the
special new functions guaranteed to improve swelling and inflammatory processes associated
various aspects of athletic performance. “The exact with muscle damage (Kraemer et al., 2004). This,
Compression garments are such an item that mechanisms behind perhaps, is because compression of the limb
are now used widely across the sporting arena creates an external pressure gradient reducing
– but do they really work? the physiological the space available for swelling (Davies et al.,
Compression garments – characterised and biochemical 2009). Mechanical damage to the muscle fibres
by their highly elastic properties – have triggers a chain of events that can result in an
recently been developed by a number of
responses of wearing increased osmotic pressure within the tissue.
manufacturers, creating a whole new category compression This increase in pressure is thought to cause
of sports clothing. Compression garments garments have yet an efflux of fluid from the capillaries of the
typically focus on the lower limbs (including muscle, into the interstitial spaces (Kraemer
full-length leggings and socks) or the upper to be established in et al., 2004). The application of compression
body (including sleeves and various tops). relation to enhancing may attenuate this change in osmotic
Whilst the compressive functions themselves pressure subsequently reducing the degree of
are very similar, the mechanical properties may performance and inflammation, the circulation of inflammatory
vary from garment to garment. For example, recovery. Despite the markers and the sensation of pain (Kraemer et
leggings are often graduated – exerting the al., 2004).
highest degree of pressure at the ankle with the variation in research A number of other claims that may explain
pressure gradually decreasing towards the top findings the use of improved performance and recovery have
of the leg. The pressure exerted by the average been proposed. These include reduced muscle
graduated lower limb compression garment is
compression garments oscillation and enhanced muscle pump function
approximately 22 mmHg at the ankle decreasing remains popular thought to reduce venous pooling, improve
to about 18 mmHg at the thigh. amongst athletes venous return and enhance the removal of
The key benefits associated with the metabolites. As a result of these claims the use
use of compression garments were initially during both training of compression garments is continuing to grow
recognised in clinical settings where tissue and competition.” in popularity although the scientific evidence to
compression is used in the treatment of a support their efficacy is very limited at present.
number of circulatory and inflammatory
disorders, including chronic venous insufficiency, Evidence for improved performance
lymphodema and deep vein thrombosis. The Manufacturers claim that compression garments
compressive force of some medical stockings provide ergogenic benefits during training and
is considerably higher than the compressive athletic performance, these proposed benefits
force of commercially available sports garments include an increase in strength and power as
with a degree of compression ranging between well as improved endurance performance.
30-40 mmHg, however these should be worn Advantages are thought to be achieved via a
only as advised by a doctor. Due in large part to number of mechanisms, which include increases
commercial promotion, the use of compression in muscle oxygenation resulting from improved
garments is growing in popularity in sport blood flow to the muscle and reductions
and exercise settings, where it believed that in muscle oscillation thought to reduce the
the compressive properties of the garments severity of fatigue.
will enhance performance and aid recovery Literature has demonstrated that
following strenuous training and competition. compression garments may help to maintain
An unpublished review of the literature, from repeated jump performance and may also
our laboratory, relating to these garments improve jump height (Doan et al., 2003).
reveals that their effectiveness is highly Research has also demonstrated that the
questionable. use of compression garments can reduce