Construction and Building Materials 135 (2017) 112–118

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Influence of crushing index on properties of recycled aggregates pervious

concrete
Zhiquan Zhang a, Yufen Zhang b,⇑, Changgen Yan c, Yunxiao Liu a
a
School of Civil Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 700061, PR China
b
School of Civil Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, PR China
c
Highway College of Chang’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, PR China

h i g h l i g h t s

Natural aggregate was replaced with discarded concrete and clay brick aggregates.

Addition of recycled clay brick aggregates increases the crushing index.

Increase of crushing index exerts a negative impact on mechanical properties.

The effects of crushing index on the porosity and permeability can be ignored.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this study, recycled aggregates (RA) produced by mechanical shredding from discarded concrete and
Received 11 July 2016 clay bricks were used to make pervious concrete. Six groups of recycled aggregates pervious concrete
Received in revised form 5 December 2016 (RAPC) were designed with different crushing index of aggregates under the condition of same concrete
Accepted 29 December 2016
mixture ratio. The crushing index of aggregates increases with the replacement of RA increases.
Experiments about compressive strength, elasticity modulus, flexural strength, permeability coefficient,
total void ratio were conducted, including freezing and thawing cycle test. Test data of RAPC indicated
Keywords:
that compressive strength, flexural strength and elasticity modulus of 28 days decreased by 36%, 28%
Recycled aggregates
Pervious concrete
and 21% respectively when crushing index changed from 9% to 37%, simultaneously strength loss rate
Crushing index increased from 6.6% to 18.7% and mass loss rate increased from 2.3% to 8.5%. Especially when crushing
Mechanical properties index is greater than 24%, except permeability coefficient and total void ratio, other properties of RAPC
Water permeability decreased significantly due to the lower quality of RA. Therefore, experimental results show that increase
of crushing index has significant effects on compressive strength, elasticity modulus, flexural strength
and freeze-thaw durability of RAPC. However, the effects of increasing crushing index on the permeability
coefficient and total void ratio of RAPC can be ignored.
Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Concrete mainly consists of cement, sand, pebble (or crushed
stone), and each cubic meter of concrete consumes about 1700–
2000 Kg aggregates. With economic development, concrete aggre-
gate consumption grows very rapidly. Depletion and difficulty of
mining sand and gravel resources are increasing. Meanwhile, bil-
lions of ton of construction waste were produced per year, includ-
ing waste concrete, brick and others [1,2]. Such a large number of
construction waste, if not well handled and effective utilized, the
urban environment will suffer enormous damage. Using the waste
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: yufenzh@gmail.com (Y. Zhang).
concrete and brick can protect resources and reduce environmen-
tal pollution, so it has significant economic and social benefits [3].
Pervious concrete (PC) uses a small amount or no fine aggregate
during preparation, and the right amount of cements are used to
paste and wrap the bonding aggregate particles, then connected
pore can quickly drain [4]. Its previous behavior depends on the
porosity and the particle size of the aggregate. PC can reach a cer-
tain intensity and water permeability through rational design of
mixture ratio [5,6]. PC as a unique and effective eco-friendly mate-
rials have been widely used at low-grade roads, squares, parking
lots and other areas in North America, Europe and Japan [7]. It
can regulate urban microclimate and sound absorption, maintain
ecological balance, reduce the adverse effects of heavy rain or flood
[8,9]. There were also many achievements published about PC

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.203
0950-0618/Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Z. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 135 (2017) 112–118
design [4], strength and water permeability [10], frost resistance
[11], microstructure [12], workability [13,14].
Recycled aggregate pervious concrete (RAPC), as one new type
of ecologically concrete, can reduce environmental pollution, and
help to protect the ecological balance [15]. So in recent years, some
researchers have studied the different behaviors of RAPC including
strength, total void ratio, and permeability coefficient. Research
results showed that pervious concrete containing recycled aggre-
gate (RA) gave lower mechanical properties than those containing
natural aggregate (NA) [3]. Although, there is not enough research
about the effect of RA on total void ratio and water permeability of
RAPC, it is reported that the gradation and shape of RA can affect
the void texture and void ratio of porous concrete [5]. Test research
on the shrinkage and frost-resistance of RAPC showed that after 25
times and 50 times of freeze-thaw cycles, the strength loss rate of
the pervious concrete were 5.6% and 18.9% [16]. The main factors
that result in the strength loss are large pore structure of PC and
weak bond between aggregates. The characteristic and mechanism
of RA were studied in the Refs. [17–19], and it was concluded that
durability of concrete changed greatly with the RA behaviors
because RA differed from NA in pore volume and size on a micro
level, water absorption and apparent density on a macro level.
Kwan et al. have conducted the influencing test of aggregate size,
grading and content on the behaviors of RAPC, showing the
remarkable influence of water cement ratio and the RA content
[20–22].
However, few researches of RAPC were relative to crushing
index of aggregate. NA are hard and compact with low porosity,
while RA produced by crushing waste concrete and brick is rough
with many edges and corners, so RA has porosity property and high
water absorption [23]. Crushing index is related to the strength,
shape, water absorption, density, micropore and microfracture of
aggregate, which can represent the quality of aggregate [24]. Con-
sequentially, different crushing index can affect the performance
on RAPC greatly. This paper focused on the sorts of recycled aggre-
gates grouped by different crushing value, and some tests on com-
pressive strength, flexural strength, elasticity modulus, porosity,
permeability, frost resistance were conducted for 6 groups of RAPC
specimens.
2. Experiment program
2.1. Materials
All the parameter indexes of cement are shown in Table 1. The
value of strength, setting time, soundness and fineness of cement
were measured according to Method of testing cements-
determination of strength (GB/17671-1999) [25], Test methods
for water requirement of normal consistency setting time and
soundness of the Portland cement (GB/1346-2001) [26] and Test
method for fineness of cement (GB/1345-2005) [27]. The Fineness
was measured on 45 lm sieve.
The value of water demand ratio, loss on ignition (LOI), fineness
and main chemical composition of fly ash (FA) are shown in Table 2.
Fineness was measured on 45 lm sieve. It can be classified as
ClassⅡ according to Technical code for application of fly ash con-
crete (GB/T50146-2014) [28].
Table 1
Cement parameter index.
Fineness (%) Soundness Setting time (min)
Initial setting
3 up to standard 160
113
RA particles produced by mechanical shredding from discarded
concrete and clay bricks, ranging from 5 mm to10 mm in size. The
particle size distribution curve of the RA is shown in Fig. 1. Crush-
ing index, water absorption and distribution curve were tested
according to Pebble and crushed stone for construction (GB/
T14685-2011) [29]. In this study, NA is crushed stone, while RA
is discarded concrete and clay brick particle. Six groups of aggre-
gate, the recycled aggregate took different content of the total
aggregate, were prepared for RAPC. Crushing index of each group
was measured as 37%, 34%, 30%, 24%, 19% and 9% respectively.
Water absorption of each group was measured as 12.8%, 9.54%,
7.12%, 4.67%, 2.85% and 0.9% respectively.
The mixing water was tap water. Water-reducing admixture
(WRA) was polycarboxylate superplasticizer, and the recom-
mended participate amount is 1%.
2.2. Mix proportions
The mix proportion of RAPC was set at 1.00:0.20:0.34:4.
34:0.012 for Cement:FA:Water:RA:WRA as shown in Table 3. Six
mix proportions were set for crushing index 37%, 34%, 30%, 24%,
19% and 9% respectively. Some tests were conducted about com-
pressive strength, flexural strength, elasticity modulus, permeabil-
ity coefficient, total void ratio and freeze-thaw durability. All
mixtures were mixed in a standard mixer. Firstly, all solid ingredi-
ents were mixed together for about 1 min before adding water,
then water and WRA were added in and mixed for 2 min. The mix-
ture was then placed into molds and demoulded after 24 h. After
demoulded, all specimens were cured for 3, 7 and 28 days in a
standard condition where the relative humidity is more than 95%
and the temperature is 20 ± 2 °C [30].
2.3. Testing methods
The crushing index was determined in accordance with Pebble
and crushed stone for construction (GB/T14685-2011) [29]. Firstly,
3000 g of sample (M1) was put into the determinator under pres-
sure testing. Then test machine was started by the velocity of
1 kN per second until the load of 200 kN. Kept the load for 5 s,
and uninstalled it. Finally, the crushed fine particles were screened
out using sieves with holes in 2.36 mm. The leaves of the sample
was measured as M2. The crushing index (Qe) was calculated by
M1  M2
Qe ¼  100% ð1Þ
M1
where, Qe is the crushing index (%); M1 is the initial mass of sample
(g); M2 is the mass of leaves of sample (g).
The results of compressive strength, flexural strength and elas-
ticity modulus were reported by the average readings. The com-
pressive strength, flexural strength and elasticity modulus were
measured according to Standard for test methods of mechanics
performance of common concrete (GB50081-2011) [31]. The com-
pressive strength and elasticity modulus were both measured on
three prism specimens 150  150  300 mm3 in size. The flexural
strength was measured on prism specimens 150  150  600 mm3
in size. The compressive load was applied by a servo-controlled
hydraulic testing machine. In compressive strength test, specimens
were tested at a constant loading rate of 9.5 kN/s. For the flexural
Strength (MPa)
Final setting 7d 28d
285 25.5 48.8
114 Z. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 135 (2017) 112–118

Table 2
Fly ash parameter index.

Water demand ratio (%) LOI (%) Fineness (%) Main chemical composition (%)
SiO2 AI2O3 Fe2O3 CaO
102 5.3 14.6 61.2 22.5 5.0 0.7

100
standardized upper bound
90
standardized lower bound
80 RA
Percentage passing, %

70
60
50
40
30
20
10 Fig. 2. Water permeability set-up for RAPC.

0
2 4 6 8 10
particle size, mm
Fig. 1. Particle size distribution curve of the RA.
strength, specimens were tested at a constant loading rate of
0.5 kN/s. The elasticity modulus was measured as a secant modu-
lus in the elastic state. Each of these specimens was equipped with
two dial indicators with the capable of measuring deformation
0.002 mm and then loaded by 40% of the ultimate load three times.
The first set of readings of each cylinder was discarded and the
modulus was reported as the average of the rest readings [30].
The total void ratio of RAPC was determined in accordance with
construction and recent applications of porous concrete [32], cur-
ing period of specimens was 28d. The total void ratio (VR) was cal-
culated by
ðM 4  M3 Þ=qw
VR ¼ 1   100%
V
where, VR is the total void ratio (%); M3 is the initial mass of speci-
men in water (g); M4 is specimen dried 24 h in air measured final
mass (g); V is the volume of specimens (cm3); qw is the density of
water (g/cm3).
Permeability coefficient of RAPC was also determined in accor-
dance with Construction and recent applications of porous con-
crete [32], curing period of specimens was 28 days. Fig. 2 shows
the test methods for pervious concrete permeability coefficient.
Permeability coefficient was calculated by
H Q
Kr ¼  ð3Þ
h A ðt 2  t1 Þ
12 14 16
where, Kr is the permeability coefficient (cm/s); H is the length of
the specimen (cm); Q is the amount of water t1 time to t2 time spec-
imens discharged (cm3); h is the head difference (cm); t2, t1 are the
time (s); A is the cross-sectional area of the cylindrical specimens
(cm2).
Strength loss rate and mass loss rate of pervious concrete under
freezing and thawing were both measured according to Standard
for test methods of long-term performance and durability of ordi-
nary concrete (GB/T50082-2009) [33]. Freezing and thawing spec-
imens were chosen as 100  100  100 mm3 cube, and the curing
period was 28 days. Freeze-thaw test chamber was kept with air
temperature from 20 °C to 18 °C in freezing period, the temper-
ature of water in freeze-thaw test chamber was kept from 18 °C to
20 °C in thawing period.
3. Results and discussions
ð2Þ Test results of compressive strength, flexural strength and static
elasticity modulus are listed in Table 4. Test results of permeability
coefficient, total void ratio, mass loss rate and strength loss rate are
listed in Table 5.
3.1. Compressive strength, flexural strength and static modulus of
elasticity
The compressive strength of RAPC is shown in Fig. 3. Compres-
sive strength of RAPC decreases with the increases of crushing
index, and the downward trend of 3-day (3d) strength, 7-day
(7d) strength and 28-day (28d) strength is same. When crushing
index increases from 9% to 37%, 28d strength decreases from
24.2 MPa to 15.5 MPa, about 36 percent, while the decrease of 7d

Table 3
Mix proportions and crushing index.

Specimens No. Weight per cubic meter (kg/m3) W/C + FA Water-reducing Crushing index (%)
admixture (kg/m3)
C FA Water RA
RAPC 1 350 70 118 1520 0.28 4.2 37
RAPC 2 350 70 118 1520 0.28 4.2 34
RAPC 3 350 70 118 1520 0.28 4.2 30
RAPC 4 350 70 118 1520 0.28 4.2 24
RAPC 5 350 70 118 1520 0.28 4.2 19
RAPC 6 350 70 118 1520 0.28 4.2 9
 Z. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 135 (2017) 112–118 115

Table 4
Testing results of compressive strength, flexural strength and static modulus of elasticity.

Specimens No. Compressive strength (MPa) Flexural strength (MPa) Static modulus of elasticity (GPa)
3d 7d 28d 3d 7d 28d 3d 7d 28d
RAPC 1 5.0 10.5 15.5 0.66 1.81 2.55 2.6 11.2 14.1
RAPC 2 5.3 11.9 16.5 0.71 1.82 2.59 2.6 11.1 14.5
RAPC 3 6.3 12.6 17.8 0.75 1.96 2.77 2.7 11.5 15.1
RAPC 4 6.9 13.5 20.0 0.78 2.01 3.02 2.8 12.2 16.4
RAPC 5 8.0 16.6 23.6 0.90 2.35 3.41 3.1 12.8 17.4
RAPC 6 8.9 17.5 24.2 1.02 2.45 3.56 3.4 13.1 17.9

Table 5
Testing results of permeability coefficient, total void ratio, mass loss rate and strength loss rate.

Specimens No. Permeability Total void The mass loss rate after freeze- The strength loss rate after
coefficient (mm/s) ratio (%) thaw cycles (%) freeze-thaw cycles (%)
25 times 50 times 25 times 50 times
RAPC 1 3.5 15.3 4.9 8.5 7.7 18.7
RAPC 2 3.8 16.5 3.8 7.2 7.5 17.1
RAPC 3 3.1 15.9 3.0 5.7 6.6 14.5
RAPC 4 3.2 16.4 1.8 4.5 5.7 12.3
RAPC 5 3.5 15.1 1.1 2.9 3.0 7.5
RAPC 6 3.7 16.3 0.9 2.3 2.5 6.6

30 crete pavement (CJJ134-2009) [36], when crushing index is smaller

than 24% the compressive strength of RAPC are acceptable. In gen-
3d
Compressive strength, MPa

25 eral, compressive strength of pervious concrete is related to aggre-

7d
gate strength and total porosity. For this research, strength
28d
20 decrease with increased crushing index is due to the increased
brick particles. Firstly, the strength of the brick particles is rela-
15 tively low, about 10–20 MPa, so it affects the function of concrete
strength. Secondly, water-cement ratio of concrete mixing ratio
10 design is 0.28, and the lowest water-cement ratio is 0.23, while
higher water absorption of brick particles results in incomplete
5 hydration of cement [35], so it indirectly leads to lower concrete
strength.
0 Test data of flexural strength are shown in Table 3. 3d strength,
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 7d strength and 28d strength are all decrease with increasing
Crushing index, % crushing index. The flexural strength of RAPC is presented in
Fig. 4. When crushing index changes from 9% to 37%, 28d strength,
Fig. 3. Compressive strength of RAPC versus crushing index. 7d strength and 3d strength decreased respectively from 3.56 MPa,
2.45 MPa and 1.02 MPa to 2.55 MPa, 1.81 MPa and 0.66 MPa, and
decrease amplitudes are 28%, 26% and 35% respectively. Mean-
strength and 3d strength are 40% and 44%respectively, so the while, when crushing index is greater than 24%, downward trend
decrease amplitude gradually increases from 28d strength to 7d of strength is more obvious.
strength to 3d strength. Take 28d strength for example, when The reason is that drawbacks of RA result in the decrease of flex-
crushing index changed from 9% to 19%, the strength was ural strength and toughness. As crushing index increases, brick
24.4 MPa and 23.6 MPa respectively, keeping little changes. But
when crushing index was greater than 24%, 28d strength was
20.0 MPa, 17.8 MPa, 16.5 MPa and 15.5 MPa for crushing index 5
24%, 30%, 34%, and 37% respectively, so the downward trend more 3d
obvious. 7d
Flexural strength, MPa

4
In the reference, it was reported that the compressive strength 28d
of RAPC decrease about 30% with RA content changed from 0% to
100%, i.e. values range from 20 to 13.9 MPa [34]. Another study 3
claimed the replacement level of NA with RA will reduce the com-
pressive strength of the concrete. However, when the replacement
2
was smaller than 80%, the target strength was still achieved by
employing the DoE mix design method [20]. In this study, the
strength decreased about 36% with crushing index changed from 1
9% to 37%, so crushing index has evident influence on the compres-
sive strength of RAPC. It also was observed that the strength keep- 0
ing little change when crushing index changed from 9% to 19%. It 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
means that it is feasible to use right amount recycled aggregates Crushing index, %
for making pervious concrete with acceptable compressive
strength. According to Technical specifications for pervious con- Fig. 4. Flexural strength of RAPC versus crushing index.
116 Z. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 135 (2017) 112–118

25 10
Static moidulus of elasticity, GPa

3d

Permeability coefficient, mm/s

7d
20 28d 8

15 6

10 4

5 2

0 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Crushing index, % Crushing index, %
Fig. 5. Static modulus of elasticity of RAPC versus crushing index.
Fig. 6. Permeability coefficient of RAPC versus crushing index.

particles increases hardened cement mortar attached to the sur-

face of aggregates, then the connection between old and new mor- 30
tar becomes weak. At the same time, RA in the preparation and
crushing process inevitably produces cracks, causing part of the 25
damage [23], so these factors make recycled aggregate perfor-

Total void ratio, %

mance degradation, thus influence the flexural strength of RAPC. 20
It is reported that the flexural strength of RAPC decreased with
RA content increased in the Ref. [34]. In this study, compressive 15
strength and bending strength decreased 36%, 28% respectively
when the crushing index changed from 9% to 37%. It can be con- 10
cluded that the influence of crushing index on compressive
strength is stronger than bending strength. According to Technical 5
specifications for pervious concrete pavement (CJJ134-2009) [36],
all the bending strength of the RAPC is acceptable. 0
Elasticity modulus is an important mechanical property of con- 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
crete material, and it is one necessary parameter to calculate defor- Crushing index, %
mation, cracks and temperature stresses of mass concrete. The
static modulus of elasticity of RAPC is presented in Fig. 5. When Fig. 7. Total void ratio of RAPC versus crushing index.

crushing index value changed from 9% to 37%, 28d, 7d and 3d elas-

void ratio. In this study the results showed that the performance of
tic modulus decreased respectively from 17.9 GPa, 13.1 GPa and
RA has a great influence on the strength of RAPC, but the effects of
3.4 GPa to 14.1 GPa, 11.2 GPa and 2.6 GPa, and decrease ampli-
increasing crushing index on the permeability coefficient and total
tudes are 21%, 15% and 24% respectively.
void ratio of RAPC can be ignored. The reason is that permeability
Using four different mixtures, the effects of aggregate gradation,
coefficient depends on the porosity of RAPC, while the porosity is
amount, and size on elasticity modulus of pervious portland
determined mainly by aggregate size, shape and mix proportion
cement concrete were compared [13]. Results show that less paste
[8]. Therefore crushing index of RAPC had no direct relationship
lowers the elasticity modulus and compressive strength, which is
with permeability coefficient and porosity.
available for aggregate bonding. There was no obvious influence
Some research showed that PC with macadam aggregate type
for elasticity modulus using different sizes aggregate. The effect
has larger porosity than PC with pebble aggregate type [19]. In
of aggregate size on the static elasticity modulus is needed to ana-
the Ref. [3], it was reported that the permeability coefficient and
lyze further. So the performance of aggregate is the major contrib-
total void ratio of RAPC were similar to those of conventional per-
utor to influence the strength and elastic modulus of concrete. In
vious concrete. On the contrary, the porosity of RAPC was
this study, considering the gradation and size of aggregate are
described to increase 10% than PC with NA [34]. The main reason
immobile and the crushing index of aggregates increases with
may be that the NA was chosen as pebble with good compactness,
the replacement of RA increases, so the elastic modulus of RAPC
while angular shape of RA resulted in under compaction of RAPC,
decreases with the increasing crushing index because of bad qual-
so porosity increased. In this study, the NA is crushed stone, and
ity of waste brick aggregate.
RA is also a multi angular shape, so the void ratio was basically
not changing with the crushing index. Therefore, angular shape
3.2. Permeability coefficient and total void ratio of aggregate played an important role in total void ratio of PC when
the concrete composition and aggregate size are the same. And all
Test results of permeability coefficient and total void ratio of the test data about permeability coefficient and total void ratio of
RAPC are shown in Figs. 6 and 7. When crushing index changes RAPC in this study are acceptable according to Technical specifica-
from 9% to 37%, permeability coefficient of RAPC is 3.7 mm/s, tions for pervious concrete pavement (CJJ134-2009) [36].
3.5 mm/s, 3.2 mm/s, 3.1 mm/s, 3.8 mm/s, 3.5 mm/s for six groups
respectively. The minimum is 3.1 mm/s, and the maximum is
3.8 mm/s. All the data change slightly, basically a horizontal line 3.3. The strength loss rate and mass loss rate
as shown in Fig. 6. The porosity data of RAPC have no principle
with the value between 15.1% and 16.5%, and the average is In the freezing and thawing cycles, recycled aggregate produced
15.8%, so increasing crushing index only has faint influence on total residual deformation. When the residual deformation is greater
 Z. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 135 (2017) 112–118
20
The strength loss rate %
25 times
15
50 times
10
5
0 and 50 times of freeze-thaw cycles, strength loss rate were 5.6%
5 10 15 20 25
Crushing index %
Fig. 8. The strength loss rate of RAPC versus crushing index.
10
8 In this study, recycled aggregates (RA) from crushed clay bricks
The mass loss rate %
25 times
6 50 times
4
2 crushing index of recycled aggregates. The most reduction of
0 and total void ratio change slightly, so the effects of increas-
5 10 15 20 25
Crushing index %
Fig. 9. The mass loss rate of RAPC versus crushing index.
than the cumulative residual strain of mortar, there was a greater
tensile stress inside mortar, even reach the ultimate mortar
strength, so the concrete cracked, splitted and dropped pieces,
etc. These phenomena caused concrete strength reduction and
quality loss [18]. The strength loss rate and mass loss rate of the
test results are shown in Figs. 8 and 9 respectively. It can be con-
cluded that both strength loss rate and mass loss rate increased
by substantially with crushing index of recycled aggregate. For
example, at 50 times freeze-thaw cycles, strength loss rate
increased from 6.6% to 18.7%, and the mass loss rate increased from
2.3% to 8.5%. When crushing index is greater than 24%, the increas-
ing trend accelerated. That is because the aggregate quality is rel-
atively good when crushing index is less than 24%. There is less
accumulated residual strain generated by the freeze-thaw cycles,
even lower than mortar cumulative residual deformation, so RAPC
at this state has sufficient durability of anti-freezing and thawing,
with a relatively small strength loss rate and mass loss rate. How-
ever, when crushing index value is greater than 24%, aggregate
quality is relatively poor. There are much difference from the good
aggregate in strength, internal microstructure, porosity and gap
size, thereby the frost resistance of RAPC is greatly influenced,
showing relatively larger strength loss rate and mass loss rate.
Generally, after 25 freeze-thaw cycles, the strength loss rate and
the mass loss rate less than 20% and 5% respectively, the freeze-
thaw durability can be acceptable for pervious concrete [36]. It is
reported in the Ref. [22], that fine aggregate is major determinant
117
to improve freeze-thaw durability of pervious concrete. The reason
is that fine aggregate increases particle contact area, which
increases strength and durability. On the other hand, 8 groups of
coarse aggregate with different quality were used to conduct freez-
ing and thawing cycle tests to study the behavior of low quality
concrete aggregate, showing that coarse aggregate quality has
much influence on the freezing resistance because low quality
coarse aggregate has high water absorption, low strength, and lots
of micropore and microfracture [18]. In this study, strength loss
rate and mass loss rate of RAPC are 18.7% and 8.5% respectively,
so it is feasible to use recycled aggregates for making pervious con-
crete. Test research on the shrinkage and frost-resistance of RAPC
conducted by WANG Jun-qiang also showed that after 25 times
30 35 40 and 18.9%, while mass loss rate were 2.3% and 7.5% [11,16]. There-
fore, it can be concluded that the quality of aggregate decreases
with the improvement of RA replacement, meanwhile freezing
resistance of RAPC decreases with increased crushing index since
the quality of aggregate deteriorates.
4. Conclusions
were used to make recycled aggregates pervious concrete (RAPC),
and the influence of crushing index on its properties were pre-
sented. Based on the findings of this summary, the following items
may be drawn as following.
(1) The value of compressive strength, flexural strength and sta-
tic modulus of elasticity reduce significantly with increased
strength occurs when crushing index is more than 24%.
(2) With increased crushing index, the permeability coefficient
30 35 40 ing crushing index on the permeability coefficient and total
void ratio of RAPC can be ignored.
(3) Strength loss rate and mass loss rate of RAPC both increases
as crushing index increases, and increasing trend accelerates
when crushing index is greater than 24%.
The overall results indicate that it is feasible to use recycled
aggregates for making pervious concrete with acceptable proper-
ties including permeability coefficient and total void ratio, and
the properties of RAPC are greatly related to crushing index of recy-
cled aggregates. When crushing index is greater than 24%, pervious
concrete using recycled aggregates behaves lower mechanical
properties and durability.
Acknowledgements
The research work was jointly funded by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51379015 and 51579013) and
Key International Cooperative Program of Shaanxi Province of
China (2013KW13-01).
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