REVIEWER IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
LITERARY CRITICISM
 Is the evaluation, analysis, description or
interpretation of literary works.
 In-depth evaluation of a literary selection.
Literary – literarius “letter”
Criticism – criticus “to judge”
Factors to consider before criticizing
G-oal
T- one
R-eferences
P-lot
P-oint of view
T-arget audience
DIFFERENT LITERARY APPROACHES
Formalist Criticism- This approach regards literature as
“a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be
examined on its own terms.” All the elements necessary
for understanding the work are contained within the
work itself. Of particular interest to the formalist critic
are the elements of form—style, structure, tone,
imagery, etc.— that are found within the text.
THINGS TO LOOK WHEN USING FORMALIST CRITICISM
 Elements of a Story
 Literary Elements
 Literary Devices
 Structure
 Language
Gender Criticism- This approach “examines how sexual
identity influences the creation and reception of literary
works.” Originally an offshoot of feminist movements,
gender criticism today includes a number of
approaches, including the so-called “masculinist”
approach recently advocated by poet Robert Bly.
Historical Criticism- This approach “seeks to understand
a literary work by investigating the social, cultural, and
intellectual context that produced it—a context that
necessarily includes the artist’s biography and milieu.” A
key goal for historical critics is to understand the effect
of a literary work upon its original readers.
Reader-response Criticism- This approach takes as a
fundamental tenet that “literature” exists not as an
artifact upon a printed page but as a transaction
between the physical text and the mind of a reader. It
attempts “to describe what happens in the reader’s
mind while interpreting a text” and reflects that
reading, like writing, is a creative process.
Media Criticism- It is the act of closely examining and
judging the media. When we examine the media and
various media stories, we often find instances of media
bias. Media bias is the perception that the media is
reporting the news in a partial or prejudiced manner.
Media bias occurs when the media seems to push a
specific viewpoint, rather than reporting the news
objectively.
Marxist Criticism- It focuses on the economic and
political elements of art, often emphasizing the
ideological content of literature; because Marxist
criticism often argues that all art is political.
FOCUS IN MARXIST
 Political
 Social
 Economical
ELEMENTS IN MARXIST
 Class Stratification
 Class Relation
 Dominant Ideology
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REPORTS
 Any informational work made with an intention
to relay information or recounting certain
events in a presentable manner.
 These are often conveyed in writing, speech,
television, or film.
TWO KINDS OF REPORT
Formal
 Is a complex account either written or oral that
uses formal and structured language.
Three kinds under formal report
 INFORMATIONAL
 A kind of a formal report that presents result,
information and updates and explains data
 ANALYTICAL
 A kind of formal report that presents, analyzes,
and draws conclusion from reports and shows
the how's and why’s of the occurrences.
 RECOMMENDATORY
 A kind of formal report that presents
recommendation based on results and
conclusions.
Informal
 Communicates, updates information using free-
flowing, casual and short formats usually about
routines and everyday businesses.
 REVIEWER IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

THREE TYPES OF REPORTS

Technical and Business Reports RESEARCH REPORTS

 Technical writing is form of writing technical

communication or documentation in science
Introductory Phase
and technology or applied science that helps
people understand a product or service. - is as important as the main parts of a research
report. It contextualizes and sets the tone and
Things to remember in Technical and Business Report
direction of research writing. According to
 Factual Reidman, (2001)
 Formal
 Sequential As suggested by Silverman (2006), research report starts
with four elements including:
 Detail-oriented
 Objective  Title
Field Reports  Abstract
 These types of reports require the student to  List of contents and;
analyze his or her observations of phenomena
or events in the real world in light of theories  Introduction.
studied in the course.

Technique you may use when doing an observation

- Note Taking
 This is the most common and easiest method of
recording your observations.
- Photography
 can help capture an important moment in time
as well as document details about the space
where your observation takes place.
- Audio and Video Recordings
 Recording your observations has the positive
effect of giving you an unfiltered record of the
observation event.
- Illustrations
 This does not refer to an artistic endeavor but,
rather, refers to the possible need, for example,
to draw a map of the observation setting or
illustrating objects in relation to people's
behavior.
Scientific Report
 These reports use a standard scientific report
format describing methods, results and
conclusions to report upon an empirical
investigation.
 The purpose of a science report is to clearly
communicate your key message about why your
scientific findings are meaningful.
THREE KEYS IN SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
Research Title
• A research title has to get the attention of the
readers. In other words, it must be “catchy.”
• Silverman (2006, 206) is suggesting a “two-part
title” containing a stimulating title applying a
present participle signifying action and a
subtitle which is more descriptive.
Research Abstract
 It also gives a synopsis of the objectives and
results of the report
 a vital component of a report as it provides the
readers with a snap view of what you will
expect from it.
List of Contents
• a useful component of a report as it guides the
readers to find their way through the different
parts of the report.
• the consistency of the page numbers with the
parts of the report is vital.
Introduction
• Acquaints the readers with the what, why and
how of the report. According to Murcott (1997,
p. 1)

 The report's intended audience Review of Related Literature

 The report's purpose and;
 The type of information/subject
communicated.
 Provides study background and environment.
to be
 The RRL should make one realize that a study is
worth pursuing or not.
 REVIEWER IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

Research Methodology

 The research process is as important as the

research content. Thus, a research report must
also contain a description of the research
strategy. The readers will be interested in
finding how you arrived at a particular study
result.

Results and Discussion

• The most essential part of the report is writing

about the data collected through your results
and discussion.

• There are two important areas of consideration

in the writing up of the data, and data analysis.

In the data analysis, there is no right or wrong way.

Creswell (1994, 153) only requires the researcher to:

1. “be comfortable with developing categories and

making comparisons and contrast”

2. “be open to possibilities and see contrary or

alternative explanations for the findings”

Writing the Conclusion

• A good conclusion answers the specific

questions identified at the introductory phase
of the research

Writing the Recommendation

● a part of the paper where you make suggestions

about some resolutions as a response to the
research problem. It must be consistent part of
the conclusion. It proposes specific solutions
connected with the findings and must be
supported by relevant data and specific data
from the findings.