A

SEMINAR REPORT
ON
SAND BATTERY
SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS

SUBMITTED BY
SHIVAM SHIVHARE (PRN NO: -1914110432)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

DR. S. P. GAIKWAD

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BHARATI VIDYAPEETH DEEMED UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
PUNE- 411043

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022–23

1
 BHARATI VIDYAPEETH (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNE – 4110043
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SHIVAM SHIVHARE (PRN NO: - 1914110432), the students of
B.Tech.(Electronics) Sem-VIII of Electronics Engineering has successfully completed SEMINAR
REPORT titled as “SAND BATTERY” in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the an
undergraduate Degree of Bachelor of Technology of B.V.D. University College of Engineering Pune, in
the academic year 2022-23.

Dr. S. P. GAIKWAD Prof. A.A Shinde

Seminar Guide Head of Department

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to the Principal Dr. Vidula Sohoni, Head of Department
Electronics, Prof. A.A Shinde, for nurturing a congenial yet competitive environment, which motivates all the
students not only to pursue goals but also to elevate the Humanitarian level.

Inspiration and guidance are invaluable in every aspect of life, which we have received from our respected
guide Dr. S. P. GAIKWAD, who gave us his careful and ardent guidance because of which we are able to
complete this air More words won’t suffice to express our gratitude to his untiring devotion. He undoubtedly
belongs to the members of the artistic gallery who are masters in all aspects.

We would also like to thank all the faculty members who directly or indirectly helped us from time to time
with their invaluable inputs.

3
 ABSTRACT

This project aims to investigate whether India’s desert sand can be utilized as a medium to store energy in
a high-temperature Sensible Thermal Energy Storage System. Sand can provide a unique and eco-friendly
alternative to current storage mediums, while having minimalized cost and maintenance. Oil will be heated and
pumped to flow through pipes leading to the Thermal Energy Storage Element, where the sand will be thermally
charged. After the desired temperature in the sand is obtained, a certain storing period will follow to determine
its effectiveness.
Finally, the remaining heat will be discharged and absorbed by the oil, whose heat will be utilized to generate
electricity using a Peltier Element. Before proceeding into the creation of the prototype, an in-depth research
on the thermal properties of India’s desert sand is essential. In order to successfully design and manufacture
such a project, a comprehensive analysis on the selection of standards parts as well as the design of the
manufactured components is addressed.
To determine the thermal distribution in the sand during the heating process, Bessel functions were used to
solve the 1D heat conduction equation. Results obtained analytically were verified through ANSYS Fluent and
Thermal Transient, which included flow and thermal simulations in the Thermal Energy Storage Element and
the storage medium respectively. Furthermore, a realistic 3D model of the prototype is included, along with the
details on its operating principle. To determine the efficiency of the system, the experiments conducted are
divided into three subsections: Charging Phase, Storing Phase, and Discharging Phase. Certain constraints in
designing the system are addressed along with several methods to improve the system’s functionality for
successful future optimization.

Key Words: - Thermal Energy Storage system (TES), Thermal Energy Storage Element, Charging
phase, Storing phase, Discharging Phase.

4
 CONTENT

Abstract…..........................................................................................................................4
List of Content....................................................................................................................5
List of Figures.....................................................................................................................6
Report Objective.................................................................................................................7
1. Introduction........................................................................................................................8
2. What Is Sand Battery..........................................................................................................9
2.1 Material Used In Heat-Storing Sand Batteries Point.................................10
3. Brief Summary Of Utilizing Sand As Storage Medium.....................................................12
4. Benefits Of Utilizing Sand As Storage Medium.................................................................13
5. Working Of Sand Battery...................................................................................................14
5.1 Charging Phase.........................................................................................16
5.2 Storing Phase............................................................................................17
5.3 Discharge Phase........................................................................................17
6. Types Of Sand Battery........................................................................................................18
6.1 Indirect Heat-Storing Sand Batteries.........................................................18
6.2 Direct Heat-Storing Sand Batteries........................................................... 19
6.3 Thermochemical Heat-Storing Sand Batteries...........................................19
6.4 Hybrid Heat-Storing Sand Batteries...........................................................20
7. Comparison To Other Storage Technologies.......................................................................22
7.1 Lithium-ion batteries....................................................................................22
7.2 Pumped Hydro Storage................................................................................24
7.3 Flywheel.......................................................................................................26
7.4 Thermal Energy Storage...............................................................................28
8. Challenges Of Heat Storage Sand Batteries....................................................................... 30
9. Applications.........................................................................................................................32
10. Result, Experimentation, Improvement...............................................................................33
10.1 Charging Phase..........................................................................................33
10.2 Storing Phase.............................................................................................33
10.3 Discharging Phase.....................................................................................34
10.4 Thermal Energy Storage Efficiency..........................................................35
10.5 Improvements...........................................................................................35
11. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................36
12. References….......................................................................................................................37

5
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1. Heat-Storing Sand Battery.......................................................................................9

Fig 2. Sand Battery Storage...............................................................................................10
Fig 3. Working Diagram for Sand Battery........................................................................14
Fig 4. Sand Battery Phases.................................................................................................16
Fig 5. Lithium-Ion Battery ….............................................................................................22
Fig 6. Pumped Hydro Storage….........................................................................................24
Fig 7. Flywheels………………………………………………………..............................26
Fig 8. Thermal Energy Storage……………………………………………........................28
Fig 9. Charging Phase Graph...............................................................................................33
Fig 10. Storing Phase Graph………………………………………………………………34
Fig 11. Discharge Phase Graph…………………………………………………………….34

6
 REPORT OBJECTIVE

Its main purpose is to work as a high-power and high-capacity reservoir for excess wind and solar energy. The
energy is stored as heat, which can be used to heat homes, or to provide hot steam and high temperature process
heat to industries that are often fossil-fuel dependent.

As the world shifts towards higher and higher renewables fraction in electricity production. the intermittent
nature of these energy sources cause challenges to energy networks. The sand battery helps to ambitiously
upscale renewables production by ensuring there's always a way to benefit from clean energy, even if the
surplus is massive.

The first commercial sand battery in the world is in a town called Kankaanpää, Western Finland. It is connected
to a district heating network and heating residential and commercial buildings such as family homes and the
municipal swimming pool. The district heating network is operated by an energy utility called Vatajankoski.

7
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

This report is geared towards finding a more cost effective and environmentally friendly solution to storing
thermal energy than contemporary methodologies can present. Current Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems
are facilitated by the use of molten salt. The use of this material as a storage catalyst is limited to energy storage
of up to 600 ℃ and significantly costly. According to a research project named “Sandstock” conducted by the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Massachusetts, desert sand can be used in conjunction with
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies to store thermal energy up to 1000 ℃, approximately 400 ℃
higher than molten salt [2].
Furthermore, sand’s ease of availability within the country coupled with its eco-friendliness make it a worthy
storage medium to frontline a new generation of thermal energy storage technology. The purpose of this project
is to develop a TES system using sand as an energy storage medium in order to reduce costs, increase
availability, and reduce environmental impact of presently used TES system models. To accomplish this,
important storage characteristics such as charging, storing, and discharging *India is a country that is primarily
powered by coal and petrol [3]. Current predictions indicate that demand for electrical energy is set to double
by 2020.
The development of energy and cost-efficient energy storage devices is a vital part of the development of solar
energy-based projects. However, to successfully produce electricity on demand, independently from solar
intermittencies, the use of TES technologies becomes crucial.
A TES system can reduce the time or rate mismatch between energy supply and demand, thus playing a crucial
role in energy conservation, and the system’s reliability. In the case of power generating plants, a TES system
would improve its functionality by load levelling, which ultimately results in energy conservation and cost
effectiveness [4].
It can also provide this form of energy security in an eco-friendly manner if the energy is stores is harvested
renewably.

8
 CHAPTER- 2

WHAT IS SAND BATTERY

A sand battery, also known as a microbial fuel cell (MFC) or a sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC), is a
type of renewable energy device that harnesses the power of microorganisms present in sand or sediment to
generate electricity. It operates on the principle of electrogenic bacteria, which are capable of oxidizing organic
matter and transferring electrons to an electrode.

The basic structure of a sand battery typically consists of two chambers separated by an ion-permeable
membrane. The anode chamber is filled with sand or sediment, which serves as the substrate for the bacteria.
The cathode chamber contains an electrode, typically made of a conductive material like graphite or carbon
cloth, which acts as the site of electron transfer. The microorganisms in the sand break down organic matter,
releasing electrons in the process. These electrons are then transferred to the anode and flow through an external
circuit to the cathode, generating an electric current.

One of the advantages of sand batteries is their ability to utilize naturally occurring organic matter in sediments
or wastewater as a fuel source, making them a potential solution for waste treatment and environmental

9
remediation. However, the power output of sand batteries is currently relatively low compared to other energy
sources, and research is ongoing to improve their efficiency and scalability.

Sand batteries have the potential to be used in various applications, including remote sensing devices,
environmental monitoring systems, and low-power electronics. They offer the advantage of being
environmentally friendly and sustainable, as they can generate electricity without relying on fossil fuels.
However, further research and development are necessary to optimize their performance and make them
commercially viable for larger-scale applications.

2.1 Materials Used In Heat-Storing Sand Batteries Point

Sand
1. Sand is the primary material used in heat-storing sand batteries.

2. The properties of the sand, such as its thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity, can affect the
performance of the battery.

10
Heat Transfer Fluid
1. Indirect heat-storing sand batteries use a heat transfer fluid to transfer heat to and from the sand.

2. Common heat transfer fluids include water, oils, and molten salts.

Enclosure Materials
1. The enclosure of the battery must be able to withstand high temperatures and resist corrosion.

2. Materials such as stainless steel, ceramics, and refractory materials are commonly used in heat-storing
sand battery enclosures.

Electrodes and Current Collectors

1. Thermochemical heat-storing sand batteries use electrodes and current collectors to catalyse the
chemical reactions that store and release heat.

2. Materials such as metals, metal oxides, and metal sulphides are commonly used as electrodes and
current collectors in these batteries.

11
 CHAPTER-3

BRIEF SUMMARY OF UTILIZING SAND AS STORAGE MEDIUM

To provide a powerful and yet economical solution to India’s increasing energy demands, while
maintaining its interest in clean and renewable sources, innovative and environmentally appropriate solutions
must be developed and implemented.

The proposed solution centres around the integration of sand as a storage medium for CSP plant applications.
It is a high temperature sensible heat storage system with one storage tank that includes a heat exchanger along
with the storage medium (sand). For the execution of testing on the sand’s thermal characteristics an electric
heater is chosen as the heat input.

The heat dissipated by the heater will be transferred to the heat exchanger through the Heat Transfer Fluid
(HTF), which is in the form of oil. The oil resides in an oil tank from where it is pumped through a series of
pipes leading to the heat exchanger. As the oil circulates through the system, the sand’s change in temperature
will be monitored by temperature sensors.

When the sand attains the desired temperature of 150 °C the end of the first phase, also known as the Charging
Phase, will be complete. The second phase, which is the Storing Phase, tests the storing capabilities of the TES
element. Multiple tests will be conducted on the TES element to see how much thermal energy it loses across
various time intervals. Finally, during the third phase, the leftover heat in the sand is recovered and converted
into electricity. Cold oil will be pumped to circulate through the pipes and into the TES element, thus absorbing
the sand’s heat. When the heat exchange between the sand and the oil is complete, the second stage – electricity
generation – will be initiated.

A thermoelectric generator in the form of a Peltier Element will be used to convert the thermal energy from the
oil into electrical energy via the concept of a temperature differential. This encapsulates the Discharging Phase
of the system. The three-phase process explained summarizes the working principle as well as the testing
procedure that will be followed.

12
 CHAPTER-4

BENEFITS OF UTILIZING SAND AS A STORAGE MEDIUM

Sensible TES systems are currently being tested and optimized in order to provide an energy management
solution with a minimal cost platform and environmental footprint. Such applications, if optimized enough,
can provide a useful and well-needed progression in the technological world of TES systems.

The Masdar Institute of Science and Technology in Abu Dhabi has been one of the frontrunners in the creation
of such technologies [7]. One of their most recent experiments has been the design and construction of a thermal
energy storage system that utilizes sand as the storage medium. Such a design, even its preliminary stages, has
shown significant promise in its potential ability to satisfy the World’s upcoming energy needs.

The unique project offers low-maintenance requirements when compared to traditional thermal energy
storages. For example, the most common storage medium, molten salt, presents plugging related issues if it is
not maintained above a specific temperature (260 °C). In such a case, external heat must be added to the system
in order to change the phase of the molten salt back into liquid state. Molten salt-based systems are significantly
costly. Specifically, for 7.5 hours of thermal storage, 28,000 tons of nitrate molten salt are required [8].

This translates to a cost of 25.2 million dollars only for the storage medium. Alternatively, if a sand-based TES
system is utilized the overall cost of such projects will be lowered by a substantial amount.

13
 CHAPTER-5
WORKING OF SAND BATTERY

The working principle of a sand battery, also known as a sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC), involves the
harnessing of microorganisms present in sand or sediment to generate electricity.

• Heat-storing sand batteries store thermal energy in sand, which can then be used to generate electricity.
• The batteries consist of two tanks of sand, one at a high temperature and one at a low temperature,
connected by pipes containing a heat transfer fluid.
• When the battery is charged, the heat transfer fluid is pumped through the pipes from the hot sand tank
to the cold sand tank, transferring thermal energy from the hot sand to the cold sand.
• The stored thermal energy can be used to generate electricity by transferring the heat to a heat engine,
which in turn drives a generator to produce electricity.

14
Here is a step-by-step explanation of how a sand battery works:

1. Anode Chamber: The sand battery consists of two chambers separated by an ion-permeable membrane.
The anode chamber is filled with sand or sediment, which serves as the substrate for the bacteria. The
sand provides a favourable environment for the growth and activity of electrogenic microorganisms.
2. Microbial Activity: Microorganisms naturally present in the sand or sediment, such as electrogenic
bacteria, begin to break down organic matter in the environment. As a result of this metabolic activity,
electrons are released as by-products.
3. Electron Transfer: The electrogenic bacteria transfer the released electrons to the anode, which is
typically made of a conductive material like graphite or carbon cloth. The bacteria accomplish this
transfer through a process called extracellular electron transfer. The electron transfer occurs via
specialized proteins on the bacteria's cell membranes or through direct contact with the electrode
surface.
4. Electrical Circuit: The electrons generated at the anode flow through an external circuit, typically a wire
or an electronic device, towards the cathode. As the electrons move through the circuit, they can be
harnessed to perform electrical work or power a device.
5. Cathode Reaction: At the cathode, a reduction reaction takes place, typically involving oxygen or
another electron acceptor. This reaction consumes the electrons and, if needed, an additional source of
reactants such as oxygen or air is supplied to the cathode chamber.
6. Complete Circuit: The electrons, having completed their journey through the external circuit, reach the
cathode chamber, where they combine with the reactants, resulting in the completion of the
electrochemical circuit.
7. Power Generation: The flow of electrons through the external circuit generates an electric current,
which can be utilized to power devices, charge batteries, or perform other electrical work.

It's important to note that sand batteries are still an area of active research, and the specific design, electrode
materials, and configurations can vary. Researchers are continuously working on optimizing the performance,
efficiency, and scalability of sand batteries to make them more practical for various applications.

15
The proposed thermal energy storage system consists of the above array of components to complete the three
phases: charging, storing, and discharging.

• Phase 1: charging: The first phase of the system determines the amount of time required by the sand to reach
the desired temperature.
• Phase 2: storing: The second phase tests the storing capabilities of the system – in other words, the amount of
heat that is lost after a certain storing period.
• Phase 3: Discharging: During the last phase the discharging capabilities of the sand as well as the electricity
generating capabilities of the system are established.

5.1 CHARGING PHASE

To proceed in obtaining data for the first phase of the experimental process the following practice is
followed:
1. The sensors are connected to the power supply to obtain initial temperature readings of the sand and the
oil.
2. The gateway-valve is opened to allow the HTF to flow through the system.
3. The motor that is connected to the pump is turned on.

16
4. Both pressure gauges will indicate the operating pressure of the oil.
5. The heater is connected to the power source, and the switch is turned on.
6. After the light indication on the heater is turned on the experiment has officially started.
7. Every minute the temperature of the oil at the outlet of the heater and the TES element’s are recorded.
8. When both temperature sensors reach 150°C the heater and pump are turned off.
9. Pressure gauges are frequently checked for any abrupt pressure changes.

5.2 STORING PHASE

The end of the charging phase initiates the second phase of the system. To proceed in obtaining data for the
standby phase of the experimental process the following practice is followed:
1. Since the pump and heater are turned off, the gateway valve is also turned off.
2. The room temperature (22°C ) is measured using a digital thermometer.
3. Every two minutes the temperature read by the sensors is recorded.

5.3 DISCHARGING PHASE

To proceed in obtaining data for the last phase of the experimental process the following practice is followed:
1. The gateway-valve is opened to allow the HTF to flow through the system.
2. The motor that is connected to the pump is turned on.
3. Both pressure sensors will indicate the operating pressure of the oil.
4. Every ten seconds the temperature read by the sensors is recorded.
5. After a certain period, in which the temperatures measured by the two sensors are almost equal the first stage
will be complete.
6. The temperature of the oil tank’s bottom surface is measured.
7. The cooling fan is connected to a battery, in order to prepare the cooling for the Peltier.
8. The Peltier element is inserted between the oil tank’s hot bottom surface and the extended cold surface of
the cooling mechanism.
9. The temperature read by the voltmeter is recorded.
10. After the voltage measurements are obtained, the pump is turned off and the gateway valve is closed.

17
 CHAPTER-6
TYPES OF SAND BATTERY

6.1 Indirect Heat-Storing Sand Batteries

Indirect heat-storing sand batteries typically involve the use of sand as a thermal energy storage medium rather
than as a direct source of electricity generation. In this concept, sand acts as a high-heat capacity material that
can store thermal energy for later use.
The process typically involves the following steps:
1. Charging Phase: During the charging phase, excess thermal energy, such as from renewable energy
sources like solar or geothermal, is transferred to the sand bed. This can be achieved through various
means, such as circulating heated fluid through the sand bed or exposing the sand to high-temperature
heat sources.
2. Heat Storage: The sand bed acts as a thermal reservoir, absorbing and storing the excess heat energy.
Sand is chosen as the storage medium due to its ability to retain heat efficiently.
3. Discharging Phase: When there is a demand for heat or thermal energy, the stored heat from the sand
bed can be released. This can be achieved by circulating a heat transfer fluid, such as water, through the
heated sand bed, extracting the stored thermal energy.
4. Utilization of Heat: The extracted thermal energy can be used for various applications, such as space
heating, water heating, or industrial processes, depending on the specific requirements.

By employing this indirect heat storage approach using sand, the system can store thermal energy and release
it as needed, acting as a heat battery. The advantage of using sand as the storage medium is its abundance, low
cost, and high thermal storage capacity.

It's worth noting that the specific design, configuration, and operational parameters of indirect heat-storing
sand batteries can vary depending on the application and system requirements.

18
6.2 Direct Heat-Storing Sand Batteries
"Direct Heat-Storing Sand Batteries" is not a recognized term in the field of energy storage or battery
technology. It is possible that the term is being used in a specific context or hypothetical scenario that is not
widely discussed or recognized.

However, based on the term itself, one could infer a concept where sand is directly involved in storing heat
energy for later use. Here is a speculative description of what "Direct Heat-Storing Sand Batteries" could imply:
In this hypothetical concept, the sand itself is engineered or treated in a way that allows it to directly store and
release heat energy. The sand could potentially possess certain properties or additives that enable it to act as a
heat storage medium or thermal reservoir.
The process might involve the following steps:
1. Charging Phase: During the charging phase, the sand is exposed to a high-temperature heat source, such
as solar energy, waste heat, or thermal energy from industrial processes. The sand absorbs and stores
the heat energy within its structure or through chemical reactions.
2. Heat Storage: The treated or engineered sand has the capability to retain the absorbed heat energy over
an extended period. It could utilize various mechanisms, such as phase change materials or chemical
reactions, to store the heat energy directly within the sand particles.
3. Discharging Phase: When there is a need for heat, the stored energy in the sand can be released. This
can be achieved by providing a means to extract the stored heat energy from the sand, such as circulating
a heat transfer fluid through the sand bed to transfer the heat to a desired application.
4. Utilization of Heat: The extracted thermal energy can be utilized for heating purposes, such as space
heating, water heating, or industrial processes, depending on the specific application requirements.
It is important to note that the concept of "Direct Heat-Storing Sand Batteries" described above is purely
speculative and not based on any established technology or scientific research. If you have a specific context
or more information about the term, I can provide more relevant information or clarification.

6.3 Thermochemical Heat-Storing Sand Batteries

"Thermochemical Heat-Storing Sand Batteries" is not a widely recognized term or established concept in the
field of energy storage or battery technology. However, based on the term itself, one could speculate on a

19
concept that combines thermochemical reactions with sand as a medium for storing and releasing heat energy.
Here is a speculative description of what "Thermochemical Heat-Storing Sand Batteries" could imply:
In this hypothetical concept, sand is used as a medium to facilitate thermochemical reactions that store and
release heat energy. Thermochemical reactions involve the absorption and release of heat during chemical
transformations.
The process might involve the following steps:
1. Charging Phase: During the charging phase, the sand is exposed to a chemical reactant or working fluid
that undergoes an endothermic reaction in the presence of heat. This reaction absorbs heat energy and
causes a chemical transformation in the sand particles, leading to energy storage.
2. Heat Storage: The chemical reaction occurring in the sand particles results in the storage of heat energy
within their structure. The sand acts as a medium for the thermochemical reactions and retains the stored
energy until it is needed.
3. Discharging Phase: When there is a need for heat, the stored energy in the sand can be released. This
can be achieved by providing a means to trigger an exothermic reaction within the sand, which releases
the stored heat energy.
4. Utilization of Heat: The released thermal energy can be utilized for various applications, such as space
heating, water heating, or industrial processes, depending on the specific requirements.
The exact nature of the thermochemical reactions and the specific chemistry involved would depend on the
chosen reactants and system design. The sand would serve as a medium for facilitating the reactions and
providing a surface area for the chemical processes to take place.

It's important to note that the concept of "Thermochemical Heat-Storing Sand Batteries" described above is
purely speculative and not based on any established technology or scientific research. If you have a specific
context or more information about the term, I can provide more relevant information or clarification.

6.4 Hybrid Heat-Storing Sand Batteries

"Hybrid Heat-Storing Sand Batteries" refers to a concept where multiple energy storage technologies or
methods are combined to create a system that utilizes sand as a medium for storing and releasing heat energy.
It involves the integration of different energy storage approaches to enhance the overall efficiency and
performance of the system. Here is a speculative description of what "Hybrid Heat-Storing Sand Batteries"
could entail:

20
In this hypothetical concept, the hybrid system would combine the heat storage capabilities of sand with other
complementary energy storage technologies. The objective is to leverage the advantages of each technology to
optimize heat storage, energy efficiency, and the utilization of stored heat energy.
The process might involve the following steps:
1. Charging Phase: During the charging phase, excess thermal energy from renewable sources or waste
heat is transferred to the system. This energy can be captured through various means such as solar
thermal collectors, geothermal sources, or waste heat recovery systems.
2. Heat Storage: The hybrid system would incorporate sand as a primary medium for heat storage. The
sand would absorb and store the excess thermal energy, utilizing its high heat capacity and conductivity.
Additionally, other energy storage technologies may be employed alongside the sand, such as phase
change materials, molten salts, or thermal storage fluids, to enhance the overall storage capacity and
efficiency.
3. Discharging Phase: When there is a demand for heat, the stored energy in the system can be released.
This can be achieved by extracting the stored heat from the sand and utilizing it for various applications,
such as space heating, water heating, or industrial processes.
4. Hybridization of Energy Storage: The hybrid heat-storing sand battery would combine the capabilities
of the sand-based thermal storage with other energy storage technologies. For example, in addition to
storing heat in the sand, the system could integrate electrical energy storage components such as
batteries or supercapacitors to capture and store excess electricity generated from renewable sources.
By hybridizing different energy storage technologies, the system can optimize the use of stored heat energy
and electricity, enabling greater flexibility, efficiency, and resilience in energy management.

It's important to note that the concept of "Hybrid Heat-Storing Sand Batteries" described above is speculative
and not based on any established technology or scientific research. If you have a specific context or more
information about the term, I can provide more relevant information or clarification.

21
 CHAPTER-7
COMPARISION TO OTHER STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES

7.1 Lithium-ion Batteries

Sand batteries and lithium-ion batteries are two different types of energy storage technologies with distinct
characteristics and applications. Here's a comparison between sand batteries and lithium-ion batteries:

1. Energy Storage Mechanism:

• Sand Battery: Sand batteries, specifically sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs), harness the
power of microorganisms to generate electricity through the degradation of organic matter in
sand or sediment.

• Lithium-ion Battery: Lithium-ion batteries store energy through the movement of lithium ions
between positive and negative electrodes during charging and discharging.

2. Energy Density:

• Sand Battery: Sand batteries generally have a lower energy density compared to lithium-ion
batteries. The amount of energy that can be stored per unit volume or weight of sand is relatively
low.

• Lithium-ion Battery: Lithium-ion batteries have a higher energy density, allowing them to store
more energy per unit volume or weight. This makes them more suitable for applications where
compactness and high energy storage are essential.

22
 3. Power Output:

• Sand Battery: The power output of sand batteries is typically low due to the natural degradation
process carried out by microorganisms. They are better suited for low-power applications or
situations where continuous but low-level power is needed.

• Lithium-ion Battery: Lithium-ion batteries are capable of delivering high power outputs, making
them suitable for a wide range of applications, including electric vehicles, portable electronics,
and grid-scale energy storage.

4. Cycle Life:

• Sand Battery: The cycle life of sand batteries is still being explored and optimized.
Microorganisms in the sand can undergo changes over time, potentially affecting the long-term
performance and durability of the battery.

• Lithium-ion Battery: Lithium-ion batteries are known for their relatively long cycle life, capable
of enduring hundreds to thousands of charge-discharge cycles with minimal capacity
degradation, depending on the specific chemistry and usage conditions.

5. Environmental Impact:

• Sand Battery: Sand batteries, being based on microbial processes, have the potential to be more
environmentally friendly. They can utilize organic waste as a fuel source and have the potential
for biodegradability.

• Lithium-ion Battery: Lithium-ion batteries require the extraction and processing of finite
resources like lithium, cobalt, and nickel. The extraction and disposal of these materials can
have environmental implications. However, efforts are being made to improve the sustainability
of lithium-ion batteries through recycling and the use of more environmentally friendly
materials.

It's important to note that the development and commercialization of sand batteries are still in the early stages,
with ongoing research to optimize their performance and overcome challenges. Lithium-ion batteries, on the
other hand, are a mature technology widely used in various applications. The suitability of either technology
depends on the specific requirements of the intended application, including energy density, power requirements,
cycle life, and environmental considerations.

23
7.2 Pumped Hydro Storage

Sand batteries and pumped hydro storage are two different energy storage technologies with distinct
characteristics and applications. Here's a comparison between sand batteries and pumped hydro storage:

1. Energy Storage Mechanism:

• Sand Battery: Sand batteries, specifically sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs), generate
electricity through the degradation of organic matter by microorganisms in sand or sediment.
They store energy in the form of electrochemical potential or chemical bonds.

• Pumped Hydro Storage: Pumped hydro storage involves storing energy by using surplus
electricity to pump water from a lower reservoir to a higher reservoir. During times of high
electricity demand, the stored water is released, flowing through turbines to generate electricity.

2. Energy Capacity and Duration:

• Sand Battery: Sand batteries generally have a relatively low energy capacity and shorter duration
of energy storage. They are typically suited for small-scale or decentralized applications where
continuous but low-level power output is required.

• Pumped Hydro Storage: Pumped hydro storage systems can store large amounts of energy,
typically in the range of tens to hundreds of megawatt-hours or even gigawatt-hours. The energy
duration can range from a few hours to several days, depending on the size of the reservoirs.

24
 3. Efficiency:

• Sand Battery: The efficiency of sand batteries is still being researched and optimized. Currently,
their efficiency is relatively low compared to other energy storage technologies. The energy
conversion efficiency can be influenced by factors such as microbial activity and electrode
performance.

• Pumped Hydro Storage: Pumped hydro storage systems are known for their high round-trip
efficiency, typically ranging from 70% to 85%. They can efficiently convert electrical energy
into potential energy and then back into electrical energy.

4. Geographic Constraints:

• Sand Battery: Sand batteries do not have specific geographic constraints and can be
implemented in various locations, including urban areas or remote regions.

• Pumped Hydro Storage: Pumped hydro storage requires specific geographical features, such as
two reservoirs located at different elevations, making it suitable primarily for areas with suitable
topography and access to large bodies of water.

5. Environmental Impact:

• Sand Battery: Sand batteries have the potential to be more environmentally friendly. They can
utilize organic waste as a fuel source and have the potential for biodegradability. However, more
research is needed to fully understand their environmental impacts and assess their life cycle
sustainability.

• Pumped Hydro Storage: Pumped hydro storage systems have a relatively low environmental
impact once they are constructed. However, their environmental impact during construction can
include land disturbance and potential effects on local ecosystems and habitats.

It's important to consider the specific requirements and characteristics of each technology when evaluating their
suitability for a particular application. Factors such as energy capacity, duration, efficiency, geographic
constraints, and environmental considerations play a significant role in determining the most appropriate energy
storage solution.

25
7.3 Flywheels

Sand batteries and flywheels are two different energy storage technologies with distinct characteristics and
applications. Here's a comparison between sand batteries and flywheels:

1. Energy Storage Mechanism:

• Sand Battery: Sand batteries store and release energy through electrochemical processes or
chemical reactions, utilizing the degradation of organic matter by microorganisms in sand or
sediment.

• Flywheels: Flywheels store energy in the form of rotational kinetic energy. They consist of a
spinning rotor that stores energy when it is accelerated and releases energy when it decelerates.

2. Energy Capacity and Duration:

• Sand Battery: Sand batteries typically have a relatively low energy capacity and shorter duration
of energy storage. They are often suitable for small-scale or decentralized applications where
continuous but low-level power output is required.

• Flywheels: Flywheels can have a higher energy capacity compared to sand batteries. They are
capable of storing a significant amount of energy and can be designed to provide relatively long-
duration energy storage, typically ranging from a few minutes to several hours.

26
 3. Efficiency:

• Sand Battery: The efficiency of sand batteries is still being researched and optimized. Currently,
their efficiency is relatively low compared to other energy storage technologies. Factors such as
microbial activity and electrode performance can influence the energy conversion efficiency.

• Flywheels: Flywheels are known for their high round-trip efficiency, typically ranging from
85% to 95%. They can efficiently store and release energy without significant losses, making
them an attractive option for applications where high efficiency is critical.

4. Response Time:

• Sand Battery: Sand batteries generally have a slower response time compared to flywheels. The
electrochemical processes or chemical reactions involved in sand batteries may take some time
to initiate and reach their full energy output.

• Flywheels: Flywheels have a very fast response time, allowing them to rapidly store and release
energy. They can respond to changes in power demand within milliseconds, making them
suitable for applications that require quick and precise energy delivery.

5. Mechanical Complexity:

• Sand Battery: Sand batteries can have a relatively simple design and construction, as they
primarily rely on the natural degradation processes carried out by microorganisms. However,
additional components, such as electrodes and supporting infrastructure, may be required.

• Flywheels: Flywheel systems can be mechanically complex due to the need for precision
engineering, high-speed bearings, and vacuum enclosures to minimize energy losses. They
require sophisticated control systems to maintain stability and safety during operation.

It's important to consider the specific requirements and characteristics of each technology when evaluating their
suitability for a particular application. Factors such as energy capacity, duration, efficiency, response time, and
mechanical complexity play a significant role in determining the most appropriate energy storage solution.

27
7.4 Thermal Energy Storage

Sand batteries and thermal energy storage systems are two different energy storage technologies with distinct
characteristics and applications. Here's a comparison between sand batteries and thermal energy storage:

1. Energy Storage Mechanism:

• Sand Battery: Sand batteries store and release energy through electrochemical processes or
chemical reactions, utilizing the degradation of organic matter by microorganisms in sand or
sediment.

• Thermal Energy Storage: Thermal energy storage systems store and release energy in the form
of heat. They capture and store excess thermal energy and release it when needed.

2. Energy Capacity and Duration:

• Sand Battery: Sand batteries typically have a relatively low energy capacity and shorter duration
of energy storage. They are often suitable for small-scale or decentralized applications where
continuous but low-level power output is required.

• Thermal Energy Storage: Thermal energy storage systems can have a higher energy capacity
and longer duration of energy storage. They are capable of storing large amounts of heat energy
for extended periods, ranging from hours to days, depending on the specific technology and
application.

28
 3. Energy Conversion Efficiency:

• Sand Battery: The efficiency of sand batteries is still being researched and optimized. Currently,
their efficiency is relatively low compared to other energy storage technologies. Factors such as
microbial activity and electrode performance can influence the energy conversion efficiency.

• Thermal Energy Storage: Thermal energy storage systems can have high energy conversion
efficiencies, particularly when used in conjunction with well-insulated systems and efficient
heat transfer mechanisms. The efficiency depends on the specific technology employed, such as
phase change materials, molten salts, or sensible heat storage.

4. Energy Utilization:

• Sand Battery: Sand batteries primarily store and release electrical energy. The released energy
can be directly utilized for various electrical applications.

• Thermal Energy Storage: Thermal energy storage systems store and release heat energy. The
released heat can be used for various applications such as space heating, water heating, industrial
processes, or power generation through steam turbines.

5. Response Time:

• Sand Battery: Sand batteries generally have a slower response time compared to thermal energy
storage systems. The electrochemical processes or chemical reactions involved in sand batteries
may take some time to initiate and reach their full energy output.

• Thermal Energy Storage: Thermal energy storage systems can have relatively fast response
times. The stored heat energy can be released and utilized almost instantaneously when the
demand arises.

It's important to consider the specific requirements and characteristics of each technology when evaluating their
suitability for a particular application. Factors such as energy capacity, duration, efficiency, energy utilization,
and response time play a significant role in determining the most appropriate energy storage solution for a
given scenario.

29
 CHAPTER-8

CHALLENGES OF HEAT-STORING SAND BATTERIES

Heat-storing sand batteries, also known as thermal energy storage using sand, are a promising energy
storage technology. However, they also face several challenges that need to be addressed for their widespread
adoption and commercial viability. Here are some of the key challenges associated with heat-storing sand
batteries:
1. Energy Density and Capacity: Heat-storing sand batteries typically have lower energy density and
capacity compared to some other energy storage technologies. The amount of energy that can be stored
per unit volume or mass of sand is relatively low. Improving the energy density and capacity of sand
batteries is crucial to make them more competitive with other energy storage options.

2. Heat Transfer Efficiency: Efficient heat transfer between the sand and the working fluid is essential for
effective energy storage and retrieval. Enhancing the heat transfer efficiency within the sand battery
system is a significant challenge. The design and engineering of the system need to optimize factors
such as heat exchanger design, flow rate, and contact area between the sand and the working fluid.

3. Thermal Losses: Heat losses during the storage and retrieval process can significantly impact the overall
efficiency of the sand battery system. Thermal losses can occur through conduction, convection, and
radiation, reducing the amount of usable energy stored and retrieved. Minimizing thermal losses is
crucial to improve the system's overall efficiency and performance.

4. Cycling and Durability: Heat-storing sand batteries need to withstand repeated cycles of energy storage
and retrieval. The cyclic operation, temperature variations, and thermal expansion/contraction can lead
to mechanical stress, degradation, and loss of performance over time. Ensuring the durability and long-
term cycling capability of the sand battery materials and components is a challenge that needs to be
addressed.

5. Scalability and Cost: The scalability of heat-storing sand battery systems is a challenge due to the need
for larger volumes of sand and the associated infrastructure. Scaling up the system while maintaining
efficiency and cost-effectiveness can be challenging. Additionally, the cost of materials,

30
 manufacturing, and system installation should be reduced to make heat-storing sand batteries more
economically viable.

6. Integration and System Complexity: Integrating heat-storing sand batteries into existing energy systems
and grids can be complex. The efficient integration of the sand battery system with renewable energy
sources, such as solar or wind, and with the electrical or thermal grids requires careful planning, control
systems, and grid compatibility.

7. Environmental Impact: While heat-storing sand batteries have the potential to be more environmentally
friendly than some other energy storage options, their environmental impact needs to be carefully
assessed. This includes evaluating the sourcing and extraction of materials used in the system, their
potential for pollution or contamination, and their overall life cycle environmental footprint.

Addressing these challenges through ongoing research and development efforts can help improve the
performance, efficiency, and reliability of heat-storing sand batteries, making them more practical and
competitive as an energy storage solution.

31
 CHAPTER-9
APPLICATIONS

Sand batteries, specifically sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs), are still a developing technology, and
their specific applications are being explored through ongoing research and development. While the concept
of sand batteries holds promise, it's important to note that their practical implementation and commercialization
are still in the early stages. However, here are a few potential applications that have been considered for sand
batteries:

Renewable Energy Storage

• Can store excess energy from renewable sources such as solar and wind power.
• Can help to balance the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, allowing for a m ore reliable
energy supply.
• Can provide a cost-effective alternative.

Heating and Cooling

• Can be used to store thermal energy for heating and cooling applications in buildings and homes.
• More efficient and sustainable heating and cooling solution.

Industrial Applications
• Can be used in industrial processes that require high-temperature heat storage, such as metal processing
and chemical production.
• Can provide a more efficient and cost-effective alternative to traditional heat storage systems.

Emergency Backup Power

• Can provide a reliable source of backup power in the event of a power outage.
• Can help to ensure that critical facilities such as hospitals and data centres remain operational during
emergencies.

32
 CHAPTER-10

RESULT, EXPERIMENTATION, IMPROVEMENTS

10.1 CHARGING PHASE

• The temperature of the oil and sand at the start of the experiment was measured to be 30°C and 33°C
respectively.

• The final temperature of 152°C for the oil, and 153°C for the sand were achieved at 58 minutes from
the start of the phase.

10.2 STORING PHASE

• The temperature of the oil and sand at the start of the experiment was measured to be 152°C and 153°C
respectively.

• At the end of the five-hour period the temperature of the oil had dropped to 50°C, while sand’s decreased
to 91°C. It should be noted that the storing time is measured from the end of the charging phase.

33
10.3 DISCHARGING PHASE

• The initial temperature of the oil was recorded to be 50°C, while the sand’s was 91°C. At the end of the
first stage of the discharge phase the two mediums reached a thermal equilibrium of approximately
75°C in 7 minutes.

• After thermal equilibrium is obtained, the heat obtained back to the oil is converted into electricity
through a Peltier element.

34
10.4 THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE EFFICIENCY
The effect of temperature difference in charging and discharging process on thermal conversion efficiency
can be calculated from Carnot cycle efficiency ratio. It is basically the drop of the potential power generation
caused by the losses in the Storing Phase

𝜼𝑻𝑬𝑺,𝑰=𝟏−(𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒗𝑻𝒅𝒊𝒔⁄)𝟏−(𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒗𝑻𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆⁄)

Where:
• 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒗 is the ambient temperature that the system was operating in
• 𝑻𝒅𝒊𝒔 is the initial temperature of the sand at the Discharge Phase
• 𝑻𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 is the final temperature of the sand at the Charging Phase

10.5 IMPROVEMENTS

• The components of the system should be chosen to withstand a temperature higher than the maximum
operating temperature of the system.

• An insulation could be used on the pipes, TES, and oil tank to provide a stronger resistance to heat loss
that the currently used insulation could not do.

• Temperature sensors should be placed inside the sand within the TES element in order to record more
accurate readings of the sand’s temperature over various time intervals as well as its temperature
distribution.

• A Solenoid Controlled Valve Port should be added inside the TES element to limit the distribution of
flow in the heat exchanger to only a fraction of the pipes.

35
 CONCLUTION

Current methods used for storing thermal energy are limited to the use of molten salt as the storage
medium. Molten salts are constrained by high fixed and marginal costs, due to their maintenance
requirements. Furthermore, because of their incapability of withstanding high temperatures, they cannot fuel
highly efficient power cycles.

India’s desert sand is proven to be a more cost-effective and maintenance-free alternative for high-
temperature sensible thermal energy storage. Its properties have shown to be very promising, particularly at
high temperatures with a specific heat capacity reaching that of water’s. The proposed TES system includes
the heat exchanger with the sand enclosed in a housing, a hydraulic gear pump to energize the flow, valves
to control the flow, sensors to monitor the pressure and temperature of the HTF, as well as an oil tank to
store the HTF. For the heat input, instead of a heliostat field, an electric heater was used to replicate a CSP
plant’s working environment. After conducting testing on the thoroughly designed, and later manufactured
prototype, important characteristics of the TES element were obtained.

The charging time required by the sand to reach 150℃was found experimentally to be 56 minutes. After 5
hours of storing, under insulated conditions, the sand decreased to 91℃ indicating a high storing efficiency
of 88.9%. In 7 minutes, the oil absorbed back the heat from the sand with a discharge efficiency of 61%,
followed by a voltage generation of 0.535𝑉 by the thermoelectric generator.

36
 REFERENCES

[1] L. Gabriela, Seasonal Sensible Thermal Energy Storage Solutions, 1st ed. Technical University
of Cluj-Napoca, 2017, p. 49.
http://lejpt.academicdirect.org/A19/049_068.pdf

[2] S. Kalaiselvam and R. Parameshwaran, Thermal Energy Storage Technologies for Sustainability,
1st ed. ElSevier, 2017, pp. 1-64.
https://www.elsevier.com/books/thermal-energystorage-technologies-for
sustainability/kalaiselvam/978-0-12-417291-3

[3] "Energy in the UAE | UAE Embassy in Washington, DC", Uae-embassy.org, 2017.
[Online].Available: http://www.uae-embassy.org/about-uae/energy-uae. [Accessed: 08- Apr-
2017].

[4] O. Ataer, STORAGE OF THERMAL ENERGY, 1st ed. Ankara: Gazi University, 2006

[5] Hasnain S.M., Review on sustainable thermal energy storage technologies, part I: Heat storage
materials and techniques, Energy Conversion and Management, 1998, 39, p. 1127-1138.

[6] Schmidt T., Mangold D., Muller-Steinhagen H., Central solar heating plants with seasonal storage
in Germany, Solar Energy 2004, 76, 165-174.

37
38