1-16: For these questions, choose the best word 6.

Functionalists believe that social institutions

or expression to fill the space. such as families that ---- societies have roles
beneficial and essential to them.
1. If students do not engage with what is
provided and begin to comprehend self- A) make up B) result from
directed and independent learning, then there
is not much ---- of getting them to achieve C) leave out D) draw on
their objectives. E) bring down

A) proportion B) absence
C) involvement D) challenge 7. During the Renaissance, many Europeans ----
E) likelihood intense fascination for the ancient world’s
physical remains such as amphitheatres that ----
since the fall of the Roman Empire.
2. The history of shopping never moves in one
single direction or all at once, because there A) had held / have been surviving
have always been regional and chronological
---- from mainstream developments. B) held / had survived
C) hold / will have survived
A) divergences B) assumptions D) have held / survived
C) applications D) drawbacks E) would hold / have survived
E) attributes

3. Although work-related injuries are one of the
---- causes of death across the construction
industry, they are not well documented and
mostly go unnoticed.
A) preventive B) hazardous
C) susceptible D) prominent
E) delightful
4. The share of the US population that is foreign-
born has steadily risen since 1970, but there
are ---- fewer immigrants today than in 1890,
when foreign-born residents comprised
nearly 15 per cent of the population.
A) ostentatiously B) proportionally
C) notoriously D) commercially
E) perpetually
5. Though border disputes still arise between
Eritrea and Ethiopia, the humane and
responsible approach by officials on both
sides has been enough to ---- the situation, at
least so far.
8. Because the population grew and they ----
crops farther away from rivers, early farmers
along the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates
built shallow canals that ---- water to flow into
nearby fields.
A) must have cultivated / had allowed
B) would have cultivated / are allowing
C) had to cultivate / allowed
D) should have cultivated / have allowed
E) may have cultivated / allow
9. Modern Silk route is one of the most visionary
projects ---- in the current world, through which
China is claimed by many ---- a unilateral lead
in the world market and monopolizing it in near
future.
A) carrying out / taking
B) to be carried out / being taken
C) to have carried out / to be taken
D) carried out / to take
E) having been carried / to have been taken

A) compel B) embrace
C) degrade D) subsidize
E) alleviate

1
10. Feelings 10.
of worry
Feelings
or nervousness
of worry or nervousness 14.of
are a part of are a part With the 14.
latest
Withdevelopments,
the latest developments,
users users
life ---- manylife
people;
---- many
however,
people;when
however, when feelings themselves now
feelings themselves
can customise
now canthecustomise
audio onthe audio on
of worry becomeof worry
persistent,
becomedistressing,
persistent, distressing,
and and their home TV their
as home
they desire,
TV as they
---- previously
desire, ---- previously
interfere ---- interfere
daily life,----
anxiety
daily may
life, anxiety
require may require such changes suchcould
changes
be made
could
only beby
made
the TV
only by the TV
treatment. treatment. station itself.station itself.

A) among / into
A) among / into B) for / with B) for / with A) if A) if B) now that B) now that
C) in / beyondC) in / beyond D) to / on D) to / on C) while C) while D) just as D) just as
E) of / from E) of / from E) whether E) whether

11. Research11.reveals
Researchthat reveals
artificialthat
intelligence
artificial intelligence
is is Research15.
15. onResearch
the effecton of the
endurance
effect ofrunning
endurance running
significantlysignificantly
faster ---- giving
faster a diagnosis
---- giving a than
diagnosis thantraining confirms
trainingthatconfirms
---- the race
that distance
---- the race distance
radiologists,radiologists,
and it could andgiveitacould
diagnosis
give aindiagnosis in that is trainedthat
is is
increased,
trained is----
increased,
the decline----in
the decline in
2.73 seconds 2.73
---- seconds
an average,---- an
compared
average,tocompared
6.5 to 6.5bone mineralbone
density
mineral
that density
occurs with
that occurs
age is. with age is.
minutes by radiologists.
minutes by radiologists.
A) the more /A)
thethe
less
more / the less
A) from / below
A) from / below B) for / withinB) for / within B) not only / butB) not
alsoonly / but also
C) in / along C) in / along D) at / on D) at / on C) such / thatC) such / that
E) towards / around
E) towards / around D) whether / or
D) whether / or
E) as / as E) as / as

12. ---- discipline-based

12. ---- discipline-based
education could
education
help could help
improve undergraduate
improve undergraduate
education ineducation
science in science
and engineering,
and engineering,
these findings
these
have
findings
not yethave not yet
16. The constant
16. The
economic
constant growth
economic
in developed
growth in developed
prompted widespread
prompted widespread
changes in teaching
changes in teaching
countries fuels
countries
more consumption
fuels more consumption
and CO2 and CO2
practice. practice.
emissions, butemissions,
---- consuming
but ---- more,
consuming
expertsmore, experts
say, we could say,
reduce
we could
working
reduce
hours
working
for a hours for a
A) Until A) Until B) Since B) Since
better qualitybetter
of life,
quality
and reduce
of life, CO2
and reduce CO2
C) Although C) Although D) As long asD) As long as emissions. emissions.
E) Given thatE) Given that
A) due to A) due to B) instead of B) instead of
C) regardlessC)
ofregardless of D) prior to D) prior to
13. Through 13.
a process
Through called
a process
heliotropism,
called heliotropism,
a a E) along withE) along with
sunflower tracks
sunflower
the waytracks
the sun
the way
movesthe sun moves
and positions
and
itself
positions
---- it gets
itself
the
----greatest
it gets the greatest
possible amount
possible
of sunlight
amountduring
of sunlight
daytime
during daytime
hours. hours.

A) so that A) so that B) in case B) in case

C) unless C) unless D) while D) while
E) as soon asE) as soon as

2
17-21: For these
17-21:questions,
For thesechoose
questions,
the best
choose
word 19.
the best word 19.
or expressionor to fill the spaces
expression to fillin the
the passage.
spaces in the passage. A) into A) into B) through B) through
C) along C) along D) beyond D) beyond
Women haveWomen
always been a significant
have always been part of
a significant part of
E) between E) between
history. (17)----, (17)----, for
for centuries,
history. their participation
centuries, their in it
participation in it
was overlooked.
wasEarly history texts
overlooked. Early often excluded
history texts often excluded
women(18)----
women altogether, (18)----
a handful
altogether, of accounts
a handfulofof accounts of
powerful women such women
powerful as queens.
suchHistorians,
as queens. who
Historians, who
were almost entirely men, entirely
were almost often saw theoften
men, (19)----
past saw the past (19)----
the lens of the “great
the lens man”
of thetheory, whichtheory,
“great man” holds that
which holds that
history is largely shaped
history by male
is largely heroes
shaped and their
by male heroes and their
struggles. That changedThat
struggles. in the 20th century,
changed with century,
in the 20th the with the
birth of women’s
birthhistory as an history
of women’s academic discipline,
as an academica discipline, a
20. 20.
movement (20)---- (20)---- the achievements
the achievements
movement of women. of women.
A) to be recognized
A) to be recognized
Furthermore,Furthermore,
this was a movement
this was a which aimed which
movement to aimed to
B) being recognized
B) being recognized
ensure that women
ensurehadthatequal
women access to theaccess to the
had equal
C) to have recognized
C) to have recognized
academic institutions
academic where their history
institutions wheremight be
their history might be
D) recognizedD) recognized
taught. In thetaught.
US, theInresult wasthe
the US, National Women’s
result was National Women’s
E) to recognize
E) to recognize
History Month, an annual
History Month,celebration
an annualborn from theborn from the
celebration
activism of historians
activism whose (21)----
of historians was to(21)----
whose make was to make
sure women got
suretheir due.got their due.
women

17. 17.
21. 21.
A) Therefore A) Therefore B) For instance
B) For instance
A) objective A) objective B) provision B) provision
C) However C) However D) Moreover D) Moreover
C) eligibility C) eligibility D) intervention
D) intervention
E) To sum upE) To sum up
E) deterrent E) deterrent

18. 18.
A) aside fromA) aside from B) in pursuit of
B) in pursuit of
C) thanks to C) thanks to D) on behalf of
D) on behalf of
E) such as E) such as

3
22-26: For these
22-26:questions,
For thesechoose
questions,
the best
choose
word 24.
the best word 24.
or expressionor to
expression to fillin
fill the spaces the spaces
the in the passage. A) Therefore A) Therefore
passage. B) Indeed B) Indeed
C) OtherwiseC) Otherwise D) However D) However
In cities, not
In cities, not everyone haseveryone
the samehas the same experiences
experiences
(22)----
(22)---- nature. nature. that
That means Thatthe
means the positive effects E) Furthermore
thateffects
positive E) Furthermore
of those experiences,
of those experiences, such as mental such as mental
health benefits health benefits
and effects
and the negative the negative
such as effects such
vehicle as vehicle
strikes, are strikes, are
unequally
unequally distributed distributed
Urban Urban
ecologists ecologists have
have
proposed thatproposed
income and thatbiodiversity
income andmay biodiversity
be may be
related. Also,related.
a so-calledAlso,"luxury
a so-called
effect""luxury more (23)---- more
(23)----effect"
biodiversity inbiodiversity
landscaped, in affluent
landscaped, affluent suburban
suburban
neighbourhoods.neighbourhoods. (24)----, new
(24)----, new research research
suggests thatsuggests that
while there iswhile there is anbetween
an association associationincomebetween
and income and
diversity
diversity of medium toof medium
large to large
mammals, mammals,
another factoranother factor
is stronger.
is stronger. This factor is This
"urban factor is "urban
intensity," intensity,"
which is which is
the degree tothe degree
which to which
wildlands wildlands
have have been converted
been converted 25. 25.
to densely-populated,
to densely-populated, noisy and grey noisy andCities
cities. grey cities. Cities A) demise A) demise B) plunge B) plunge
are a form of are a form
nature, butofthat
nature,
naturebutisthat
not nature
the same is not the same
block-by-block,block-by-block,
which has profound which has on theeffects on the C) retard
profound
effects C) retard D) myriad D) myriad
people living people
on those living on those
blocks. Urbanblocks.
natureUrban
provides nature providesE) desire E) desire
a (25)---- of opportunities
a (25)---- of opportunities to affect human to affect
healthhuman
and health and
well-being.
well-being. Everyone Everyone
should should
be given be given the opportunity
the opportunity
(26)---- where
to experiencetoit,experience it, (26)---- where your neighbourhood
your neighbourhood
is. is.

22. 22.
26. 26.
A) along A) along B) above B) above
A) instead of A) instead of B)of
B) for the sake for the sake of
C) with C) with D) across D) across
C) at odds with D) with respect
C) at odds with D) to
with respect to
E) into E) into
E) regardlessE)
ofregardless of

23. 23.
A) must lead A)
to must lead to
B) could leadB)
to could lead to
C) would leadC)towould lead to
D) may have D)
ledmay
to have led to
E) had betterE) had
lead tobetter lead to

4
27-36: For these
27-36:
questions,
For thesechoose
questions, choose the best 30. According
the best 30.toAccording
postmodernism, societies cannot
to postmodernism, societies cannot
option to complete thecomplete
option to given sentence.
the given sentence. be understoodbe in a rational in
understood way, ----.
a rational way, ----.

A) though weA)must first we

though comprehend what modernwhat modern
must first comprehend
27. Today architectural and archaeological
27. Today architectural and archaeological
society or modernity is modernity is
society or
heritage sites are being
heritage destroyed
sites are beingordestroyed or
imperilled atimperilled
an alarming rate,
at an ----.
alarming rate, ----. B) given thatB)
they are that
given subject
theytoare
continual
subjectchanges
to continual changes
over time over time
A) although these culturalthese
A) although heritage sitesheritage
cultural are sites are
considered non-renewable sources
considered non-renewable sources C) as long asC)it provides
as long asnew ways of new
it provides working
waysand
of working and
new theoreticalnewframeworks
theoreticalfor societies for societies
frameworks
B) since theyB)include
since hundreds of archaeological
they include hundreds of archaeological
sites and works of and
sites monumental
works of sculpture
monumental sculpture D) whereas sociologists
D) whereasdisagree as todisagree
sociologists exactly as to exactly
when post-modernism started
when post-modernism started
C) as they areC)threatened
as they arebythreatened
many factors such factors such
by many
as rising sea as
levels,
risingovertourism
sea levels,and pollution and pollutionE) even if social
overtourism classes
E) even are based
if social primarily
classes on primarily on
are based
people’s economic position
people’s economic position
D) given that D) given
they that us
provide they provide
with us with atoconnection to
a connection
the past,
the past, to certain to certain
social values,social values, and beliefs
and beliefs

E) have
E) unless they unless they have
a positive a positive
influence 31. The terms
influence on many
on many “democracy”
31. and “aristocracy”
The terms “democracy” are
and “aristocracy” are
aspects of theaspects community develops in opposition
of the way adevelops
way a community intheoretically, ----.
opposition theoretically, ----.

A) although all
A) eligible
althoughcitizens in a democracy
all eligible citizens in a democracy
participate equally in government
participate equally in government
28. Though
28. Though Harry Harry
Houdini, theHoudini, the famed magician
famed magician
who performedwhodeath-defying stunts, died stunts, died B) nevertheless,
performed death-defying several variants
B) nevertheless, of aristocracy
several variants of aristocracy
nearly
nearly a century a century
ago, ----. ago, ----. exist throughout
existthe world
throughout the world

A) he wrote aA)collection
he wroteofa articles
collection on of historyon the historyC) therefore, C)
thearticles twotherefore,
basic forms twoofbasic
democracy
forms of democracy
of magic,
of magic, which which were
were expanded intoexpanded
a book into a book concern how concern
all eligiblehow citizens execute
all eligible their execute their
citizens
will will
B) he began B)
his he began
magic his magic
career career
in 1891, in 1891, without
without
at allsuccess at all
any success any D) however, D)in practice
however, theindistinction
practice the has been
distinction has been
blurred historically
blurred historically
C) he was also
C) ahekeen
wasaviator
also a and keenaimed
aviatortoand aimed to
become the first man to
become theflyfirst
a powered
man to fly a powered aircraftE) even if they
aircraft E) were
evenderived from derived
if they were the olderfrom
French
the older French
and Latin equivalents
and Latin equivalents
D) his mystique, which
D) his baffleswhich
mystique, modern baffles modern
magicians, has never faded
magicians, has awaynever faded away

E) his tricks written for thewritten

E) his tricks magicforbrotherhood 32. As well as
the magic brotherhood 32.employing
As well asits visual camouflage
employing to
its visual camouflage to
were explained in aexplained
were book in a book avoid danger,avoid
----. danger, ----.

A) the
A) the cuttlefish hascuttlefish
a stealth has a stealthtotechnology
technology protect to protect
itself from predators
itself from predators
29. ----, it can29.
lead
----,toitacan
complex
lead tomix of desiremix
a complex to of desire to
prove yourself andyourself
prove fear of inadequacy, and
and fear of inadequacy, and B) just a tinyB) electrical artefact
just a tiny of theartefact
electrical ion of the ion
consequently worry and doubt.
consequently worry and doubt. exchanges changes
exchanges the metabolic
changes the processes
metabolicof processes of
the cuttlefish the cuttlefish
A) Although A) there are studies
Although therethat
areillustrate the illustrate the
studies that
vulnerability of young people
vulnerability people to perfectionismC) the cuttlefish’s
to perfectionism
of young C) the predators include
cuttlefish’s dolphins,
predators include dolphins,
sharks, fish, seals,
sharks, seabirds, andseabirds,
fish, seals, other and other
B) Since perfectionism includes the tendency
B) Since perfectionism to tendency to
includes the
cuttlefish cuttlefish
have unrealistically high standards
have unrealistically high standards
D) one of theD)cuttlefish's
one of the major predators,
cuttlefish's thepredators, the
major
C) As perfectionism sometimes can
C) As perfectionism lead to can lead to
sometimes
shark, has eyes on the
shark, hasside
eyesofon
itsthe
head
side of its head
better performance in school or atinwork
better performance school or at work
E) cuttlefish E)
eat cuttlefish
small molluscs, crabs,
eat small shrimp,crabs, shrimp,
molluscs,
D) Unless there are linksthere
D) Unless between perfectionism
are links between perfectionism
fish, octopus,fish,
worms, and other
octopus, worms,cuttlefish
and other cuttlefish
and burnout and and depression
burnout and depression

E) Even if perfectionism can have a negative

E) Even if perfectionism can have a negative
impact on ourimpact
relationships with others with others
on our relationships

5
33. ----, they 33.
keep----,
going
they back
keep to going
that back
one song or one song35.
to that or As long as 35.artificial
As longintelligence
as artificial has intelligence
not has not
album of their album
favourite
of their
musician
favourite or musician
band. or band. evolved to the evolved
point of to being
the pointableoftobeing
interact,
able to interact,
think, and respond
think, and in arespond
fashion in asaafashion
human as can,
a human can,
A) Even if familiarity
A) Evenisifafamiliarity
more important
is a moredriver
important
of driver of
----. ----.
music choicemusicthan satiation
choice thanfor consumers
satiation for consumers
A) it is next toA)impossible
it is next to forimpossible
intelligent for
machines
intelligent machines
B) As consumers B) Asare consumers
constantlyare bombarded
constantlywith
bombarded with
to completelytoreplace
completely
the human
replace resource
the human resource
a limitless amount
a limitless
of new amount
musicof innew
our daily
music in our daily
lives lives B) human judgment
B) human may,judgment
someday, may,be someday,
replaced be replaced
by the capabilities
by theofcapabilities
an artificiallyof intelligent
an artificially intelligent
C) Unless consumers’
C) Unlessemphasis
consumers’ on emphasis
novelty in on novelty in
machine machine
the music domainthe music
is probably
domainmisplaced
is probably misplaced
C) machinesC) canmachines
certainly can
helpcertainly
a great deal
help ina great deal in
D) Although D) most Although
consumers mostsayconsumers
they prefersaytothey prefer to
automating any automating
process whileany process
boosting while boosting
listen to unfamiliar
listen music
to unfamiliar music
efficiency efficiency
E) While thisE) could
Whilehave
thisimplications
could havefor implications for
D) it has been D)claimed
it has been
that atclaimed
least 5that
million
at least
jobs5 million jobs
consumers, venues
consumers,
and products
venues and products
will be replacedwillbybeintelligent
replaced by machines
intelligent machines

E) robots willE)
soon
robots
replace
will soon
the human
replaceresource
the human resource
34. Witnessing
34. aWitnessing
sibling whoa is
sibling
maltreated
who isby
maltreated
a by a and occupy alland
of occupy
the tasks
allperformed
of the tasks
byperformed
the by the
parent can beparent
traumatising
can be traumatising
----. ----. human beingshuman beings
A) though exposure
A) though is associated
exposure iswithassociated
mental with mental
health issueshealth
like depression,
issues likeanxiety
depression,
and anxiety and
36. Ancient chickens
36. Ancient
lived
chickens
significantly
lived significantly
longer than longer than
anger anger
their moderntheir
equivalents,
modern equivalents,
----. ----.
B) as mentalB)health
as mental
issueshealth
like depression,
issues like depression,
A) as some techniques,
A) as somesuch as bonesuch
techniques, fusionasand
bone fusion and
anxiety and anger
anxiety areand
associated
anger arewithassociated
such with such
tooth wear, were
toothunavailable
wear, wereatunavailable
the time at the time
experiences experiences
B) whereas they
B) whereas
were mostly
they kept
werefor mostly
ritualkept for ritual
C) since manyC) children
since many witness
children
maltreatment
witness maltreatment
of of
sacrifice rather
sacrifice
than meat
ratheror than
egg production
meat or egg production
a sibling without
a sibling
beingwithout
a directbeing
victima direct victim
C) moreover,C)calculating
moreover, the
calculating
age of these the bird
age of these bird
D) because people
D) because
usually people
think about
usuallysomeone
think about someone
species' remains
species'
was remains
extremely wasdifficult
extremely difficult
being the victim
being
of direct
the victim
physical
of direct physical
maltreatmentmaltreatment D) because they
D) because
were seen theyaswere
sacred,
seen notasassacred,
food, not as food,
by several societies
by several societies
E) even if there
E) even
is lessif emotional
there is less
security
emotional
amongsecurity among
family membersfamily members E) so that they
E) would
so thatestablish
they would a bond
establish
between a bond between
the physical world
the physical
and theworld
spiritual
andone the spiritual one

6
37-42: For these
37-42:
questions,
For thesechoose
questions, choose the most 38. Understanding
the most 38. Understanding
how malariahowparasites
malaria
evolve
parasites
is evolve is
accurate Turkish translation
accurate Turkishof of theinsentences in extremely difficult
the sentences
translation extremely
since
difficult
there can
since
bethere
billions
canofbe billions of
English, andEnglish,
the mostand
accurate
the most English
accurate English different parasites
different
in parasites
a patient'sinbloodstream
a patient's bloodstream
translation of the sentences
translation of theinsentences
Turkish. in Turkish. which traditional
whichgenetic
traditional
sequencing
genetic sequencing
techniques cannot
techniques
identify.
cannot identify.
37. Educational institutions may
37. Educational have tomay
institutions shifthave
to to shift to
remote learning under
remote extraordinary
learning under extraordinary
circumstances, which leads which
circumstances, to an increase in increase in
leads to an
the use of unprecedented practices to practices
the use of unprecedented curb to curb
student cheating.
student cheating.
parazit olabilmektedir.
parazit olabilmektedir.
. .
A) A)
B) B)

uy uy hale getirebilmektedir.
hale getirebilmektedir.
B) B) C) C)
, ki , ki

derece zordur.
derece zordur.
C) Ola C) Ola D) D)

derece zordur.
derece zordur.
D) D)

. .
E) E)

7
39. Even though
39. Even
long-distance
though long-distance
relationships, relationships, 40. 40.
which have plagued
which have college
plagued
students
college
andstudents and
people relocated
peopleforrelocated
work for for
ages,work
arefor
seen
ages, are seen
as destined as
to fail,
destined
they may
to fail,
sometimes
they may sometimes
create stronger
create
bondsstronger
than abonds
geographically
than a geographically
closer relationship.
closer relationship.
A) X-rays, gamma
A) X-rays,
rays gamma
and high-energy
rays and electrons
high-energy electrons
A) A) emitted by lightning
emittedduring
by lightning
thunderstorms
during thunderstorms
are are
all likely to expose
all likely
airline
to expose
passengers
airlineand
passengers
crew and crew
to harmful levels
to harmful
of radiation.
levels of radiation.
B) Airline passengers
B) Airlineand
passengers
crew areandpotentially
crew are potentially
likely to be exposed
likely totobeand
exposed
adversely
to and
affected
adversely affected
by X-rays, gamma
by X-rays,
rays gamma
and high-energy
rays and high-energy
B) B) electrons emitted
electrons
from emitted
lightningfrom
during
lightning during
thunderstorms.thunderstorms.
C) During thunderstorms,
C) During thunderstorms,
lightning-emitted
lightning-emitted
X-rays, X-rays,
gamma rays,gamma
and high-energy
rays, and electrons
high-energy mayelectrons may
harm airline passengers
harm airlineand
passengers
crew dueand to crew due to
exposure to harmful
exposure
levels
to harmful
of radiation.
levels of radiation.
C) C)
D) X-rays, gamma
D) X-rays,
rays and
gammahigh-energy
rays and electrons
high-energy electrons
emitted from emitted
lightningfrom
during
lightning
thunderstorms
during thunderstorms
have the potential
have to
theexpose
potential
airline
to expose
passengers
airline passengers
and crew to harmful
and crewlevels
to harmful
of radiation.
levels of radiation.
E) It is the lightning-emitted
E) It is the lightning-emitted
X-rays, gamma X-rays,
rays gamma rays
and high-energy and electrons
high-energy
during
electrons during
thunderstorms thunderstorms
that have thethat
potential
have to
theexpose
potential to expose
airline passengers
airlineand
passengers
crew to harmful
and crew levels
to harmful
of levels of
radiation. radiation.

8
41. 41. 42. 42.

A) In psychology
A) Inandpsychology
cognitiveand science,
cognitive science,
confirmation bias
confirmation
which is biasa tendency
which istoa tendency to
search for or search
interpretforinformation
or interpretininformation
a way in a way
that confirms that
one's
confirms
preconceptions
one's preconceptions
leads to leads to A) In order toA)create
In order
artificial
to create
organs artificial
for many organs for many
statistical errors.
statistical errors. patients in need,
patients
researchers
in need, haveresearchers
revealedhave revealed
complex structures
complex of structures
organs at the of organs
cellularat the cellular
B) Confirmation
B) Confirmation
bias in psychologybias inandpsychology
cognitiveand cognitive level by making level
intact
by making
human intact
organs human organs
science is a tendency
science istoasearch
tendency for toor search for or transparent using
transparent
microscopic
using imaging.
microscopic imaging.
interpret information
interpretsoinformation
that this will
soconfirm
that this will confirm
one's preconceptions,
one's preconceptions, leading to statistical B) Researchers
leading to statistical B) Researchers
made intact human made intactorgans human organs
errors. errors. transparent by
transparent
using microscopic
by using imaging
microscopic and imaging and
revealed complexrevealed
structures
complex of structures
organs at the of organs at the
C) Confirmation
C) Confirmation
bias occurs when bias occurs
psychologists
when psychologists cellular level,cellularand thislevel,
will allow
and thisresearchers
will allow toresearchers to
and cognitiveand scientists
cognitive tend to search
scientists tend
for to
or search for or create artificial
create
organs artificial
for manyorganspatients
for many
in patients in
interpret information
interpretininformation
order to confirm
in order their
to confirm their need. need.
own preconceptions,
own preconceptions,
leading to statistical
leading to statistical
errors. errors. C) Making intact
C) Making
human intact
organs human
transparent
organsusing transparent using
microscopic imaging,
microscopic researchers
imaging, have researchers have
D) Confirmation
D) Confirmation
bias is a tendencybias isinapsychology
tendency in psychology revealed complex revealed
structures
complex of structures
organs at the of organs at the
and cognitiveand science,
cognitivewherescience,
information
whereisinformation is cellular level and
cellular
thislevel
couldand enable
this could
the creation
enable the creation
searched for searched
or interpreted for ortointerpreted
confirm one's to confirm one's of artificial organs
of artificial
for many organs
patients
for manyin need.
patients in need.
preconceptions,preconceptions,
and this leadsand to statistical
this leads to statistical
errors. errors. D) Intact humanD) Intact
organs human
have been
organs made
have been made
transparent through
transparent
microscopic
through imaging
microscopic so imaging so
E) In psychology
E) Inandpsychology
cognitiveand science,
cognitive science, that researchersthat can
researchers
reveal complex
can reveal structures
complex structures
confirmation bias
confirmation
is a tendencybias istoasearch
tendency for to search for of organs at theof organs
cellularatlevel,
the cellular
which will level,
enable
which will enable
or interpret information
or interpretininformation
a way that in confirms
a way that confirms the creation of theartificial
creation organs
of artificial
for many organs for many
one's preconceptions,
one's preconceptions, leading to statistical
leading to statistical patients in need.
patients in need.
errors. errors.
E) Researchers E) Researchers
have managed haveto reveal
managed complex
to reveal complex
structures of structures
organs at the of organs
cellularatlevelthe as
cellular
they level as they
can now make canintact
nowhuman
make intact
organs human
transparent
organs transparent
with microscopicwith imaging,
microscopic which imaging,
is expected
whichtois expected to
allow for the creation
allow forof theartificial
creation organs
of artificial
for organs for
many patientsmany in need.
patients in need.

9
43-46: Answer
43-46:
these
Answer
questions
these
according
questionstoaccording
the 44. Which of44.
to the theWhich of the
following following
is true aboutisaverage
true about average
passage below.
passage below. workers? workers?

A) A) Some
Some of them of them
are unable toare unable
keep to keep
up with the up with the
In our career-driven
In our career-driven culture, thereculture, there is a familiar
is a familiar
recent developments
recent developments in the career in thepursue.
they career they pursue.
narrative
narrative about about
the office the office
superstar. Theysuperstar.
are the They are the
stand-out
stand-out employee withemployee
the best with the best
reputation andreputation
the and theB) They avoid B)expressing
They avoidtheir
expressing
ideas astheir
theyideas
think as they think
biggest ideas.biggest
But evenideas.
if weButlikeeven if wewe
to think likeare
to think we are they
they will not be will not be valued.
valued.
goodthe
good at our jobs, at vast
our jobs, the vast
majority majority
of workers areofnot
workers are notC) C) Thethey
The contribution contribution
make to they make to the company
the company
topHowever,
top performers. performers. However,
being simply being
average simply
at a average at a they work for they work
is often for is often negligible.
negligible.
job is not bad.job is every
Not not bad. Not every
worker wantsworker
to be awants to be a
D) D) None
None of them of them
has the has to
potential thebecome
potential to become
superstar.
superstar. And, And,
in fact, the in fact, worker
average the average
is worker is
outstanding
outstanding members members
of the staff. of the staff.
essential. Youessential. You have
have to have to have
everybody in everybody
order for in order for
the team to bethe team to beItsuccessful.
successful. is perfectly ItOK is perfectly
to be OK to be E) E) The
The valuable valuable
tasks tasks
which they which
carry outthey
go carry out go
average. Andaverage. Andmay
while some while some
start outmay start
in the out in the middle totally unnoticed.
middle totally unnoticed.
of the pack andof the pack and
eventually eventually
become become higher
higher
performers,
performers, many averagemany average
workers workers
do not want todobenot want to be
at the
at the top of the top Middle-of-the-pack
heap. of the heap. Middle-of-the-pack
employees employees 45. It
45. It is pointed outis in
pointed out in the
the passage thatpassage
----. that ----.
are immensely arevaluable
immensely valuable tobecause
to employers, employers, because these
these A) A) some
some average average
workers workers are
are unwilling unwilling to become
to become
people, doingpeople, doing thework,
the day-to-day day-to-day
make itwork, make it possible
possible topdue
top performers performers due toschedules
to their hectic their hectic schedules
for a firm
for a firm to operate to operate successfully.
successfully. However, theHowever, the
importance ofimportance of that middle-ground
that middle-ground worker is not worker is not B) majority ofB)average
majority of average
workers fail toworkers fail to be promoted
be promoted
valued enough. valued
Theirenough. Their contributions,
contributions, as they are not as they are not at work owingattowork
theirowing
lack oftoskills
their lack of skills
exceptional, goexceptional,
completelygounrecognised. That's why That's whyC)
completely unrecognised. C) some
some average average
workers workers
are likely are
to be likely to be made
made
most people whomostleave
people who
their leave
jobs their jobs
voluntarily voluntarily
speak of speak of redundant asredundant as they underperform
they underperform at work at work
a lack of as
a lack of appreciation appreciation as and
a top factor, a top factor,
that seemsand that seemsD) D) most
most average average
workers workers
try hard to gettrya hard
top to get a top
to be a motive tofor
bemany
a motive for many
workers who workers who are leaving
are leaving position
position at work at to
but fail work but fail to do so
do so
their jobs
their jobs in record in record numbers.
numbers.
E) E) many
many average average
workers who workers
quit theirwho
jobsquit
saytheir jobs say
they are underappreciated
they are underappreciated at work at work

43. It can be43. It can be from

understood understood from the
the passage thatpassage
----. 46.----.
that What is the46. main
Whataimis theof main aim ofofthe
the author thisauthor of this
passage? passage?
consideredisa considered
A) lack ofisrecognition
A) lack of recognition minor a minor
factoraverage
factor that causes that causes average
workers workers to quit A) To criticise
to quit A)the
Toaverage
criticise workers
the average
who workers
fail to who fail to
their jobs their jobs contribute
contribute to the companiesto thethey
companies
work forthey work for

B) supportingB)average
supporting average
workers workers
is key for an is key for an B) the
B) To illustrate To main
illustrate the main
reasons why reasons why the majority
the majority
organisation
organisation to continue totofunction
continue to function effectively
effectively of average of average
workers leaveworkers
their leave
jobs their jobs

C) most
C) most average average
workers oftenworkers often
do not get along C) Tothe
do not get along C) To emphasise emphasise theof
significance significance
average of average
with higheratperformers
with higher performers work at work workers for a workers
company for a company

D) conflicts
D) conflicts between between topand
top performers performers D) To draw
average and averageD) To draw attention attention
to several to several
factors factors that force
that force
workers ariseworkers
when it arise
comes when it comes to doing
to doing average
average workers workers
to pursue to pursue
different different careers
careers
teamwork teamwork E) To prove E)
thatTo
topprove that topatperformers
performers a companyatarea company are
E) raises
E) giving merit givingand
merit raises and
bonuses bonuses
regularly is regularly is not as
not as necessary asnecessary as average
average workers are workers are
one average
one way to keep way to keep average
workers in a workers in a
company company

10
47-50: Answer
47-50:
these
Answer
questions
these questionstoaccording to 48. Which of 48.
according the Which
following
of the
cannot
following
be inferred
cannotfrom
be inferred
the from the
the passagethe
below.
passage below. passage? passage?

A) There may A)have

Therebeen
mayinstances
have been when
instances when
The negativeThe
stereotypes
negativesurrounding
stereotypes only children only children
surrounding
researchers were
researchers
biased inwere
theirbiased
studies
in of
their
thestudies of the
have been around for ages:
have been theyfor
around are spoilt,
ages: theyinflexible,
are spoilt, inflexible,
personality traits of only children.
personality traits of only children.
and antisocial.
andHowever, decades
antisocial. of research
However, decades of research
suggest the common
suggest perceptions
the commonofperceptions
only childrenof only children B) Some studies
B) Somemay not havemay
studies refuted but refuted but
not have
have almost zerohavebasisalmost in zero
reality. These
basis negative
in reality. These negative strengthenedstrengthened
the negative stereotypes
the negativeabout stereotypes about
stereotypes date back to the
stereotypes datelate back 1800s
to the and early
late 1800s and early only children.only children.
1900s, when 1900s,
pioneering when psychologists published
pioneering psychologists published C) Many studies into the
C) Many personality
studies into thetraits believedtraits believed
personality
extensive studies that formed
extensive studiesthe thatfoundation
formed the forfoundation
the for the to be possessed to bebypossessed
only children havechildren
by only been have been
perception ofperception
only children. Among
of only them Among
children. is the them is the conducted. conducted.
eminent childeminent
psychologist child G. Stanley Hall,
psychologist who
G. Stanley Hall, who
published surveys
publishedthat established
surveys thatthe only childthe only child
established D) Some studies D) Somerevealed thatrevealed
studies some of the thattraits
some of the traits
'traits' that have endured
'traits' that have up toendured
now. In up addition,
to now. In addition, only children possess
only are
children closely
possess akin
are to their
closely akin to their
psychotherapist Alfred Adler described
psychotherapist Alfred Adler thedescribed
only the only sibling counterparts.
sibling counterparts.
children he had clinically
children treated
he had in an treated
clinically extremely in an extremely E) Only children scored
E) Only higherscored
children in mosthigher
tests,insuchmost tests, such
negative way,negative
without relying
way, without on convincing
relying on convincing as personal adjustment
as personalwhen compared
adjustment when to compared to
evidence. Heevidence.
also asserted He also thatasserted
they werethat generally
they were generally children with children
siblings. with siblings.
spoilt and parents
spoilt whoand chose
parentsnot whoto have
chosemore not to have more
children werechildren
inflictingwerepsychological harm on theirharm on their
inflicting psychological
only child. However,
only child. in 1980s,
However, American
in 1980s, researchers
American researchers 49. Itout
49. It is pointed is in
pointed out in the
the passage thatpassage
----. that ----.
Falbo and Polit Falboconducted
and Polit research
conducted reviews by reviews by
research
A) adopting aA)biasedadopting a biased
attitude towardsattitude towards research
research
analysing 141analysing
studies about only children.
141 studies about only They children. They
carried out incarried
the lateout in the
1800s laterather
was 1800s was rather
found that only found that only
children scored children
well inscored
areas wellsuchinasareas such as
commonplacecommonplace
achievement,achievement,
motivation, and motivation,
personaland personal adjustment,
adjustment,
but were
but overall, they overall, notthey
doing were not doing
as well as well as children B) the mythsB)
as children the myths only
surrounding surrounding
children only children still cause
still cause
with siblings inwith siblings
most aspects. in most aspects.
It seems that,Itdespite
seems that, despite researchers to researchers to become prejudiced
become prejudiced
all we now know,all we oldnow know, oldaround
perceptions perceptionsthe only around the only
C) G. S. HallC) andG.A.S.Adler
Hall and A. Adlertocontributed
contributed the to the
childfor
child still persists stillordinary
persistspeople.
for ordinary people. It is perhaps
It is perhaps
negative traitsnegative
associatedtraitswith
associated with only children
only children
easier to stickeasier
to thetosame stickideas,
to the even
samewhen ideas,we even when we
have evidence haveto disprove
evidencethe to thoughts
disprove and all kinds and all kindsD) children with
the thoughts D) children with siblings
siblings possess possess
a longer list ofa longer list of
of myths we hold on to.we hold on to.
of myths negativetraits
negative behavioural behavioural
than only traits than only children
children

E) ofthe
E) the findings findings
Adler of Adler
and Falbo and Falbo in
contradicted contradicted in
terms
terms of parents’ of parents’tocontribution
contribution their only to their only
child’s behaviour
child’s behaviour
47. It is clearly
47. stated in thestated
It is clearly passage thatpassage
in the ----. that ----.

A) there is ample evidence

A) there thatevidence
is ample only children
that only children
50. One can 50. One can from
understand understand from the
the passage thatpassage
----. that ----.
defy the traitsdefy
others
theproject onto them
traits others project onto them
A) the most
A) the most prominent prominent
scientists doingscientists doing
research on research on
B) the studies
B)conducted
the studies about only children
conducted had children had
about only
only children only
werechildren wereonly
themselves themselves
children only children
a profound impact on theimpact
a profound parents onwith
the only
parents with only
children children B) only
B) only children children
generally generally
establish establish
stronger bondsstronger bonds
with their
with their parents than parents
children than
with children
siblings with siblings
C) AmericanC) American played
researchers researchers played a significant
a significant
rolepeople's
role in changing in changing people's
attitudes attitudes towards C) majority ofC)studies
towards majority
about an onlyabout
of studies child an only child strongly
strongly
only children only children reject the reject
existence the
of existence
only child of only
syndrome child syndrome

D) the perceptions
D) theabout only children
perceptions vanished
about only D) Despiteevidence,
children vanished D) Despite compelling compelling evidence, negative
negative
thanks to the thanks
proof suggesting
to the proofotherwise
suggesting otherwise attributions about only children
attributions seemchildren
about only to persist
seem to persist

E) there is still
E) athere
fierceisdebate among
still a fierce debate among E) only children werechildren
E) only once believed to bebelieved
were once self- to be self-
researchers over the traitsover
researchers of only
the children
traits of only children centred rathercentred
than antisocial
rather than antisocial

11
51-54: Answer 51-54:
these Answer
questions
these questionstoaccording to 52. According
according 52.toAccording
the passage,to the
----.passage, ----.
the passagethe below.passage below.
A) massbrought
A) mass extinctions extinctions
aboutbrought about irreversible
irreversible
damage to the damage
world to the world
It isthat
It is well known wellmass
known that mass
extinctions extinctions
have been have been
causedtemperature
caused by extreme by extreme changes,
temperature changes,
rising or B) remains
rising or B) biodiversity biodiversity remains
stable stable in the
in the aftermath of aftermath of
falling
falling sea levels and sea levels and events
catastrophic catastrophic huge like a huge mass extinctions
like a events massasextinctions
new species as new
emergespecies emerge
volcano
volcano erupting or anerupting
asteroidorhitting
an asteroid
Earth, hitting
but it Earth, but it
C) despite theC)mass
despite the masslife
extinctions, extinctions, life on Earth has
on Earth has
might
might be tricky to tellbewhich
trickymass
to tellextinction
which mass extinction is caused
is caused
come up withcome up with
a solution a solutionitsto maintain its
to maintain
by which
by which factor. factor.
It is known It isthere
that known thatbeen
have there have been five
five
of Yet,
of them so far. themspeculation
so far. Yet,still
speculation
continuesstill continues among existence
among existence
scientific
scientific circles as to thecircles
exact asreasons
to the exact reasons for each. D) humans have
for each. D) humans
lately spedhaveuplately sped up
the normal the normal course
course
The generalonconsensus
The general consensus the fifth is on thatthe fifth is
it was thethat it was the of masstoextinctions
of mass extinctions to an unprecedented
an unprecedented rate rate
result of a collision
result of a catastrophic catastrophic betweencollision between the Earth
the Earth
and one or more and extra-terrestrial
one or more extra-terrestrial
bodies such as bodies
a such as a E) volcanic eventsE) volcanic
usually events
caused usually
masscaused mass
comet, but some comet, but some
scientists scientists
believe it wasbelieve
causedit by was caused by extinctions
extinctions rather rather than
than extreme extreme
weather eventsweather events
a great volcanica great
event. volcanic
In eitherevent.
case, Initeither
caused case, it caused
disruption
disruption to the world’stoclimate
the world’s climate and ecosystem.
and ecosystem.
Many land
Many land animals wereanimals
wiped out, were wiped
plants wereout, plants were
greatly
greatly affected, andaffected,
marine life and wasmarine life was decimated. 53. One can 53.
decimated. One can from
understand understand from the
the passage thatpassage
----. that ----.
However, each However,
time, lifeeach time, definitely
on Earth life on Earth found definitely
a found a
way to recover. wayStill,
to recover. Still, these
these events illustrateevents the illustrate the A) mass
A) mass extinctions caused have
extinctions
have manycaused
new formsmany new forms
vulnerability ofvulnerability
the Earth, and of the Earth,
there and there
is concern is concern that
that of life to of
emerge life
on to emerge
Earth on Earth
we are now inwe theare now in
middle of the
the middle
sixth mass of theextinction.
sixth mass extinction. B) agricultureB)is agriculture
consideredisthe considered thefor
main culprit main
theculprit for the
Some scientists Some scientists
maintain that maintain
it began that whenit humans
began when humans latest extinction latest extinction to come
to come
started
started practising practising
agriculture agriculture
around 10,000 around
years10,000 years
ago, triggering ago,
thetriggering
most profoundthe most profound
ecological change C) mass
ecological changeC) mass extinctions extinctions
caused causedactivities
by volcanic by volcanic activities
since first
since life on Earth life on EarthNow,
began. first began. Now, soil degradation
soil degradation bring about bring
more about more
destruction destruction
than the othersthan the others
caused byalong
caused by agriculture, agriculture, along with deforestation,
with deforestation, D) there isover
D) there is controversy controversy
the exactover the exact
number of number of
affects many affects
species. many species.are
Thousands Thousands
endangered, are endangered,
mass extinctionsmass extinctions
among among researchers
researchers
and many have andvanished
many have vanished
forever. This forever.
might also This might also
suggest we are suggest we are fast the
fast approaching approaching
inevitable.the inevitable. E) masshave
E) mass extinctions extinctions
caused have
the caused the
However,
However, of course, of course,
there there
is still time to isturn
stillthetime to turn the tide
tide diversificationdiversification
of species to of species
slow downto slow down
if precautionsifare
precautions are taken immediately.
taken immediately.

51. Which of51.

theWhich of the
following following
is true aboutisthe
true about the mass
mass 54. Which of54.
theWhich of the
following following
best best
describes describes the
the
extinctionstoaccording
extinctions according to the passage?
the passage? author’s
author’s attitude attitude
towards masstowards mass extinctions?
extinctions?
A) ScientistsA) Scientists
believe they allbelieve they
are part ofall
theare part of the A) Impartial A) Impartial
natural
natural evolution evolution of life.
of life.
B) Sarcastic B) Sarcastic
B) ScientistsB) Scientists unanimously
unanimously agree that huge
agree that huge
C) Pessimistic
C) Pessimistic
celestial
celestial bodies bodies
crashing into crashing
the Earthinto the Earth
caused the fifth.
caused the fifth. D) Apprehensive
D) Apprehensive
C) major
C) They signal They turning
signal major
pointsturning points in the history E) OptimisticE) Optimistic
in the history
of Earth,
of Earth, marking marking
the end of thethe end of the geologic
geologic
periods. periods.
D) That
D) That the fifth is thethe fifthdestructive
most is the mostofdestructive
all is of all is
the most
the most popular popular andhypothesis.
and reasonable reasonable hypothesis.
E)accurately
E) It is hard to It is hard to accurately
determine thedetermine
reasons the reasons
why each
why each of them of them occurred.
occurred.

12
55-58: Answer 55-58:
these Answer
questionsthese questionstoaccording to 56. It can be 56.
according inferred
It canfrom the passage
be inferred from the thatpassage
----. that ----.
the passagethe below.
passage below.
A) working memory
A) workingis notmemory
just for is
short-term
not just for useshort-term use
as informationascan be kept there
information can be forkept
a long time
there for a long time
Whenever you reset your
Whenever youpassword,
reset your you probably you
password, do probably do
not remembernot theremember
temporary, theauto-generated one. It
temporary, auto-generated one. ItB) the information
B) thekept in working
information keptmemory is memory is
in working
is unclear whether this kind
is unclear of information
whether this kind ofenters the enters the unreliable as unreliable
information we tend toas forget it immediately
we tend to forget it immediately
working memory – thememory
working temporary– theinformation
temporaryholder
information holder
C) the of
C) the repeatability test resultsofistest
repeatability closely related
results is closely related
in your brain.inResearchers wanted to seewanted
your brain. Researchers if it does,
to see if it does,
to the reliability of the
to the tests. of the tests.
reliability
and through multiple
and throughexperiments, they discovered
multiple experiments, they discovered
that human brains might have
that human brainsmechanisms that block
might have mechanisms that blockD) some people are inherently
D) some people are better at recalling
inherently better at recalling
this kind of information
this kind offrom staying. from
information In fact, they In fact, they
staying. even the smallest
even details
the smallest details
found that people
foundarethatmore likely
people aretomore
remember
likely to remember
E) certain kind
E) ofcertain
information
kind ofisinformation
almost neveris almost never
information they deliberately
information theyignored and do
deliberately not and do not
ignored
processed in processed
the brain in the brain
expect to need in thetofuture
expect need than
in thethe kind than
future of the kind of
information they pay attention
information to. To
they pay test whether
attention to. To test whether
these kinds ofthese
details enter
kinds of working memory,
details enter the memory, the57. Why did the
working researchers
57. Why carry out different
did the researchers carry out different
team carried team
out various
carriedtrials testing the
out various participants'
trials testing the participants'
kinds of shape-colour trials?
kinds of shape-colour trials?
memories. The researchers
memories. The presented
researchers subjects fromsubjects from
presented
different age different
groups withageinformation
groups withthe participants
information the participantsA) To prove A)
thatTopeople
provetend
thatto recall tend
people concrete
to recall concrete
were either told
wereto either
pay attention to orattention
told to pay ignore. Forto or ignore. For concepts rather than abstract
concepts onesabstract ones
rather than
example, theyexample,
presented participants
they presentedwith colouredwith coloured B)
participants To understand
B) Towhether shapes
understand or colours
whether shapeshelp
or colours help
shapes and told themand
shapes to ignore the to
told them shape
ignore butthe
payshape but pay more to recallmore
information
to recall information
close attention to the
close colour.to
attention Participants
the colour.immediately
Participants immediately
did multiple tests to evaluate
did multiple testsexactly what they
to evaluate what they were C)
were
exactly To find outC)whether
To findthe
outtrials will consistently
whether the trials will consistently
remembering.remembering.
They recalledThey whatrecalled
they were toldthey
what to were told to yield similar results
yield similar results
ignore, the shape,
ignore, better than what
the shape, they
better hadwhat
than been they had been D) To draw attention to the
D) To draw benefitstoofthe
attention using
benefits of using
told to pay attention to, the
told to pay colour.to,
attention Then, the
the colour. Then, the images as a research
images as tool
a research tool
researchers conducted
researchers sixconducted
different variations
six different of variations of
these tests tothese
see whether
tests to the
seeresults
whether were
the results were E) To make sure
E) Tothe participants
make sure thewere telling the
participants were telling the
repeatable. The findings show
repeatable. that people
The findings showwerethat people were truth about what
truththey were
about remembering
what they were remembering
automaticallyautomatically
encoding shapes in theshapes
encoding workingin the working
memory, rather than storing
memory, ratherkeythanfeatures
storing they were they were
key features
told to pay attention to. attention to.
told to pay

55. It can be 55.

understood
It can be from the passage
understood from the passage 58. What is the
58.passage mainly
What is the about?
passage mainly about?
that ----. that ----. A) The importance
A) Theofimportance
knowing how to utilisehow to utilise
of knowing
A) working memory deficits
A) working are immediately
memory deficits are immediately working memory in storing
working memoryvitalininformation
storing vital information
apparent in different
apparent age groups age groups
in different B) Findings suggesting
B) Findingsthat people tend
suggesting thatto
people tend to
B) brain mayB)
prevent
brain some kind of some
may prevent information
kind of information recollect the information
recollect thethey intentionally
information they intentionally
from being stored
from in working
being memory
stored in working memory overlooked overlooked

C) working memory has memory

C) working fascinated many
has fascinated many C) The reasons why reasons
C) The people tend
whyto remember
people key
tend to remember key
scholars since it was first
scholars sincediscovered
it was first discovered information while forgetting
information unimportant
while forgetting ones
unimportant ones

D) the mechanism
D) thebehind working
mechanism memory
behind working memory D) ComparisonD) of the mechanisms
Comparison that take place
of the mechanisms that take place
differs from that of short-term
differs memory
from that of short-term memory in the short-term and
in the log-term and
short-term memory
log-term memory

E) working memory helpsmemory

E) working remember physical
helps remember physical E) ResearchE) intoResearch
how temporary information
into how temporaryisinformation is
attributes such as visuals
attributes and
such ascolours
visuals and colours stored in the stored
workinginmemory
the working memory

13
59-62: Answer59-62:
these Answer
questions
these questionstoaccording to 60. One can 60.
according One can from
understand understand from the
the passage thatpassage
----. that ----.
the passagethe passage below.
below.
A) the use ofA) thevera
aloe usefor
of aloe vera purposes
industrial for industrial
haspurposes has
become
become prevalent prevalent
in North in North Africa
Africa
Aloe vera hasAloe vera
a long has aoflong
history history
being usedoffor
being used for
medicinal
medicinal purposes, purposes,
dating back todating back
ancient Egypt. B) theinregulations
to ancient Egypt. B) the regulations in the US
the US regarding theregarding the
Though
Though the plant the plant
is native is native
to North to North
Africa, SouthernAfrica, Southern cultivation of cultivation
aloe vera of
havealoe vera
undergone havemany
undergone many
Europe,
Europe, and the CanaryandIslands,
the Canary
aloe Islands, aloe vera is now
vera is now to public due
changes due changes to public pressure
pressure
grown in many grown in many
tropical tropical
climates climates
worldwide. worldwide.
Aloe vera Aloe veraC) aloe vera C) aloe
could bevera could
utilised in be
theutilised
treatment in the
of treatment of
gel is widely
gel is widely known known
to relieve to relieve
sunburn and sunburn
help healand help heal several
several terminal terminal
diseases diseases
in the in the near future
near future
wounds.
wounds. But the plant But
can the plant for
be used canmuch
be used
morefor much more
D) scientists
D) scientists have have only
only recently begunrecently
to revealbegun
the to reveal the
than sunburnthan sunburn
relief. relief. Researchers
Researchers are just beginning
are just beginning
potential
potential benefits aloe benefits
vera might aloe vera might offer
offer
to unlock the to unlockofthe
benefits benefits
this universal of this universal
plant and its plant and its
many by-products.
many by-products. A handful
A handful of studies looked have lookedE) aloe vera E)
of studies
have aloe vera
is believed toisbebelieved
beneficialto be
for beneficial
people for people
intotoits
into its benefits aidbenefits to aid
digestion. digestion.
However, theHowever,
results the results with diabetes with
whendiabetes
taken when
along taken
with along
some with some
appear to be appear
mixed. A to 2014
be mixed.
studyAlooked
2014 study looked at tomato
at tomato medications medications
plants coatedplants coated
with aloe gel.with
Thealoereportgel. The report showed
showed
evidence thatevidence
the coating thatsuccessfully
the coating blocked
successfully
the blocked the
growth of manygrowth
typesofofmany types
harmful of harmful
bacteria bacteria on the
on the
vegetables.
vegetables. This means that Thisaloe
means that aloe
gel could helpgel could help fruits
fruits 61. Theword
61. The underlined underlined word in the
in the passage passage
'vigilant' is 'vigilant' is
and vegetablesandstayvegetables
fresh, and stay fresh, and
eliminate the eliminate
need for the need for closest to
closest in meaning in ----.
meaning to ----.
dangerous
dangerous chemicals chemicals
that extend the that extend
shelf the shelf life of
life of A) negligent A) negligent
produce.
produce. Ingesting twoIngesting
tablespoonstwo oftablespoons
aloe vera juiceof aloe vera juice
per day
per day can cause can sugar
blood causelevels
blood tosugar
fall inlevels to fall in peopleB)
people cautious B) cautious
with typeThis
with type 2 diabetes. 2 diabetes.
could mean Thisthat
couldaloe verathat aloe vera C)
mean fragile C) fragile
may have
may have a future a futuretreatment.
in diabetes in diabetes Buttreatment.
people But people D) tentative D) tentative
with diabeteswith diabetes
should shouldasbeit,vigilant
be vigilant along with as it, along with
E) steady E) steady
diabetes medications,
diabetes medications, could lower theircould lower their glucose
glucose
count tolevels.
count to dangerous dangerous
That islevels.
one ofThat is one of the reasons
the reasons
why the US Foodwhy the
andUS Food
Drug and Drug Administration
Administration required required
that all over-the-counter
that all over-the-counter drugs or productsdrugsderived
or products derived
from aloe vera from aloe vera from
be removed be removed
the marketfrom orthe
be market or be
reformulated.reformulated.

59. Which of59.

theWhich of the
following following
is true aboutisaloe
true about aloe 62. The Which 62.ofThe
the Which
following
of the
could
following
be the could
best title
be the best title
vera? vera? for this passage?
for this passage?
A) It recommended
A) It is especially is especially recommended
for people for people A) Several Areas
A) Several
WhereAreas
Aloe Vera
WhereCould
AloeDo
Vera
More
Could Do More
whose skin iswhose skintoissunburn.
sensitive sensitive to sunburn. Harm Than Good
Harm Than Good
B) It might
B) It might replace somereplace some
hazardous hazardous substancesB)
substances Why AloeB)
Vera
WhyIs of
Aloe
Negligible
Vera Is Medicinal
of Negligible
Use?
Medicinal Use?
used to
used to help some helpremain
foods some foods
fresh.remain fresh.
C) How to Make
C) How
MosttoofMake
Plants
Most
LikeofAloe
Plants
Vera?
Like Aloe Vera?
C) It is only
C) It is only allowed to beallowed
grown intoareas
be grownsuchinasareas such as
D) Brief History
D) ofBrief
theHistory
Cultivation
of the
ofCultivation
Aloe Vera and
of Aloe Vera and
North Africa, North
SouthernAfrica, Southern
Europe and theEurope and the
the Like in thethe
USLike in the US
Canary Islands.Canary Islands.
E) Various Uses
E) Various
of Aloe Uses
Vera of
AsAloe
WellVera
As ItsAs Well As Its
D) People withD) type
People with type
2 diabetes 2 diabetes
tend tend to consume
to consume
Threats Threats
it on a regularit basis
on a regular
because basis
of itsbecause
clinicallyof its clinically
proven benefits.
proven benefits.
E) The USA E) Thefirst
is the USA is thetofirst
country country
impose to impose a ban
a ban
on products
on products made made
from aloe vera.from aloe vera.

14
63-67: For these
63-67:
questions,
For thesechoose
questions, choose the best64.
the best 64.
option to complete thecomplete
option to dialogue.the dialogue.
Selina: Selina:

63. 63. Many peopleManyare suffering from

people are variousfrom
suffering kindsvarious kinds
of allergies, of
and most of and
allergies, the time,
most itofisthe time, it is
Carl: Carl:
unclear exactly whatexactly
unclear they are allergic
what they to.
are allergic to.
I have just
I have just learned that learned that nocan
no two people two people can
Jack: Jack:
ever see
ever see a rainbow inathe
rainbow in the same way.
same way.
Exactly.
Exactly. Besides, Besides,
what what
is worse is worse
is that most is that most
Robert: Robert: of them can of
bethem candiagnosed
neither be neithernor
diagnosed nor
Why is that?Why is that? treated. treated.

Carl: Carl: Selina: Selina:

Well, it is scientifically
Well, it is scientifically impossible as impossible
the as the ---- ----
colours in the colours
rainbowin the
don'trainbow
refractdon't
at therefract at the
Jack: Jack:
same angle, same angle,
and also, theand also,
image isthe
notimage is not
static. static. Actually, they Actually, they can
can alleviate the alleviate
symptoms theofsymptoms of
sufferers, and sufferers,
this canand this cantobesave
be enough enough to save
Robert: Robert:
their lives intheir
somelives in some
severe severe cases.
cases.
---- ----
A) As far as A) As far
I know, as I know,
allergies allergies
occur occur when your
when your
Carl: Carl: immune system immune
reactssystem
to a reacts
foreign to a foreign substance.
substance.

Well, this sometimes

Well, thishappens
sometimes happens in science- B) The immune
in science- B) The immune
system makes system makes
antibodies antibodies that
that
fiction movies. It is movies.
fiction really interesting.
It is really interesting. identifyallergen
identify a particular a particular allergen as harmful.
as harmful.

A) But it is formed
A) Butwhen the sunwhen
it is formed shines
theonsun shines on C)that
C) So I gather So itI gather
means that it means
drugs drugs aimed at
aimed at
raindrops, separating
raindrops, out different colours.
separating out different colours. treating
treating allergies allergies are useless.
are useless.

B) So, since B)
it isSo,
likesince
an optical illusion,
it is like people
an optical D) Besides,
illusion, peopleD) Besides, experts experts
say that sayreactions
allergic that allergic
canreactions can
don't always see
don'tit always
in the same
see itway.
in the same way. range
range from mild from mild to severe.
to severe.

C) Then, theC)
only way the
Then, is toonly
be in theisexact
way to be in the exact E) True, andE) True,
some andofsome
types typescan
allergies of allergies
trigger a can trigger a
same spot at same
the exact
spotsame
at thetime
exactassame time as severe
severe reaction reaction
known known as anaphylaxis.
as anaphylaxis.
someone. someone.

D) In fact, rainbows are rainbows

D) In fact, actually complete
are actually complete
circles, and that's why
circles, people
and that'scannot see cannot see
why people
their end. their end.

E) A rainbowE) A rainbow
requires water requires
dropletswater
to bedroplets to be
floating in thefloating
air, andinthus
the we
air, see
and them
thus we see them
after it rains. after it rains.

15
65. 65. 66. 66.

Joan: Joan: Kyle: Kyle:

I knowisthat
I know that stress stress part
a normal is a normal
of life, part of life, Do you knowDo Dmitri
you know
Mendeleev,
Dmitri the
Mendeleev,
creator the creator
but nowadays,butI nowadays,
am constantly I amstressed
constantly stressed of the periodic
of the
table?
periodic table?
out,
out, and I just andknow
don't I justwhy.
don't know why.
James: James:
Paul: Paul:
Yeah, I know,Yeah, I know, he
he changed changed modern
modern
Everyone has differenthas
Everyone stress triggers,
different stress chemistry
buttriggers, but chemistry forever. forever.
Do you knowDo youhe
how know how he
work stress work
tops the list,tops
stress according
the list,toaccording to created it? created it?
surveys. surveys.
Kyle: Kyle:
Joan: Joan: It is said thatIthe
is said thatabout
dreamt he dreamt
the about the
Actually, theActually, the
stress I'm stresscan't
having I'm having
be can't be arrangementarrangement of the
of the elements elements
in his sleep. in his sleep.
work-relatedwork-related as I'm quite
as I'm quite happy happy
with my job with my James:
job James:
nowadays. nowadays.
---- ----
Paul: Paul:
Kyle: Kyle:
---- ----
Yes, in an
Yes, in an interview, heinterview, heonly
stated that stated
onethat only one
correction
correction later seemedlater seemed necessary.
necessary.
Joan: Joan:
A) Not really,A)heNot
left really,
gaps inheplaces
left gaps in places
where he where he
You might be right,
You because
might sometimes
be right, becausewesometimes we
forget that we are the
forget thatonly source
we are of stress
the only source of stress believed
believed unknown unknown
elements elements
would would find their
find their
regardless of external factors.
regardless of external factors. place. place.

B) Then, he B) Then,
failed he failed
to predict theto predict
likely the likely properties
properties
A) More unpleasant
A) Moreevents, such events,
unpleasant as a divorce
such as a divorce
of three of theofpotential
three of elements.
the potential elements.
or death, canor bedeath,
a significant
can be source of
a significant source of
stress. stress. C) What's more, I guessmore,
C) What's he wasn't
I guess able
hetowasn't
find a able to find a
textbook that textbook
met his needs,
that met which upset him.
his needs, which upset him.
B) Your stressB) level
Yourdiffers
stressbased on howbased
level differs you on how you
respond to these stressful
respond situations.
to these stressful situations. D) If so, he must
D) Ifhave
so, hemanaged
must have to recall the to recall the
managed
right places for all places
right the elements.
for all the elements.
C) But if yourC)stress
But ifpersists over persists
your stress a long time,
over a long time,
it can lead to itmore serious
can lead healthserious health
to more E) Gradually,E)theGradually,
periodic table becametable
the periodic the became the
problems. problems. framework forframework
a great partforofa chemical
great parttheory.
of chemical theory.

D) I'm sure managing your

D) I'm sure stress can
managing make
your a can make a
stress
real difference to your
real health.
difference to your health.

E) Well, sometimes
E) Well,the stress comes
sometimes from comes from
the stress
inside rather inside
than outside.
rather than outside.

16
67. 67. 68-71:
68-71: For these For thesechoose
questions, questions, choose the best
the best
Sam: Sam: rephrased
rephrased form form of
of the given the given sentence.
sentence.

For centuries, Forhistorians

centuries,believed
historians
thebelieved
body the body 68. Most
68. Most marine marine ecosystems
ecosystems are resilient,are butresilient, but
of King Richardof King
III ofRichard
EnglandIIIwould neverwould never stressors can
of England stressors
build upcan andbuild lead upto aand lead to a tipping
tipping
be found. be found. point at whichpoint
theyat which
lose theirthey lose
capacity their
to capacity to cope
cope
with change.with change.
Chloe: Chloe:
A) Though mostA) Though most marine are
marine ecosystems ecosystems
relatively are relatively
---- ---- strong,
strong, stressors stillstressors
accumulate stillbecause
accumulate theybecause they
are on the brinkareofonlosing
the brink theirofcapacity
losing their capacity to cope
to cope
Sam: Sam:
with change. with change.
But over theBut nextoverfivethe next fivethat
centuries, centuries,
exact that exact
B) When
B) When a great number a great numberpile
of stressors of stressors
up, it is pile up, it is
location andlocation
his grave and hislost.
were grave were lost.
inevitable thatinevitable
most marine that ecosystems
most marine will ecosystems will
Chloe: Chloe: become too weak become to dealtoo weakwith theto deal
changewithwhich
the change which
the stressors the stressors
around are likely around are likely to cause.
to cause.
I remember now, I think his
I remember now,body was
I think his body was
accidentallyaccidentally
found buriedfound beneath a car
buried beneath a car C) Although C) Although
nearly all marine nearly all marine are
ecosystems ecosystems are
park in Leicester 2014.
park in Leicester in 2014. robust, it is robust,
likely that it is likely
stressors that stressors
accumulate, accumulate,
which resultswhich results inatawhich
in a threshold threshold
theyat which they
A) As far as A)I know,
As farafter
as he was killed
I know, in was killed in
after he become
become vulnerable to vulnerable
adapting totochange.adapting to change.
battle, he wasbattle,
buriedheatwas
Grey FriarsatChurch
buried Grey Friars Church
D) When theD) When the accumulation
accumulation of stressors reachesof stressors
a reaches a
in Leicester. in Leicester. closing stageclosing
at which stage at which
a marine a marine system
system
B) The placeB) where
The the
place body wasthe
where body wasisdiscovered is becomes too becomes
discovered fragile, mosttoo marine
fragile, systems
most marinelooksystems look
for awith
for a way to deal waythe to deal with these
changes the changes these
now declarednow a monument.
declared a monument.
stressors trigger.
stressors trigger.
C) In fact, theC)church beneath
In fact, which
the church he waswhich he was
beneath
E) Even
E) Even if almost if almost
all marine all marine
systems havesystems
the have the
buried is thought to have
buried beento
is thought destroyed
have been destroyed potential
potential to deal with theto deal with stressors
changes the changes stressors
during the reign of Henry
during VIII.of Henry VIII.
the reign might cause, might cause, they,
they, ultimately, ultimately,
reach a stagereach
at a stage at
which there iswhich there
no way is no
to go way
back to to go back to normal.
normal.
D) DNA testsD)confirmed
DNA tests that the remains
confirmed thatfound
the remains found
at the site were in fact,
at the site those
were inof fact, those
Richard III.of Richard III.

E) His deathE) His death

at that at that battle
battle marked marked
the end of the end of
the in
the Middle Ages Middle Ages in England.
England.

17
69. Throughout69. Throughout
the 16th and the 17th16 centuries,
th
and 17th ascenturies,
more as70.more
The stock70.
market
The stock
crashmarket
of 1929 crash
in theofUS1929 wasin the US was
explorers sought
explorers
to colonise
sought their
to colonise
land, Nativetheir land, Native not the sole not
causetheofsole
thecause
Great of Depression,
the Great Depression,
Americans responded
Americansinresponded
various stages, in variousfromstages, frombut it did actbut to accelerate
it did act tothe accelerate
global the global
cooperation cooperation
to revolt. to revolt. economic collapse,
economic of which
collapse, it was
of which
a major it was a major
indicator. indicator.
A) If more andA) more
If moreexplorers
and more hadn't
explorers
aimed hadn't
to aimed to
conquer theirconquer
lands duringtheir the
lands16during
th
and 17 theth 16 th and 17th A) There were A) several
There werereasonsseveral
for the
reasons
Great for the Great
centuries, Native
centuries,
AmericansNativewould
Americans
presumably would presumably Depression, but Depression,
the most but important
the mostoneimportant
was the one was the
have collaborated
have with
collaborated
them rather withthanthem rather than stock market stock
crashmarket
of 1929crashin theofUS,
1929 in the US,
revolted against
revolted
them.against them. deepening the deepening
economicthe downturn
economicalready
downturn already
experienced globally.
experienced globally.
B) Throughout B) the
Throughout
16th and the 17th16th
centuries,
and 17th thecenturies, the
more Native Americans
more Nativeresponded
Americansinresponded
various in variousB) The GreatB)Depression The Greatbroke Depression
out all over
brokethe out all over the
stages, whether through
stages, cooperation
whether throughor cooperation
revolt, or revolt, world due largely
worldtoduethe largely
stock market
to the stock
crashmarket
of crash of
the more explorers
the more triedexplorers
to colonisetriedtheir
to colonise
land. their land. 1929 in the US, 1929 which
in the
considerably
US, which considerably
sped up the sped up the
course of thecourse
global economic
of the global downturn.
economic downturn.
C) The reason C) why
Thesome
reason of why
the Native
some of Americans
the Native Americans
rebelled against
rebelled
explorers
againstduring
explorers th and
the 16during the 16 th and
C) There wereC) aThere
number wereof reasons
a number forofthe
reasons
Great for the Great
17th centuries17 was
th
centuries
that more was
explorers
that more hadexplorers had Depression; however,
Depression; the however,
stock marketthe stock
crashmarket
of crash of
intentions to exploit
intentionstheirtoland
exploit
in atheir
variety
landofin a variety of 1929 in the US1929played
in thea significant
US played role a significant
in role in
ways. ways. speeding up the
speeding
economic up thedownturn
economic worldwide.
downturn worldwide.
D) As more and
D) Asmoremore explorers
and more beganexplorers
to claimbegan to claim D) Although D)
Great
Although
Depression
Greatwas
Depression
not the single
was not the single
their lands during
their the
lands
16during
th and 17 theth 16
centuries,
th and 17th centuries,
event that caused
eventthe
thatstock
caused
market
the stock
collapse
market
of collapse of
Native Americans
Native chose
Americans
to respondchose intovarious
respond in various 1929 in the US,
1929
it was
in the
theUS,
chief
it was
factor
thethat
chief factor that
ways in orderways
to defend
in order
theirto rights,
defendrather
their rights,
than rather than deteriorated the
deteriorated
recessionthe
across
recession
the globe.
across the globe.
cooperate withcooperate
them. with them.
E) The stockE)market
The stock
crashmarket
of 1929crash
in theofUS
1929
wasin the US was
E) As the number
E) Asofthe explorers
numberwho of explorers
attempted who to attempted to not only the sole
not only
reasonthefor
sole
thereason
Great for the Great
conquer theirconquer
territoriestheir
increased
territoriesduring
increased
the during the Depression butDepression
also a significant
but also factor
a significant
that factor that
16th and 17th 16
centuries,
th
and 17Native
th
centuries,
AmericansNative Americans helped aggravate
helped
its aggravate
adverse impacts
its adverse
on the
impacts on the
reacted in a variety
reactedofinwaysa variety
rangingof ways
from ranging from global economic
global
collapse.
economic collapse.
collaboration collaboration
to uprising. to uprising.

71. Your body 71.isYour

designed
body isto designed
unleash stress
to unleash stress
hormones like hormones
cortisol like
and cortisol
epinephrine
and epinephrine
when it when it
senses danger, senses
but the
danger,
pressures
but theofpressures
everyday of everyday
life can set off
lifethe
cansame
set off
reaction.
the same reaction.

A) When your A)body

When detects
your body
danger,
detects
it inherently
danger, it inherently
releases stress
releases
hormones
stress
such
hormones
as cortisol
suchandas cortisol and
adrenaline, though
adrenaline,
the stressors
though the
of daily
stressors
life can
of daily life can
trigger the same
trigger
response.
the same response.

B) The body's B)response

The body's to hormones
response to likehormones
cortisol like cortisol
and epinephrineandisepinephrine
similar, depending
is similar, ondepending
your on your
level of stresslevel
whenof they
stress
are
when they are
released in times
released in times
of danger andofthedanger
pressure
and the
of daily
pressure
life. of daily life.

C) Stress hormones
C) Stress
likehormones
cortisol and
likeepinephrine
cortisol and epinephrine
are released are
by your
released
body by
to help
your avoid
body todanger,
help avoid danger,
yet the pressures
yet the
caused
pressures
by everyday
caused life
by everyday life
stresses maystresses
disrupt this
mayprocess.
disrupt this process.

D) Your bodyD)fails
Your
to release
body fails stress
to release
hormones stress
likehormones like
cortisol and epinephrine
cortisol andwhenepinephrine
faced with when thefaced with the
pressures of pressures
everyday life,of everyday
as it is designed
life, as ittois designed to
produce themproduce
only if itthem
detects
onlydanger.
if it detects danger.

E) Your bodyE)is Your

designed
bodytoisrelease
designed stress
to release stress
hormones such hormones
as cortisol
suchand
asepinephrine
cortisol andinepinephrine in
response to danger,
response
buttothe
danger,
stresses
but of
the stresses of
everyday life everyday
can accelerate
life can
this
accelerate
process. this process.

18
72-75: For these
72-75:questions,
For thesechoose
questions,
the best 73. Fashion
choose the best 73. Fashion designing candesigning
be loosely candefined
be loosely
as defined as
option to complete
option tothecomplete
missing thepartmissing
of the part of the 'the artfashionable
'the art of creating of creating fashionable
apparel'. With apparel'. With
passage. passage. the passagethe passage
of time, yet, ofthetime,
conceptyet, the concept of 'fashion
of 'fashion
designing' hasdesigning'
extended has to extended
other things to other
such things such
72. People do 72. People
not want do not want
to spend to spend
much moneymuch
on money onas fashion accessories
as fashion accessories
such as jewellery, such as jewellery, bags,
bags,
textiles
textiles anymore, butanymore, but poor-quality
poor-quality garments dogarments do footwear, etc. ---- It hasetc.
footwear, ---- It has
evolved intoevolved
a full- into a full-
not last.
not last. A small A small
amount mightamount might as
be recycled be recycled asfledged industry
fledged industry
today. today.
It is well It is well
accepted as accepted
a as a
cleaning rags,cleaning
but therags, but the
rest ends uprest ends up in landfills,
in landfills, career option career
all overoption all overApart
the world. the world.
from Apart from
degrades and degrades
releasesand releases
carbon carbon dioxide.
dioxide. designing,
designing, there there are
are a number of aother
number of other career
career
Furthermore,Furthermore, there is
there is not much not much
arable land arable land alternatives alternatives
that have emerged that have emerged
in this in this industry
industry
anymore foranymore for cotton
cotton fields, as wefields, as we
also have toalso have to with the passage
with the passage of time.
of time.
produce food produce food for
for a growing a growing ----
population. population. ----
However, even However,
industry even industry representatives
representatives admit A) Indeed,
admitA) Indeed, fashion fashion
designing hasdesigning
indeed come has indeed
a come a
only a small only a small gets
percentage percentage
recycled.gets recycled. Other
Other long way fromlongthe way
merefrom the mere
designing designing of clothing.
of clothing.
initiatives
initiatives break down break down used
used clothing andclothing and
B) Conversely,B) atConversely,
the beginning at the beginning
of the century,of the century,
incorporate incorporate
the fibres intothecarpets
fibres into carpets or other
or other
products. products. several developments
several in fashion
developments tookin place.
fashion took place.

A) Researchers
A) Researchers are working toare working
scale to scale up this
up this C) Fashion designers,
C) Fashiontherefore, cantherefore,
designers, now find can
a lotnow find a lot
process
process and are tryingand are trying
to reuse dyestofrom
reuse dyes from of career opportunities open for them.
of career opportunities open for them.
discarded clothing.
discarded clothing. D) Also, thereD)
should
Also, be at least
there a few
should basic
be at leastdesign
a few basic design
B) All these
B) All these amount amount
to a big to a big
incentive incentive to recycle
to recycle principles thatprinciples
all designers must
that all agree on.
designers must agree on.
clothing, and clothing, and some
some efforts, efforts,
such as such as take-backE) Yet, fashion
take-back E) designers
Yet, fashion earned reputeearned
designers not only in not only in
repute
programs, areprograms,
underway. are underway. their own countries
their ownbut countries
internationally as well.
but internationally as well.
C) Most expertsC) Most experts
maintain that maintain that such an
such an approach is approach is
not ideal
not ideal because because
carpets carpets will
will eventually endeventually
up end up
in landfills. in landfills.

D) industry
D) The fashion The fashion industry and environmentalists
and environmentalists are are
old foes, and old
thefoes, and
advent ofthe
'fastadvent of has
fashion' 'fast fashion' has
strained thiseven
strained this relationship relationship
more. even more.

E) Cotton andE)other
Cotton andare
fibres other fibres
often are often
blended with blended with
polyester
polyester in fabrics, in fabrics,
which which complicates
complicates
processing. processing.

19
74. The planet74.Venus
The planet
can be Venus
seen can
as the
be Earth's
seen as the Earth's 75. The term75.“sociological
The term “sociological
imagination”imagination”
evil twin. At evil
firsttwin.
sight,Atit first
is ofsight,
comparable
it is of comparable
mass massdescribes the describes
type of insight
the type offered
of insight
by offered by
and size as our
andhome
size as planet,
our homesimilarly
planet, similarly sociology; connecting
sociology; the connecting
problemsthe of problems of
consisting mostly
consisting
of rocky
mostly material,
of rocky holds
material, holds individuals to individuals
that of broader
to thatsociety.
of broaderC. society. C.
some water some
and has water
an atmosphere.
and has an atmosphere.
Yet, a Yet, a Wright Mills,Wright
the originator
Mills, the oforiginator
the term, of the term,
closer look reveals
closer look
strikingreveals
differences
striking between
differences between contended thatcontended
both sociologists
that both sociologists
and non- and non-
them: the thick
them:
CO2 the
atmosphere
thick CO2 atmosphere
of Venus, of Venus, academics can academics
developcan a deep
develop
understanding
a deep understanding
extreme surface
extreme
temperature
surface temperature
and pressure, and and
pressure, andof how the events
of howofthe their
events
own of lives
theirrelate
ownto lives relate to
sulphuric acidsulphuric
clouds acid
are indeedcloudsaare starkindeed a stark the history ofthetheir
history
society.
of their
---- He
society.
believed---- He believed
contrast to the
contrast
conditions
to theneeded
conditions
for lifeneeded
on for life on these guidelines thesewould
guidelines
lead to would
"intellectual
lead to "intellectual
Earth. ---- Previous
Earth. ----
studies
Previous havestudies
suggested havethatsuggested thatcraftsmanship”.
craftsmanship”.
In addition, he In addition,
thought he thought
Venus may haveVenus beenmaya havemuchbeenmorea hospitable
much more hospitable American society
Americansuffered
society
from suffered
the from the
place in the place
past, with
in theitspast,
own with
liquiditswater
own liquid water fundamentalfundamental problems of problems
alienation,ofmoral
alienation, moral
oceans. Research
oceans. onResearch
whether our on whether
planet's our twinplanet's twininsensibility,insensibility,
threats to democracy,
threats to democracy,
threats to threats to
did indeed have
did indeed
milder haveperiods milder
suggest
periodsthatsuggest that human freedom, human andfreedom,
conflict andbetween
conflict between
this is not true.
this is not true. bureaucraticbureaucratic
rationality and rationality
human reason,
and human reason,
and that the and
development
that the development
of the sociological
of the sociological
A) Rather, it A)
means
Rather,
that itit means
never hadthatwater
it neverin its
had water in its
imagination imagination
could counter could
these.counter these.
atmosphere to atmosphere
form raindrops. to form raindrops.
A) He believedA) that
He believed
people function
that people
in their
function in their
B) This may,B) however,
This may,have however,
not always
havebeen not always
the been the personal livespersonal
as actorslives
andasactresses
actors and who actresses who
case. case. make choices. make choices.
C) ScientistsC)
also
Scientists
simulatealso
the Earth's
simulatecurrent
the Earth's current B) The sociological
B) Theimagination
sociologicalallows
imagination
sociologists
allows sociologists
climate and future
climate
evolution.
and future evolution. to distinguishto
between
distinguish
different
between
aspects
different
of aspects of
D) Venus is, D)
thus,
Venus
an important
is, thus, an
research
important
topicresearch
for topic for problems. problems.
astrophysicists.
astrophysicists. C) These issues
C) These
pertainissues
to thepertain
organization
to the and
organization and
E) Simulations,
E) in
Simulations,
fact, revealinthat
fact,
thereveal
Earththat the Earth processes of processes
society, rather
of society,
than individuals.
rather than individuals.
suffered the same
suffered
fatethe
as same
Venus. fate as Venus. D) Sociological
D) imagination
Sociologicalisimagination
useful for both
is useful for both
sociologists and
sociologists
those encountering
and those encountering
problems in problems in
their everydaytheir
lives.
everyday lives.

E) He outlined
E) aHe
listoutlined
of methods
a listthrough
of methods
whichthrough
both which both
groups could groups
do so. could do so.

20
76-80: For these
76-80:questions,
For thesechoose
questions,
the choose the 79. (I) The Red79.Cross
(I) Theis Red
an international
Cross is an humanitarian
international humanitarian
irrelevant sentence in the
irrelevant passage.
sentence in the passage. network founded in 1863,
network foundedwith inchapters
1863, with worldwide
chapters worldwide
providing assistance
providing toassistance
victims of disasters,
to victims armed
of disasters, armed
76. (I) Many animals
76. (I) Manyrecognize
animals therecognize
voices of themembers
voices of members conflict and health crises.
conflict (II) Its crises.
and health roots date(II) Its
to roots
1859,date to 1859,
of their own species,
of their own
and species,
some canand even
some recognize
can even recognize when businessman Henry DunantHenry
when businessman witnessed
Dunant thewitnessed the
those of otherthose
species. (II) But
of other species. (II)can
gorillas, But not
gorillas, bloody aftermath
only can not only of the
bloody Battle of
aftermath of Solferino
the BattleinofItaly,
Solferino in Italy,
recognize familiar
recognize
voicesfamiliar
but alsovoices
connect thoseconnect those in which thereinwas
but also whichlittle medical
there was support for injured
little medical support for injured
voices to pleasant
voicesortonot-so-pleasant memories. memories. soldiers. (III) soldiers.
pleasant or not-so-pleasant It eventually(III) became
It eventuallyknown as theknown as the
became
(III) Instead,
(III) Instead, they are ablethey to recognize familiar International International
are able familiar
to recognize Committee ofCommitteethe Red Cross of theand
Red Cross and
human voiceshuman basedvoices
on their based
relationship
on theirwithrelationship
the with theadopted the symbol
adoptedofthe a red crossofon
symbol aa white
red cross on a white
speaker. (IV) speaker. (IV) Captive
Captive gorillas, gorillas, for
for example, example, respond
respond (IV) Dunant went
background. background. (IV) Dunant
on to advocate
went onfor to advocate for
negatively when negatively
they hearwhenthethey hear
voices of the voices of people the establishment
people of national relief
the establishment organizations
of national relief organizations
they do not knowthey or dowith
not know
whomor withhave
they whom hadthey have had made up of trained made up of trained(IV)
volunteers. He thought
volunteers. (IV)they
He thought they
negative (V)
negative interactions. interactions. (V) Their
Their reaction reaction indicatescould offer assistance
indicates could offer toassistance
war-wounded soldiers,
to war-wounded soldiers,
that the apesthatlikelythe apes likely
recognize who recognize
the voices who the voices regardless ofregardless
which sideof ofwhich
the fighting
side ofthey
the were
fighting they were
belong to andbelong
possiblyto and possibly
the nature of the
theirnature of their on on
relationship
relationship with with these individuals.
these individuals. A) I B) II A) I C) IIIB) II D) IV
C) III E) D)
V IV E) V
A) I B) II A) I C) IIIB) II D) IV
C) III E) D)
V IV E) V

77. (I) An ancient

77. (I) Buddhist
An ancient
statue Buddhist
which statue
was firstwhich was first80. (I) Redirecting
80. (I)resources
Redirecting from health tofrom
resources social
health to social
recovered byrecovered
a Nazi expedition
by a Nazi in expedition
1938 has been in 1938 has beenservices, thatservices,
is, rearranging
that is,payment
rearrangingwithout
payment without
analysed by aanalysed by a team of
team of scientists. (II)scientists.
The probably(II) The probablyadditional spending,
additional is an efficientisway
spending, an to improve
efficient way to improve
1,000-year-old 1,000-year-old
statue, calledstatue,
the "Iron called
Man",the "Iron Man", health outcomes.
health(II)outcomes.
Health care (II)costs
Healtharecare costs are
weighs 10
weighs 10 kilograms andkilograms
portrays and portrays the
the Buddhist godBuddhist god expanding in expanding
many developed in many countries.
developed (III)countries.
Thus, (III) Thus,
Vaisravana. (III)
Vaisravana. (III) Once
Once it arrived it arrived
in Munich it in Munich it their governments
their governments are seeking ways are seeking
to containways to contain
became part became partcollection
of a private of a private andcollection
only and only costs whileamaintaining
costs while maintaining a healthy(IV)
healthy population. population. (IV)
became availablebecame available
for study for study
following following
an auction in an auction in
Treating the social
Treatingdeterminants of health like of health like
the social determinants
2009. (IV) It is2009. (IV) It
believed toisoriginate
believedfrom to originate
the pre-from the pre-income, education,income, oreducation,
social and or physical livingphysical living
social and
Buddhist BonBuddhist
culture ofBon
theculture (V) century. (V)
of the 11th
11th century. environmentsenvironments
through spending on social
through spendingservices
on social services
GeochemicalGeochemical
analyses by the analyses by the German-Austrian can help address
German-Austrian the root
can help causes
address theofroot
disease
causes andof disease and
research team research
revealed team
thatrevealed
the priceless that the priceless statue poor health. (V)
statue poor health. (V)
However, health spending
However, stillspending still
health
was carved from was ancarved from
ataxite, an ataxite,
a very rare classa very
of rare class of continues to make up the
continues to lion's
make share
up theoflion's
spending.
share of spending.
iron meteorites.iron meteorites.
A) I B) II A) I C) IIIB) II D) IV C) III E) D) V IV E) V
A) I B) II A) I C) IIIB) II D) IV C) III E) V D) IV E) V

78. (I) More than

78. (I)
300 More
million
thantons
300ofmillion
plastictons
waste of plastic
are waste are
produced annually
producedby both
annually
individuals
by both and
individuals and
industries(II)worldwide.
industries worldwide. This causes (II) serious
This causes serious
environmentalenvironmental
issues because issues
of plastic's
because lifeofcycle
plastic's life cycle
and the difficulty
and ofthe
eliminating (III)
difficulty ofit.eliminating it. (III)
Consequently, Consequently,
most plastic wastemost plastic
ends up waste
in either
ends up in either
a landfill or the
a landfill
ocean.or (IV) ocean. (IV) Researchers
theResearchers focus on focus on
recycling plastic and upgrading
recycling plastic and plastic into other
upgrading plastic into other
products or converting
products or it to vapour with
converting it toheat.
vapour (V)with
A heat. (V) A
significant number of these
significant numberplastics breakplastics
of these down break down
into microplastics, which are ingested
into microplastics, which by arefish and by fish and
ingested
other marine other
life causing
marinehavoc to marine
life causing havoc to marine
ecosystems. ecosystems.
A) I B) II A) I C) IIIB) II D) IV
C) III E) D)
V IV E) V

THE END OFTHE

TEST
END OF TEST
CHECK YOUR ANSWERS.
CHECK YOUR ANSWERS.

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