Content

Title Page No

Introduction 1
Study Area 2–5
Method of field 5–6
Geology of Chittagong Hill Tract 6–8
CHAPTER: 1
1.1 Botanical garden and eco – park
1.1.1 : History
1.1.2 : Weather and erosion
1.1.3 : Waterfall 9 – 13
1.1.4 : Pothole
1.1.5 : Crossbedding
1.1.6 : Lamination
1.1.7 : Lithological structure

1.2 : Chandra Nath temple

1.2.1 : History
1.2.2 : Fault
1.2.3 : Joint
1.2.4 : Nodules 13 – 17
1.2.5 : Mudball
1.2.6 : Concretions
1.2.7 : Lens
1.2.8 : Clinometer

1.3 : Rangamati hilly area

1.3.1 : History
1.3.2 : Shale
1.3.3 : Mudstone
17 – 23
1.3.4 :Sandstone
1.3.5 : Vegetation
1.3.6 : Barrow
1.3.7 : Gully
1.3.8 : Land slide
1.3.9 : Deforestation

1.4 : Khagrachuri and Sajek Hilly Area

1.4.1 : History
1.4.2 : Mega anticline 23 – 26
1.4.3 : Fold
1.4.4 : Convergent force
1.4.5 : Plate techtonic

1.5 : Result and Discussion 27 – 28

1.6 : Conclusion 28
1.7 : References 29
 Abstract
This report mainly deals with the study of various petroleum and mining accumulation during our

field work to Chittagong hilly area (Sitakunda, Rangamati, Khagrachari and Sajek). The whole

Chittagong hilly area is about 13,184 km2 which is about 270 km southeast of Dhaka. The

Chittagong hilly tracts, the only extensive hill area in Bangladesh lies in southeastern part of the

country (21°25' N to 23°45' N latitude and 91°54'E to 92°50'E longitude). In the Chittagong Hill

Tracts, the Upper Tertiary sandy-argillaceous sediments have been folded into a series of long sub

meridional (NNW-SSE) anticlines and synclines represented in the surface topography by

elongated hill ranges and intervening valleys. The folded structures are characterized by

encephalon orientation with an increasing degree of intensity and complexity toward the east. The

oldest rock unit exposed is the Bhuban Formation of the Surma Group of Miocene age. The Surma

Group of sediments is overlain by the Tipam Group of Plio-Pleistocene age. The Dihing Formation

of Pleistocene age has scattered occurrence in the region. Hard rock has been supplied from this

area for various constructive projects. The presence of gas seepage in several locations indicated

gas and petroleum reserves that may be only minor ones and may not be economically viable for

exploration. Thus, this area has more or less an important role in the economy of Bangladesh.
 Acknowledgment
At first, I want to thank Almighty Allah for giving me this huge opportunity for performing this
trip with sound health. Then I would like to express my heartiest gratitude to –
Dr. H. M. Zakir Hossain
Professor
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering
Jashore University of Science and Technology

Dr. Md. Minhaj Uddin Monir

Associate Professor
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering
Jashore University of Science and Technology

For their kind, helpful and friendly guidance to make a perfect, suitable and enjoyable field work

at Sitakunda, Rangamati, Khagrachuri and Sajek in Chittagong. I also thank all of my friends and

group member for their friendly behave and help. We also grateful to institutes and authorities

which are directly and indirectly help us to complete our field work. They are

 Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering of JUST.

 Regional Population Training Institute (RPTI), Rangamati.
 Md. Hannan Biswas
Senior Lab Attendant
Department Of Petroleum and Mining Engineering
Jashore University of Science And Technology

Lastly, I thanked to all of my friends.

For all of his hard work and co-operations throughout the field work
I would like to show my deepest gratitude to all the committee members whose dedication and hard work
has made this trip comfortable and enjoyable.
And the last but not least, I would like to thank from the core of my heart to all of my group members Md.
Saidul Islam (Student Id-200820), Aporbo Rajbongshi (Student Id-200821), Md. Azim Uddin (
student Id-200822), Asfar Ahmed Asif ( student Id-200823) and Md. Riyad (Student Id- 200825) for
their co-operation and supports throughout the field work and helping me in many ways to make this report.
 Introduction
Shitakunda, Rangamati, Khagrachari and Sajek are district under Chittagong division which is

famous for hill tracts region. The Chittagong hill tracts the only expensive hilly area in Bangladesh.

Lie in the south eastern part of the country (210 25’ N to 230 45’ N latitude and 910 54’ E to

920 50’ E longitude).The area of Chittagong hill tracts is about 13,184 km^2.Which is

approximately one-tenth of the area of Bangladesh. Every year many tourists come here from home

and abroad to enjoy its natural beauty. Bangladesh is rich in many natural resources such as natural

gas, coal, oil, heavy and light mineral. The resources can be found in Chittagong hilly area. A lot

of natural resources deposit there. The researcher and petroleum and mining engineers know the

value of the natural resources. But the common and local people don’t know about the natural

resources. If we take proper steps to collect the natural resources our country will be developed.

So those who know the importance of these mineral they should try to increase the awareness

among the people to extract these natural resources. If we can extract these mineral from the

Chittagong hilly area. We will be able to make our country a developed country.

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 Study Area
Rangamati is the administrative headquarter and town of Rangamati Hill District in the

Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. The town is located at 22°37'60N 92°12'0E and has an

altitude of 14 meters (46 ft).[1] The district is administered by an office named as District

Administration, Rangamati. From Chittagong a 77 kilometers (48 mi) road leads to Rangamati.

The township is located on the western bank of the Kaptai lake. Rangamati is a holiday destination

because of its landscape, scenic beauty, lake, indigenous groups (Chakma, Marma, Tripuri,

Tanchangya, Pangkhua etc.), flora and fauna, indigenous museum, hanging bridge etc.

Sitakunda is an administrative center and the sole municipality (Paurashava) of Sitakunda Upazila

in Chattogram District, located in Chattogram Division, Bangladesh. Sitakunda is famous for the

Chandra Nath Temple and Hindus temple. There is a hot water spring 5 km to the north of the

town.

Khagrachari is a district in the Chittagong Division of Southeastern Bangladesh. It is a part of

the Chittagong Hill Tracts region.

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 Fig-1: Map of Study Area

Purpose And Objectives of Study

Every work has a purpose and objectives. The field work also has purpose and objectives. These

are following: Purposes of the field work the main purposes of our field work are

• To know the stratigraphy, structure, petrography, geological history of the observed area.

• To know nature of sedimentary rock and its formation.

• To study different sedimentary structure.

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 • To know the establishment of correlation of studied area.

• To know the topographic pattern of studied area.

• To establish geological history of observed area.

• To know physiography and vegetation of studied area.

• To know the natural process of studied area.

Objectives
The objectives of field work are---
• To know how to collect data from field observation.

• How to processes and analysis and represent the collecting data.

• To know how make a field report.

• And for realize about completing field work.

Equipment’s used in field work

• Base map: Base map of the area locate different investigated area.

• G.P.S.: Measuring the position (longitude, latitude and altitude) of the samples

location.

• Pen and pencil: Pen is used for writing notes and pencil for drawing the map.

• Hammers: To collecting samples and find out the proper beds.

• Pocket lens: It is used for observation and identification of mineral grains and to

examine the size and shape.

• Camera: To take photograph of out crops and structure.

• Measuring Tape: To measure the distance.

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 • Heaver sack: it is used to carry all the field equipment’s during the investigation.

• Field notebook: It is essential for taking various notes about different geological

features in the field.

• Pocket knife: It used to cut and to collect less hard samples and to test the hardness

of the minerals.

• Sample bag: To collect representative samples.

• Compass: To determine the direction of movement.

• Eye protector: for safety of eyes during sample collection.

• First aid box: To protect any initial infection.

Method of field
The area was surveyed along the road one streams where the bed rocks were

exposed and outcrops were found. The following methodologies were used

during the field work.

• Measuring:

While the investigation of an exposure was taken, the strike direction, dip

direction and amount of dip of the bed were measured with the help of

Clinometers and then written in the field note book.

• Collecting Sample:

Some rock samples were collected from each section surveyed.

• Identifying Mineral Constituents:

The constituent minerals and grain size of rock specimens were identified

with the help of a lens.

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 • Describing Lithology:

Lithology of the exposures were described and accorded in note book

• Taking Photographs:

Photographs of well exposed geomorphic features, structures, vegetation

and topography were taken in each section.

All these information that have been obtained by above methods from

exposures were noted in the field note book.

Geology of Chittagong Hill Tract

The Chittagong Hill Tracts is originated as a result of the collision between India and Asia. After

the breakup of Gondwanaland, Indo-Australian plate combinedly moved southeasterly of about

1750 km at a drift rate of 6 cm/yr. Later India broke apart from Australia and started to drift north

northeasterly. That is the time when the history began for the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Gradually,

India moved in a more northerly direction at about 2,500 km at a rate of 5 cm/year before it first

collided with Eurasian plate during Eocene. Since then, Indian plate moved 1,000 km more in a

north-westerly direction at a rate of 3 cm/year until the complete closure of Tethys. Plate motion

resumed or accelerated in a slightly different direction in early Oligocene time with India

converging towards Asia in a more northeasterly direction. The oceanic crust started subducting

beneath the Burmese sub-plate thus creating a back-arc basin to the east and a fore-arc basin to the

west, separated by initially uplifted Yoma suture zone. Central Burma or Irrawaddy Basin

represents the back-arc basin and Arakan-Yoma folded belt and its western extension up to

Chittagong-Tripura hills, a part of which is the Chittagong Hill Tracts, representing the fore-arc

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basin. The thick sediments deposited in the Irrawaddy Basin during Miocene and Lower

Pleistocene time are exposed in the Chittagong and Tripura hills. Hence, with the inception of

convergence of the Indian Plate and the Tertiary sediments deposited in the fore-arc basin, the

region was uplifted during Miocene orogeny and followed by Pleistocene orogeny to form the

present Arakan Yoma Mega-anticlinorium and its western extension covering Chittagong-Tripura

mountain belt. The oldest rock unit exposed is the Bhuban Formation of the Surma Group of

Miocene age. No exposed rock older than the Miocene Bhuban Formation is known yet. The

Palaeogene sediments are subsided to a great depth and have not been encountered in any well.

The Surma group of sediments is overlain by the Tipam Group of Plio-Pleistocene age. The Dihing

Formation of Pleistocene age has scattered occurrence in the region. In the Chittagong Hill Tracts

the Upper Tertiary sandy-argillaceous sediments have been folded into a series of long

submeridional (NNW-SSE) anticlines and synclines represented in the surface topography by

elongated hill ranges and intervening valleys. The folded structures are characterised by en-

echelon orientation with an increasing degree of intensity and complexity toward the east.

Accordingly, the folded flank is divided into three parallel almost N-S trending zones from west

to east as: (a) the Western Zone is characterised by simple box-like or similar shaped anticlines

with steep flanks and gentle crests separated by gentle synclines, viz Matamuhuri anticline,

Semutang anticline, etc; (b) the Middle Zone is characterised by more compressed structures, other

than just simple box-like folds, with ridge like asymmetric anticlines frequently associated with

faults and separated by narrow synclines viz Sitapahar anticline, Bandarban anticline, Gilasari

anticline, Patiya anticline, Changohtung anticline, Tulamura anticline, Kaptai syncline, Alikadam

syncline, etc; (c) The Eastern Zone is characterised by highly disturbed narrow anticlines with

steep clipping flanks and mostly associated with thrust faults, viz Belasari anticline, Subalong

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syncline, Utanchatra anticline, Barkal anticline, Mowdac anticline, Ratlong anticline, Kasalong

syncline, Sangu Valley syncline and few others. [ Sifatul Quader Chowdhury]

Fig-2: Geological map of Chittagong Hill Tract.

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 Chapter: 1
1.1: Botanical Garden and Eco-park, Sitakunda.
On 20th Decamber,2022 at about 11 am we reached the botanical garden and eco-park, Shitakunda.

There we learnt many things. First, we learnt about the history of there. Then we saw Bedding,

Lamination, Weathering, waterfall etc.

1.1.1: History
The first eco-park in Bangladesh, along with a botanical garden, was established in 2001 under a

five-year (2000–2004) development project at a cost of Tk 3.57 crore on 808 hectares (1,997 acres)

of the Chandra Nath Hills in Sitakunda. The eco-park was established to facilitate biodiversity

conservation, natural regeneration, new plantations and infrastructure development, as well as to

promote nature-based tourism to generate income. The park, 405 hectares (1,001 acres), and the

garden, 403 hectares (996 acres), under the Bariadhala Range of Chittagong Forest Division, are

rich with natural Gymnosperm tree species including Podocarpus neriolins and species of Gentium

and Cycas. The park is reported to be able to receive 25,000 visitors in a single weekend. With the

botanical garden included, the number of visitors can reach up to 50,000. According to the

International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management, however, “ignoring the

dependence of local people on park resources created conflicts between local communities and the

park authority” and “prohibition on the extraction of forest products from the park… make the

livelihoods of surrounding villagers vulnerable”

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1.1.2: Weathering and Erosion
Weathering is a process by which pre-existing rocks and minerals are brake down into

smaller fragments. When the surface of the earth is loosened is loosen by physically,

biologically or chemically. Then it is known as weathering and erosion. Weathering is

three types. These are following:

1. Physical weathering. This type of weathering occurred by natural agents such as

wind, water etc.

2. Chemical weathering. This type of weathering occurred by different chemical

reaction.

3. Biological weathering. This type of weathering occurred by insect’s, bacteria,

worm etc.

Weathering
and Erosion

Fig 3: Biological Weathering and Erosion at Sitakunda hill range.

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1.1.3: Waterfall
We found a prominent waterfall named Sahasradhara in the studied section. The approximate

height of the waterfall is 100 ft.

Waterfall

Fig 4: Waterfall at Sahasradhara

1.1.4: Pothole
As the bed rock of a stream channel is eroded away deep holes known as pothole. During our

investigation we found Pothole near Sahasradhara waterfall.

Pothole

Fig 5: Pothole at Sahasradhara

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1.1.5: Cross bedding
It is developed in the sandstone of many outcrops. A series of inclined bedding planes having some

relationship to the direction of current flow. Cross bedding found in Sahasradhara waterfall.

Bedding

Fig 6: Cross bedding at Sitakunda hill range

1.1.6: Lamination
Thin and discrete layer of rocks, if the individual layer is less than 1 cm in thickness then it is

called lamination and the layers are

called lamina (Blatt, Middletol and

Murray, 1980). Shale and sandy shale

display this type of structure and are well

exposed on all studied sections.

Lamination

Fig-7: Lamination at Sitakunda hill range.

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1.1.7: Lithological structure
Lithology is the physical character of a rock or deposit expressed in terms of texture, mineralogy,

color and thickness (Stone, 1999). Structural features like fractures, faults, joints, and bedding

planes alter hydraulic conductivity, surface area of rock and water residence times (Hurlow, 1999).

Fig -8: Lithological structure at Sitakunda hill range.

1.2: Chandra Nath temple

On 21st December, 2022 at about 10 am we reached the Chandra Nath temple. There we learnt

many things. First, we learnt about the history of there. Then we saw fault, fold, joint, nodules,

mudball, lens, concretions etc.

1.2.1: History

The Rajmala states that about 800 years ago, Raja Biswambhar Sur, a descendant of the famous

Adisur of Gaur, tried to reach Chandra Nath by sea. The Nigamkalpataru refers to the poet Jayadev

living for a time in Chandra Nath. By the time of Dhanya Manikya, ruler of Tripura, Chandra Nath

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received numerous endowments. Dhanya Manikya attempted to remove the idol of Shiva from the

temple to his kingdom but failed.

1.2.2: Fault

Fault means rupture along which the opposite walls have moved passed each other

(Billings, M.P. 1986). A major faulting lie in the eastern flank of the anticline has been

recognized on the basis of abrupt change topography, lithology and structural irregularity.

These indicate a major fault occurs in the eastern flank of the anticline. But along

Labanakhya Temple and Gas seepage we found a prominent fault line which is an

indicator of fault. That was found in western flunk of the anticline.

Fault

Fig - 9: Fault at Chandra Nath hill range

1.2.3: Joint
Joint means the fracture of rocks of the earth surface where no displacement occur

parallel to the fracture surface. Joints are observed more resistance sandstone and shale of

Bhuban Formation. In our investigated area numerous joints are seen in every section. But

most prominent one oblique joint is in Labanakhya chara section near waterfall.

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1.2.4: Nodules
These are rounded and irregular body and most commonly devoid at any inter structure. Nodules

are found in Chandra Nath hill range section.

Nodules

Fig – 10: Nodules at Chandra Nath hill range

1.2.5: Mudball
A "mud ball" is the scientific term for a golf ball with mud on it And if you haven't heard, it's

rained a little bit at Merion. The course has taken on more than 6 1/2 inches of rain in the last week

and more is on the way. Mudball are found in the axial region in Chandra Nath temple area.

1.2.6: Concretions

Concretion a hard usually inorganic mass (such as a bezoar or tophus) formed in a living body. A

mass of mineral matter found generally in rock of a composition different from its own and

produced by deposition from aqueous solution in the rock. Concretions are found in the axial

region in Chandra Nath temple area.

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1.2.7: Lens
A lens or lentil is a body of ore or rock that is thick in the middle and thin at the edges, resembling

a convex lens in cross-section. Lens are found in the axial region in Chandra Nath temple area.

Lens

Fig – 11: Lens at Chandra Nath hill range

1.2.8: Clinometer

The dip and strike of an exposed bed in the field can be measured in degrees by an instrument,

known as a clinometer, which consists of a pendulum with a graduated arc. A compass can measure

the directions of the dip and strike similarly.

For the sake of convenience, a clinometer as well as a compass is both combined together, as to

form an instrument known as Clinometer-Compass. The clinometer of this instrument will help in

measuring the amount of the dip and the strike, while the compass will help in measuring their

directions with respect to north, south, east and west.

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 Clinometer

Fig – 12: Measured Strike and amount of depth of bedding at Chandra Nath hill range by
Clinometer

1.3: Rangamati Hilly Area

On 22nd Decamber,2022 at about 10 am we reached the Rangamati hilly area. There we learnt

many things. First, we learnt about the history of there, Then we saw crossbedding, Shale,

Sandstone, Mudstone, Gully, Vegetation etc.

1.3.1: History
Rangamati was a contesting ground for the kings of Tripura and Arakan. It was known as

Reang/Riang Country before East India Company came. This region came under the Mughal

Empire after the Muslim invasion in 1566. In 1737, Sher Mosta Khan, a tribal leader, took refuge

with the Mughals. After this the Chakma settlement began along with various other settlements of

varying ethnicity. From 1760 to 1761, this land was leased to the East India Company.

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1.3.2: Shale
Shale, any of a group of fine-grained, laminated sedimentary rocks consisting of silt- and clay-

sized particles. Shale is the most abundant of the sedimentary rocks, accounting for roughly 70

percent of this rock type in the crust of the Earth.

Shale

Fig - 13: Shale at Rangamati hill range

1.3.3: Mudstone
Mudstone, a type of mudrock, is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were

clays or muds. Mudstone is distinguished from shale by its lack of fissility (parallel layering).

1.3.4: Sandstone
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate

grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks.

Sandstones are composed mainly of the mineral quartz, along with different amounts of other

constituents. Variations in quartz content affect a rock's color and hardness. Rocks with greater

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than 90 percent quartz grains are almost white in color, and are extremely hard and brittle when

struck with a hammer.

Fig -14: Sandstone at Rangamati hill range

1.3.5: Vegetation
The forests of the region are known to be evergreen type with preponderance of deciduous species

with a leveled distribution. The topmost level consists of Garjan (Dipterocarpus alatus), Telsur

(Hopea odorata), Chapalish (Artocarpus chapalasha), Chundul (tetrameles nudiflora) and Koroi or

the Moluccan albizia (Albizia falcataria). The lower level consist of species of Jarul

(Lagerstroemia speciosa), Toon (Toona ciliata), Jam(Syzygium cumini), Jalpai (Elaeocarpus

robustus)and Glochidion, Lianas, epiphytes(mostly of orchids, asclepiads, ferns and leafy mosses

and herbaceous undergrowth are abundant. Savannah formations are found in the open, along the

banks of rivers and swamps with common tall grasses like Kans (Saccharum spotaneu), Shon

(Imperata cylindrica and I. arundincca) and Bena (Vetiveria zizanoides). Several species of

Bamboo are cultivated that are common in Bangladesh including Bambusa balcooa (which is also

common in Assam), B. vulgaris, B. longispiculata, B. tulda and B. nutans; the latter two also being

common in the hills of the region. A number of fish species have become endangered in the area

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due to overfishing. They include Bhola (Raiamas bola), Lakkhya (Eleutheronema tetradactylum),

Chapila (Gudusia chapra), Datina (Acanthopagrus latus), Rupchanda (Pampus argenteus),

Pungash (Pangasius pangasius), Chhuri (Trichiurus lepturus), Ilsha Chandana (Tenualosa toli),

Hilsha (Tenualosa ilisha), Faishya (Anchoviella commersonii), Maittya (Scomberomorus

commerson), Gnhora (Labeo gonius), Kata (Nemapteryx nenga), Chewa (Taenioides cirratus),

Sundari bele (Glossogobius giuris), Bnata (Liza parsia), Koral (Etroplus suratensis), and Kawoon

(Anabas testudineus), as well as crustaceans like tiger shrimps.[Wikipedia]

Vegetation

Fig -15: Vegetation at Satchari hill

1.3.6: Barrow
Burrows are tubes or holes of varying diameter, length, configuration, and composition excavated

or constructed by organisms, chiefly worms, crustaceans, or mollusks, along a bedding plane or

penetrating the bedding.

1.3.7: Gully
A gully is a landform created by running water, eroding sharply into soil, typically on a hillside.

Gullies resemble large ditches or small valleys, but are meters to tens of meters in depth and width.

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When the gully formation is in process, the water flow rate can be substantial, which causes the

significant deep cutting action into soil. Gullying or gully erosion is the process by which gullies

are formed. Hillsides are more prone to gullying when they are cleared of vegetation, through

deforestation, over-grazing or other means. The eroded soil is easily carried by the flowing water

after being dislodged from the ground, normally when rainfall falls during short, intense storms

such as during thunderstorms.

Gully

Fig -16: Gully at Satchari hill

1.3.8: Land slide

A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. Landslides

are a type of "mass wasting," which denotes any down-slope movement of soil and rock under the

direct influence of gravity.

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 Land slide

Fig -17: Land slide at Satchari hill

1.3.9: Deforestation
Deforestation is the purposeful clearing of forested land. Throughout history and into modern

times, forests have been razed to make space for agriculture and animal grazing, and to obtain

wood for fuel, manufacturing, and construction. Deforestation has greatly altered landscapes

around the world.

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 Deforestation

Fig-18: Deforestation at Rangamati hill range

1.4: Khagrachuri and Sajek Hilly Area

On 25th December, 2022 at about 1.00 pm we reached the Sajek vally area. There we learnt many

things. First, we learnt about the history of there. Then we saw Shale, Sandstone, Mudstone, etc.

1.4.1: History
The Chittagong Hill Tracts was under the reign of the Tripura State, the Arakans & the Sultans in

different times before it came under the control of the British East India Company in 1760.

Although the British got the authority of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in 1760, they had no authority

besides collecting nominal taxes. Until 1860, two kings or chiefs governed the internal

administration of this region. In 1860, another circle was formed in present Khagrachari zila,

inhabited by the Tripura population. The chief or the Raja of this circle was selected from the

minority Marma population. The circle was named after the Tripura dialect the Mun Circle, but

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later, the 'Mun dialect', was changed and renamed as Mong Circle. In 1900 the British offered

independent status to Chittagong Hill Tracts recognizing the culture and language of the hill tracts

population. But during the Partition of India, this status was abolished and became part of East

Bengal, ruled under Pakistan. Then, the name of this subdivision was Ramgarh with its

headquarters at Khagrachari. It was upgraded to zila in 1983. The zila headquarters is located on

the bank of the 'Chengi' stream (meaning Chhara in local language) which was full of Catkin plants

(meaning Khagra in local language). It is believed that the zila might have derived its name from

the above two words 'Khagra' and 'Chhara'. Khagrachari Local Govt. Council was established on

6 March 1989 to uphold the political, social, cultural, educational and economic right and to

expedite the process of socio-economic development of all residents of Khagrachari Hill District.

According to Peace Accrod this council was renamed as “Khagrachari Hill District Council

(KHDC)” by the Act-10 of 1998. Now this council has been regarded as the main focal point of

administration as well as development activities of the district.

1.4.2: Mega anticline

If any hill surrounded by the small hill then it is often seen the mega anticline. There is a

gradual development of hill from smaller to bigger. We also see the syncline and vally

there.

Anticline

Fig -19: Mega Anticline at Sajek

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1.4.3: Fold
One of the most important structures of the investigated area is folding. Fold means the bends in

rock that form in response to the directional force. Sitakund Hill Range representing an anticline,

which lies in the western zone of folded flank of Bengal Foredeep. The Hill Range is asymmetrical

structure. The axis of the fold is running in NNW-SSE direction parallel to the general trend of the

regional strike fold axis of Bangladesh. (Khan, 1983) Shale is the oldest rock unit in axial region

so it forms core of the fold. Older rock deep towards east and, exposed at the western part of the

fold. Rock beds dip in opposite directions along in an imaginary line, which is called axis. It is

observed that the western most outcrops show overturning of bed, probably due to the drag along

fault plane.

Fold

Fig- 20: Fold at Sajek

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1.4.4: Convergent force
When two plates move towards each other then the friction of them creates a force which

is known as convergent force. The hill range of Sitakunda was created by this type of force

at tertiary period of the movement between Burmese plate and Indian plate.

Vally is formed by the divergent force of plates. We also observed many big and small

valleys of the Eco-park area.

1.4.5: Plate techtonics

Our observing place Ecopark is a place which is the result of plate movement. The relative

movement of the Indian and Burmese plates has developed the main east west

compression in the region. The Burmese plate has been serving as the main pushing agent

and as a result the magnitude of force is higher in the east than west.

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 1.5 : Result and Discussion
We have found some problems that are related with environment in our study area (Sitakunda,

Rangamati, Khagrachori). There are some recommendations that can be effective in resolving the

problems . The recommendations as follows ---

Reducement of exotic species that absorbs a great amount of surface water, as a result scarcity of

ground water occurred in the Eco park. Increment of those plant species that holds water moisture

and absorbed lower surface water .Making artificial water reservoir for mitigating the drinking the

drinking water crisis and irrigation. Spring water collection plant can also be made.Create an

optimum environment both geologically and biologically, that the equivalence of plant and animal

diversity can be maintained. Cutting down massive rates of trees for fuel and livelihood must be

stopped. Shifting cultivation and jhum cultivation must be stopped and alternative agricultural

practice should be introduced. Replantation on the bare surface, which is due to shifting cultivation

and jhum cultivation, or may be some agricultural activities should be done on the bare land.

Government should help the local people in implementation of the alternate agricultural practice.

An environmental impact assessment (EIA) of a location should be made before starting of any

major construction of a physical structure’s economic values should be measured before making

any major physical structure at the location of naturally important geological and physical

structure. To ensure the pure drinking water in coastal regions and the government should take

steps therefore the scarcity of pure drinking can be mitigated to some extent.

Suitable agricultural practice should be at coastal region as normal the agricultural practice is

impossible.

Government should help the coastal people to increase the alternate agricultural practice.

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 We should provide a plane and policy to maintain the resource of studied area.

1.6: Conclusion
This report resulted from the seven days work of Chittagong Hilly area ( Sitakunda, Rangamati,

Khagrachori and Sajek ) Range along Barabkund These are as consist of mainly sedimentary rock,

bluish grey shale, sandstone, sandy shale, silty shale, mudstone and various sedimentary structural

like Lamination, Bedding, Concretion, Onion Structure, Burrow Structure and so on. We also

found major structural features like fold, fault, joint and unconformity. Overturned fold is

identified by studying different dip direction at Sitakunda hilly area and Rangamati, which also

indicates that there is a major longitudinal fault in Sajek Anticline, which is situated at the western

flank of this hill range. Temples are built around those gas seepages, which are the religious place

for the community of Sajek Anticline. Chittagong Hilly Range is actually one of the best suitable

places for petroleum and mining field work. Here we found all kinds of geological features which

can be particularly increase our knowledge in the field of petroleum and mining field. The

geological history of this area is mainly concerned with the great Himalayan Orogeny. But this

area is not investigated thoroughly for our insufficient technological and financial support. which

is a great petroleum and mining field and economical place in Bangladesh.

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 1.7: References
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

• http://www.banglapedia.org/english/index.htm

• Mahir Tajwar (2014): A report on Sitakunda Hill Range.

• H.M. Zakir Hossain, M. Sultan-Ul-Islam, Syed Samsuddin Ahmed and Ismail Hossain et

al., 2002. Lithofacies and depositional environment.

(H.M. Zakir Hossain, 2002)

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