Scalloped Hammerhead Sharks in Lampung Bay - IOP 2023

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2nd Maritime Contintent Fulcrum International Conference (MaCiFIC
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- Biology aspect and parameter population
Biological aspects, exploitation rates, and the scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna
lewini Griffith & Smith, 1834) caught from
spawning potential ratio of scalloped hammerhead coastal fisheries in the eastern Indian
Ocean
U Chodrijah and R Faizah
shark (Sphyrna lewini Griffith & Smith, 1834) in
- Scalloped Hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini)
Lampung Bay waters, Indonesia Movement Behavior toward Diver in Banda
Waters, Maluku
Darmawan A Mukharror and Salim Ibrahim
To cite this article: B Nugraha et al 2023 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 1148 012026 - Strong Perpendicular Velocity-space
Diffusion in Proton Beams Observed by
Parker Solar Probe
J. L. Verniero, B. D. G. Chandran, D. E.
Larson et al.
View the article online for updates and enhancements.

Biological aspects, exploitation rates, and spawning potential

ratio of scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini Griffith
& Smith, 1834) in Lampung Bay waters, Indonesia
B Nugraha1, A S Samusamu2, R Puspasari1, D Oktaviani3, R Rachmawati2,

P F Rachmawati2, P S Sulaeman4, S T Hartati2 and N N Wiadnyana2
1
Research Center for Fisheries, Research Organization for Earth Sciences and
Maritime, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Bogor KM. 47
Cibinong, Kabupaten Bogor
2
Research Center for Conservation of Marine and Inland Water Resources, Research
Organization for Earth Sciences and Maritime, National Research and Innovation
Agency, Jl. Raya Bogor KM. 47 Cibinong, Kabupaten Bogor
3
Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, Research Organization for Life
Sciences and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Bogor
KM. 46 Cibinong, Kabupaten Bogor
4
Research Center for Fisheries, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jl. Pasir Putih
2, Ancol Timur Jakarta
Email correspondent: budinug73@gmail.com
Abstract. The scalloped hammerhead shark is an endangered species that is listed in CITES
Appendix II. Information on the biological aspects, exploitation rate, and spawning
potential ratio of scalloped hammerhead sharks are very limited, especially in Lampung
Bay waters. These data were important to find solutions and the best management to
sustain the scalloped hammerhead sharks in Indonesia, especially in Lampung Bay
waters. The aim of this study is to investigate the biological aspects, exploitation rates,
and spawning potential ratios of scalloped hammerhead sharks in Lampung water.
Scalloped hammerhead shark samples were collected from the catch of bottom gillnet
in Kalianda Fish Landing Place, Lampung Province. Enumerators collected biometric
data (length and weight) of 332 scalloped hammerhead sharks from July to November
2020. Biological aspects include distribution of length, length-weight (L-W)
relationships, length at first capture, and length at first maturity. The utilization rate
was calculated using the exploitation rate (E) and the estimated SPR based on length
data. The results show that the length of scalloped hammerhead sharks ranged from 37.5
to 173.0 cm FL. Most of the samples fish had not spawned yet or were immature
(Lc=47.1 cm FL; Lm=89.4 cm FL). The growth pattern of scalloped hammerhead sharks
was allometrically negative. Scalloped hammerhead sharks have natural mortality of
0.18/year, while fishing mortality was 1.08/year. The fishing status of scalloped
hammerhead sharks in Lampung Bay was fully exploited (E=0.85), and the stocks were
in a recruitment overfishing condition. These findings indicate that effective
management is required to ensure the sustainability of scalloped hammerhead sharks in
Lampung Bay waters, such as adjusting mesh size, fishing season, and avoiding capture
in the nursery area.
Keywords: Biological aspects, exploitation rates, scalloped hammerhead, Lampung

Bay waters
1. Introduction
Hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna spp.) are critically endangered and vulnerable species, with decreasing
populations [1], and are listed in CITES Appendix II [2]. The populations of hammerhead sharks are
thought to have decreased due to intensive fishing and trading; including targeting their fins for
international demands [3] and [4]. These species are almost universally distributed across a wide range
of latitudes, inhabiting coastal warm temperate and tropical coastal and seas [2]. The IOTC reported
that, while the exact population status of scalloped hammerhead sharks are unknown, it is suspected that
there have been declines in hammerhead shark populations around the world, one of which is in Indian
Ocean [5].
In Indonesian, the scalloped hammerhead shark can be found in Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, Java
Sea, South China Sea, Sumatra waters, Kalimantan waters, Sulawesi waters, Maluku waters, and Papua
waters [6]. As oceanodromous fish, scalloped hammerhead sharks spend their lives in both oceanic and
coastal waters. The pelagic hammerhead shark was mostly caught as bycatch in the tuna fishery but the
coastal one became a target in the artisanal fishery [7], [8], and [9]. They are caught frequently in
Indonesian waters [10] but with limited data, except particularly in the south of Java and Nusa Tenggara
[11] and [12].
In western Indonesian waters, one location that is the habitat of this shark species is Lampung
Bay, located in Sunda Strait, between Java Island and Sumatra Island. In this area, the scalloped
hammerhead sharks were mostly caught as bycatch by bottom gillnet fishery [13]. Information on the
biological aspects, exploitation rate, and spawning potential ratio of scalloped hammerhead sharks are
very limited, especially in Lampung Bay waters. These data were important to find solutions and the
best management to sustain the scalloped hammerhead sharks in Indonesia, especially in Lampung Bay
waters. The aim of this study is to investigate the biological aspects, exploitation rates, and spawning
potential ratio of scalloped hammerhead sharks in Lampung Bay waters.
2. Materials and methods

2.1. Sampling methods
Scalloped hammerhead shark samples were collected from the catch of bottom gillnet in Kalianda Fish
Landing Place, Lampung Province (Figure 1). Enumerators collected biometric data (length and weight)
of 332 hammerhead sharks from July to November 2020 (Figure 2).
2
Figure 1. Sampling location and fishing locations of bottom gillnet fishery in Lampung Bay waters
Figure 2. Measurement of length and weight of hammerhead sharks by an enumerator in Kalianda Fish
Landing Place
2.2. Data analysis

Biological aspects
The length distribution of scalloped hammerhead sharks is obtained by tabulating the length data on the
frequency distribution table for the length. The equation used to analyse the length-weight (L-W)
relationship was [14]:
𝑊 = 𝑎𝐿𝑏 (1)
where W is total weight (g), L is fork length (cm FL), a is a constant, and b is a growth
coefficient. To calculate the interval of 95% confidence the value of b we used the formula in
[15]. The length at first capture (L ) is obtained from a/b.
c
The equation used to analyse the selectivity of fishing gear was [15]:
1
𝑆𝐶𝐿 = (2)
1+𝑒𝑥𝑝⁡(𝑎−𝑏∗𝐶𝐿)
3
where SCL is fishing gear selectivity, a and b are constants, and CL is the fish length.
The equation used to analyze the length at first maturity (Lm) was [16]:
Log10Lm = 0.8979 * log10L∞ -0.0782 (3)
where Lm is the length at first maturity, and L∞ is the length of asymptotic.
Mortalities and exploitation rates

The following formula was used to calculate the natural mortality (M) [17]:
𝛽𝐾
𝑀= (4)
𝑒 𝐾(𝐶1 .𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑡0 ) −1
where M is the natural mortality, β is a coefficient of growth from L-W relationships, K is the growth
rate, Ci is 0.30 for the pelagic fisheries, tmax is the maximum age and t0 is the theoretical age of the fish
when it has zero length.
To calculate the total mortality (Z), we used the equation of the linearized length converted catch curve
[15]:
𝐶(𝐿1,𝐿2) 𝐿1+𝐿2
𝑙𝑛 = 𝐶 − 𝑍𝑡 ( ) (5)
∆𝑡(𝐿1,𝐿2) 2
where Z is the total mortality, C is length class frequency, L1 represents size at age t, L2 represents size
at age t+Δt, and Δt is period needed for an average to grow from L1 to L2.
The formulas that were used to determine the exploitation rate (E) and fishing mortality (F) were [15]:
𝐹
𝐹 = 𝑍 − 𝑀⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡𝐸 = (6)
𝑍
Spawning Potential Ratio (SPR)

The spawning stock biomass per recruit (SSBR) was calculated based on susceptibility and maturity in
each group of age and it was calculated by the total of SSBR from young until the oldest of the group
age [18] and [19]. The fishing mortality was calculated at 40% (F40%) SSBR. The length-based SPR
analysis was used to determine F40% [20]. The SPR was the ratio of SSBR in the exploited stock
(SSBRexploited) to the SSBR if there is no fishing (SSBRF=0) [18]:
𝑆𝑆𝐵𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑆𝑃𝑅 = (7)
𝑆𝑆𝐵𝑅𝐹=0
All data were analysed using Microsoft Excel.
3. Results
The length of 332 scalloped hammerhead sharks caught by bottom gillnet in Lampung Bay waters
ranged 37.5 – 173.0 cm FL with more fish in size 55 cm FL and up (Figure 3). From the weight-length
relationship (Figure 4), we found that the constant b was 2,7826. This indicates that the growth pattern
of scalloped hammerhead sharks in Lampung Bay was negative allometric, meaning the fish tends to be
slimmer with increasing length. Most of the samples fish had not spawned yet or were immature. The
Lc was 47.1 cm FL (Figure 5) and Lm was 89.4 cm FL.
4
120
Number (Individual)
100
80
60
40
20
0 35
45
55
65
75
85
95
105
115
125
135
145
155
165
175
Length (cmFL)
Figure 3. The length distribution of 332 scalloped hammerhead sharks caught by bottom gillnet in
Lampung Bay waters
35000
30000
25000
Weight (gr)
20000 y = 0,011x2,7826
R² = 0,9451
15000
10000
5000
0
0 50 100 150 200
Length (CmFL)
Figure 4. The length-weight (L-W) relationships of 332 scalloped hammerhead sharks caught by bottom
gillnet in Lampung Bay waters
Figure 5. The Lc of scalloped hammerhead sharks caught by bottom gillnet in Lampung Bay waters
The scalloped hammerhead shark natural mortality was 0.18/year, the fishing mortality was
1.08/year, and the total mortality was 1.26/year (Figure 6). The fishing status of scalloped hammerhead
sharks in Lampung Bay waters was fully exploited (E=0.85).
5
7,00
6,00 Z=1.26
5,00
Ln(N/dt)
4,00
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
0,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00
Relatve Age (years)
Figure 6. The length converted catch curve for estimating Z of scalloped hammerhead shark in Lampung
Bay waters
The SPR was calculated by dividing the SSBR under-exploited conditions by the SSBR under
unfished conditions. Because of increased fishing mortality, the SPR has decreased. Currently, the
scalloped hammerhead sharks have an SPR 0.16. The scalloped hammerhead shark fishing mortality
was 0.35 per year with 40% biomass of SSBR (F40%) (Figure 7).
1,2
0,8
SSBR
0,6
0,4
0,2
F40%=0.35 Fcur=1.08
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
Fishing Mortality (year-1)
Figure 7. The scalloped hammerhead shark spawning stock biomass as a fishing mortality function in
Lampung Bay waters
4. Discussion
The scalloped hammerhead shark in this study was smaller in size than the results of [21] in Tanjung
Luar, as well as [7], [10], [12] and [22] in the south of Nusa Tenggara, and also [23] in Banda Aceh
waters. The size difference in hammerhead sharks caught is considered to be related to the type of fishing
equipment used and the different fishing areas. Scalloped hammerhead sharks are primarily caught using
bottom gillnets in Lampung Bay waters while drifting longlines and tuna longlines are used in other
areas [12]. Fishing locations in Lampung waters are typically near the coast, whereas fishing locations
in other waters are typically further offshore. Shark juveniles and young are typically found in shallow
water near the coast [24].
6
The growth pattern of the scalloped hammerhead sharks caught by bottom gillnet in Lampung Bay
waters and landed in Kalianda Fish Landing Place is the same as the resulting study [25] and [26]. The
trend of slimmer bodies when growing longer might be caused by the need for more energy to get more
food or to hunt larger prey when they become larger and more mature. In general, the growth pattern of
this hammerhead shark is influenced by internal such as heredity, age, sex, gonad maturity, growth rate,
diet, and health; and external factors such as food, environment, population, type, and geographic habitat
[27]. [28] stated that the L-W relationship of fish can be influenced by sex, gonad maturity stage, season,
and the level of stomach fullness.
The Lc of scalloped hammerhead sharks in Lampung Bay, 47,1 cm FL, was very small, even smaller
than the result [22] which reached 192.26 cm. The size Lc difference between scalloped hammerhead
sharks in this study is considered to be related to the type of fishing equipment used. The scalloped
hammerhead sharks are primarily caught using bottom gillnets in Lampung Bay waters while the bottom
and drifting longlines are used in Tanjung Luar [9]. This Lc was also smaller than the Lm, 89,4 cm FL.
This means the fish might be caught before their mature size. As a result of not having enough time to
reproduce, scalloped hammerhead shark populations will decline. According to [7], the male
hammerhead shark in Tanjung Luar reaches adulthood and is ready to reproduce at a size of 165 – 175
cm, while the female is 220 – 230 cm.
Scalloped hammerhead sharks in Lampung Bay waters have natural mortality of 0.18/year, fishing
mortality of 1.08/year, and total mortality of 1.26/year, and are fully exploited at 0.85. The exploitation
rate of scalloped hammerhead sharks in Lampung Bay waters exceeds the optimum value, so it is
necessary to maintain the catch with close monitoring. According to [29], a high exploitation rate can
result in overfishing in waters, while [30] states that more fish caught in small sizes indicates that the
waters have been degraded.
The proportion of mature size captured was critical in estimating spawning stock biomass [18] and
[20]. [31] and [32] proposed a reference point of the best SSBR is 40%. However, the SPR of
hammerhead sharks remains below their optimal values, indicating that recruitment is overfished for
hammerhead sharks in Lampung Bay waters. According to [14] and [33], if fishing pressure continues
to rise, population pressure will lead to recruitment overfishing. [34] stated that recruitment overfishing
occurs when the biomass of the spawning stock is depleted to the point where reproduction cannot
restock the population. These findings indicate that effective management is required to ensure the
sustainability of scalloped hammerhead sharks in Lampung Bay waters, such as adjusting mesh size,
fishing season, and avoiding capture in the nursery area.
5. Conclusion
The scalloped hammerhead shark population in Lampung waters which landed in Kalianda Fish Landing
Place was dominated by scalloped hammerhead sharks that have not yet spawned with a negative
allometric growth pattern. The fishing status of scalloped hammerhead sharks in Lampung Bay waters
is fully exploited and the stock is in a recruitment overfishing condition. There is a need for effective
management so that scalloped hammerhead sharks in Lampung Bay waters are sustainable.
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Scalloped Hammerhead Sharks in Lampung Bay - IOP 2023

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Biological aspects, exploitation rates, and spawning potential

B Nugraha1, A S Samusamu2, R Puspasari1, D Oktaviani3, R Rachmawati2,

Email correspondent: budinug73@gmail.com

Keywords: Biological aspects, exploitation rates, scalloped hammerhead, Lampung

2. Materials and methods

2.2. Data analysis

Log10Lm = 0.8979 * log10L∞ -0.0782 (3)

where Lm is the length at first maturity, and L∞ is the length of asymptotic.

Mortalities and exploitation rates

Spawning Potential Ratio (SPR)

All data were analysed using Microsoft Excel.

Relatve Age (years)

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