Chapter 11: Phase Diagrams

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• When we combine two elements...
what is the resulting equilibrium state?
• In particular, if we specify...
-- the composition (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni), and
-- the temperature (T )
then...
How many phases form?
What is the composition of each phase?
What is the amount of each phase?

Phase A Phase B

Nickel atom
Copper atom
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 1
 Phase Equilibria: Solubility Limit
• Solution – solid, liquid, or gas solutions, single phase
• Mixture – more than one phase Adapted from Fig. 11.1,
Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

Sugar/Water Phase Diagram

• Solubility Limit: 100
Maximum concentration for Solubility
L

Temperature (oC)
which only a single phase 80 Limit
solution exists. (liquid)
60 +
L
Question: What is the 40 (liquid solution S
solubility limit for sugar in i.e., syrup) (solid
water at 20 oC ? 20 sugar)

Answer: 65 wt% sugar.

0 20 40 6065 80 100
At 20°C, if C < 65 wt% sugar: syrup

Sugar
Water

C = Composition (wt% sugar)

At 20°C, if C > 65 wt% sugar:
syrup + sugar
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 2
 Components and Phases
• Components:
The elements or compounds which are present in the alloy
(e.g., Al and Cu)
• Phases:
The physically and chemically distinct material regions
that form (e.g., α and β).

Aluminum- β (lighter
Copper
phase)
Alloy

α (darker
Adapted from chapter-
opening photograph,
phase)
Chapter 9, Callister,
Materials Science &
Engineering: An
Introduction, 3e.

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 3

 Effect of Temperature & Composition
• Altering T can change # of phases: path A to B.
• Altering C can change # of phases: path B to D.
B (100 oC, C = 70) D (100 oC, C = 90)
1 phase 2 phases
100

80 L
Temperature (oC)
(liquid)
water- 60 +
sugar L S
system (liquid solution (solid
40 i.e., syrup) sugar)
20 A (20 oC, C = 70)
2 phases
Fig. 11.1, Callister & 0
Rethwisch 9e. 0 20 40 60 70 80 100
C = Composition (wt% sugar)
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 4
 Criteria for Solid Solubility

Simple system (e.g., Ni-Cu solution)

Crystal electroneg r (nm)

Structure
Ni FCC 1.9 0.1246
Cu FCC 1.8 0.1278

• Both have the same crystal structure (FCC) and have

similar electronegativities and atomic radii (W. Hume –
Rothery rules) suggesting high mutual solubility.
• Ni and Cu are totally soluble in one another for all proportions.

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 5

 Phase Diagrams
• Indicate phases as a function of T, C, and P.
• For this course:
- binary systems: just 2 components.
- independent variables: T and C (P = 1 atm is almost always used).
T(oC)
Phase
1600 • 2 phases:
Diagram L (liquid)
1500 L (liquid)
for Cu-Ni α (FCC solid solution)
system 1400 • 3 different phase fields:
L
1300 L+α
α
1200 α Fig. 11.3(a), Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(Adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary

1100
(FCC solid Nickel Alloys, P. Nash, Editor, 1991. Reprinted
by permission of ASM International, Materials
solution) Park, OH.)

1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 6
 Isomorphous Binary Phase Diagram
• Phase diagram: T(oC)
Cu-Ni system. 1600

• System is: 1500 L (liquid) Cu-Ni

-- binary phase
i.e., 2 components: 1400
diagram
Cu and Ni.
1300
-- isomorphous
i.e., complete 1200 α
solubility of one
component in 1100
(FCC solid
another; α phase solution)
field extends from 1000
0 to 100 wt% Ni.
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni
Fig. 11.3(a), Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(Adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary
Nickel Alloys, P. Nash, Editor, 1991. Reprinted
by permission of ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.)

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 7

 Phase Diagrams:
Determination of phase(s) present
• Rule 1: If we know T and Co, then we know:
-- which phase(s) is (are) present.
T(oC)
• Examples: 1600
A(1100 oC, 60 wt% Ni): L (liquid)
1 phase: α 1500

B (1250ºC,35)
Cu-Ni
B(1250 oC,
35 wt% Ni): 1400 phase
2 phases: L + α diagram
1300 α
(FCC solid
1200
Fig. 11.3(a), Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
solution)
(Adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary
Nickel Alloys, P. Nash, Editor, 1991. Reprinted 1100 A(1100ºC,60)
by permission of ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.)
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 8
 Phase Diagrams:
Determination of phase compositions
• Rule 2: If we know T and C0, then we can determine:
-- the composition of each phase. Cu-Ni
T(oC) system
• Examples:
TA A
Consider C0 = 35 wt% Ni tie line
At TA = 1320 oC : 1300 L (liquid)
Only Liquid (L) present B
CL = C0 ( = 35 wt% Ni) TB
α
At TD = 1190 oC :
1200 D (solid)
Only Solid (α) present TD
Cα = C0 ( = 35 wt% Ni)
20 3032 35 4043 50
At TB = 1250 oC : CL C0 Cα wt% Ni
Both α and L present Fig. 11.3(b), Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(Adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary
CL = C liquidus ( = 32 wt% Ni) Nickel Alloys, P. Nash, Editor, 1991. Reprinted
by permission of ASM International, Materials
Cα = C solidus ( = 43 wt% Ni) Park, OH.)

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 9

 Phase Diagrams:
Determination of phase weight fractions
• Rule 3: If we know T and C0, then can determine:
-- the weight fraction of each phase. Cu-Ni
• Examples: T(oC) system
Consider C0 = 35 wt% Ni TA A
tie line
At TA : Only Liquid (L) present 1300 L (liquid)
WL = 1.00, W = 0 B
At TD : Only Solid ( α ) present TB R S
α
WL = 0, Wα = 1.00
1200 D (solid)
At TB : Both α and L present TD
S 43  35
WL 
20 3032 35 40 43 50
  0.73 CL C0 Cα wt% Ni
R +S 43  32
Fig. 11.3(b), Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(Adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary
R Nickel Alloys, P. Nash, Editor, 1991. Reprinted

Wα  = 0.27 by permission of ASM International, Materials

R +S Park, OH.)

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 10

 The Lever Rule
• Tie line – connects the phases in equilibrium with
each other – also sometimes called an isotherm
T(oC) What fraction of each phase?
tie line
Think of the tie line as a lever
1300 L (liquid)
(teeter-totter)
B
TB ML Mα
α
1200 (solid)
R S

20 30CL R S
C0 40 Cα 50
Adapted from Fig. 11.3(b),
wt% Ni Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 11

 Ex: Cooling of a Cu-Ni Alloy
• Phase diagram: T(oC) L (liquid) L: 35 wt%Ni
Cu-Ni system. Cu-Ni
system
• Consider 1300 A
L: 35 wt% Ni
microstuctural α: 46 wt% Ni B
35 46
changes that 32 C 43
accompany the D
24 36 L: 32 wt% Ni
cooling of a α: 43 wt% Ni
C0 = 35 wt% Ni alloy 1200 E
L: 24 wt% Ni
α: 36 wt% Ni
α
(solid) α: 35 wt% Ni

110 0
20 30 35 40 50
Adapted from Fig. 11.4, C0 wt% Ni
Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 12
 Mechanical Properties: Cu-Ni System
• Effect of solid solution strengthening on:
-- Tensile strength (TS) -- Ductility (%EL)

60
Tensile Strength (MPa)

%EL for pure Cu

Elongation (%EL)
400 50 %EL for
TS for pure Ni
pure Ni 40
300
TS for pure Cu 30
200 20
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Cu Ni Cu Ni
Composition, wt% Ni Composition, wt% Ni
Adapted from Fig. 11.5(a), Adapted from Fig. 11.5(b),
Callister & Rethwisch 9e. Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 13

 Binary-Eutectic Systems
has a special composition
2 components with a min. melting T.
Cu-Ag
T(oC) system
Ex.: Cu-Ag system 1200
• 3 single phase regions L (liquid)
(L, α, β) 1000
• Limited solubility: α L + α 779°C L+β β
T 800
α: mostly Cu E 8.0 71.9 91.2
β: mostly Ag 600
• TE : No liquid below TE α β
• CE : Composition at 400
temperature TE 200
0 20 40 60 CE 80 100
• Eutectic reaction C, wt% Ag
Fig. 11.6, Callister & Rethwisch 9e
L(CE) α(CαE) + β(CβE) [Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd edition,
Vol. 1, T. B. Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990. Reprinted
by permission of ASM International, Materials Park, OH.].
cooling

heating
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 14
 EX 1: Pb-Sn Eutectic System
• For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 150 oC, determine:
-- the phases present Pb-Sn
Answer: α + β T(oC) system
-- the phase compositions
300
Answer: Cα = 11 wt% Sn L (liquid)
Cβ = 99 wt% Sn
-- the relative amount α L+ α
200 183°C L+β β
of each phase 18.3 61.9 97.8
Answer: 150
S Cβ - C0 R S
Wα = = 100
R+S Cβ - Cα α +β
99 - 40 59
= = = 0.67
99 - 11 88 0 11 20 40 60 80 99100
C0 - Cα Cα C0 Cβ
Wβ = R = C, wt% Sn
R+S Cβ - Cα Fig. 11.7, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
[Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
2nd edition, Vol. 3, T. B. Massalski (Editor-in-
40 - 11 29 Chief), 1990. Reprinted by permission of ASM
= = = 0.33 International, Materials Park, OH.]
99 - 11 88 AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 15
 EX 2: Pb-Sn Eutectic System
• For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 220 oC, determine:
-- the phases present: Pb-Sn
Answer: α + L T (oC) system
-- the phase compositions
300
Answer: Cα = 17 wt% Sn L (liquid)
CL = 46 wt% Sn L+ α
-- the relative amount 220
200 α R S L+ β β
of each phase 183°C
Answer:
CL - C0 100
46 - 40 α +β
Wα = =
CL - Cα 46 - 17
6 0 17 20 40 46 60 80 100
= = 0.21 Cα C0 CL
29 C, wt% Sn
Fig. 11.7, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
C0 - Cα 23 [Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
WL = = = 0.79 2nd edition, Vol. 3, T. B. Massalski (Editor-in-
CL - Cα 29 Chief), 1990. Reprinted by permission of ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.]
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 16
 Microstructural Developments
in Eutectic Systems I

• For alloys for which T(oC) L: C0 wt% Sn

400
C0 < 2 wt% Sn L
• Result: at room temperature α
300 L
-- polycrystalline with grains of
α phase having L+ α
composition C0 200
α
α: C0 wt% Sn
(Pb-Sn
TE
System)

100
α+β

0 10 20 30
Fig. 11.10, Callister & C0 C, wt% Sn
Rethwisch 9e. 2
(room T solubility limit)

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 17

 Microstructural Developments
in Eutectic Systems II
L: C0 wt% Sn
• For alloys for which T(oC)
400
2 wt% Sn < C0 < 18.3 wt% Sn L
• Result: L
at temperatures in α + β range 300 α
L +α
-- polycrystalline with α grains α: C0 wt% Sn
and small β-phase particles 200 α
TE
α
β
100
α+ β Pb-Sn
system
Fig. 11.11, Callister & 0 10 20 30
Rethwisch 9e. 2 C0 C, wt% Sn
(sol. limit at T room ) 18.3
(sol. limit at TE)
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 18
 Microstructural Developments
in Eutectic Systems III
• For alloy of composition C0 = CE
• Result: Eutectic microstructure (lamellar structure)
-- alternating layers (lamellae) of α and β phases.
Micrograph of Pb-Sn
T(oC) eutectic
L: C0 wt% Sn microstructure
300 L
Pb-Sn
system
L+ α
200
α 183°C Lβ β
TE

100 160 μm
αβ β: 97.8 wt% Sn
Fig. 11.13, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
α: 18.3 wt%Sn (From Metals Handbook, 9th edition, Vol. 9,
Metallography and Microstructures, 1985.
Reproduced by permission of ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.)
0 20 40 60 80 100
18.3 CE 97.8
Fig. 11.12, Callister & 61.9 C, wt% Sn
Rethwisch 9e. AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 19
 Lamellar Eutectic Structure

Figs. 11.13 & 11.14, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

(Fig. 11.13 from Metals Handbook, 9th edition, Vol. 9,
Metallography and Microstructures, 1985. Reproduced by
permission of ASM International, Materials Park, OH.)

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 20

 Microstructural Developments
in Eutectic Systems IV
• For alloys for which 18.3 wt% Sn < C0 < 61.9 wt% Sn
• Result: α phase particles and a eutectic microconstituent
• Just above TE :
T(oC) L: C0 wt% Sn αL
L
Cα = 18.3 wt% Sn
300 L α CL = 61.9 wt% Sn
Pb-Sn
L+ α Wα = S = 0.50
system R+S
200
α R S L+β β WL = (1- Wα ) = 0.50
TE S
R
• Just below TE :
100 α+ β Cα = 18.3 wt% Sn
primary α Cβ = 97.8 wt% Sn
eutectic α
eutectic β Wα = S = 0.73
0 20 40 60 80 100 R+S
18.3 61.9 97.8 Wβ = 0.27
Fig. 11.15, Callister &
Rethwisch 9e. C, wt% Sn
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 21
 Hypoeutectic & Hypereutectic
300
L
T(oC)
Fig. 11.7, Callister & Rethwisch α L+ α
9e. [Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase
200 L+β β (Pb-Sn
TE
Diagrams, 2nd edition, Vol. 3, T. B.
Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990. α+β System)
Reprinted by permission of ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.] 100

0 20 40 60 80 100 C, wt% Sn
eutectic
hypoeutectic: C0 = 50 wt% Sn 61.9 hypereutectic: (illustration only)
(Figs. 11.13 and 11.16 from
Metals Handbook, 9th ed.,
Vol. 9, Metallography and eutectic: C0 = 61.9 wt% Sn
Microstructures, 1985. α β
Reproduced by permission
of ASM International, α β
Materials Park, OH.) α α β β
α β
α β
175 μm 160 μm
Fig. 11.16, Callister & eutectic micro-constituent Adapted from Fig. 11.16,
Rethwisch 9e. Fig. 11.13, Callister & Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
Rethwisch 9e. (Illustration only)

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 22

Intermediate Phases (Intermediate Solid Solutions)

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 23

 Intermetallic Compounds

Fig. 11.19, Callister &

Rethwisch 9e.
[Adapted from Phase
Diagrams of Binary
Magnesium Alloys, A. A.
Nayeb-Hashemi and J. B.
Clark (Editors), 1988.
Reprinted by permission
of ASM International,
Materials Park, OH.]

Mg2Pb

Note: intermetallic compound exists as a line on the diagram - not an

area - because of stoichiometry (i.e. composition of a compound
is a fixed value). AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 24
Congruent melting vs. Incongruent melting

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 25

 Eutectic, Eutectoid, & Peritectic
• Eutectic - liquid transforms to two solid phases
cool
L α+β (For Pb-Sn, 183 oC, 61.9 wt% Sn)
heat

• Eutectoid – one solid phase transforms to two other

solid phases
intermetallic compound
S2 S1+S3 - cementite

γ cool α + Fe3C (For Fe-C, 727 oC, 0.76 wt% C)

heat

• Peritectic - liquid and one solid phase transform to a

second solid phase
S1 + L S2
cool
δ +L heat γ (For Fe-C, 1493 oC, 0.16 wt% C)

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 26

 Peritectoid & Monotectic
• Peritectoid – one solid and another solid react to
produce a new solid
cool
α+β  (For Co-Cr, 976 oC, 37.6 wt% Cr)
heat

• Monotectic – liquid 1 decomposes to liquid 2 and a solid

cool
L1 heat
L2 +  (For Cu-Pb, 955 oC, 36 wt% Pb)

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 27

 Eutectoid & Peritectic
Cu-Zn Phase diagram

Peritectic transformations
+L 
+L 
γ+L δ
+L 

Eutectoid transformat
δ γ+e

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 28

Peritectic reaction

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 29

Peritectoid

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 30

Monotectic

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 31

 Gibbs Phase Rule
• P+F = C+2
P: # of phase; F: # of degree of freedom; C: # of components
when Pressure is fixed at 1 atm

• P+F = C+1 F = 3 – P for binary system

Cu-Ag
T(oC) system
1200
L (liquid)
1000
α α +L
TE 800 779°C β +L β
8.0 71.9 91.2
600
α β
400

200
0 20 40 60 CE 80 100
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 C, wt% Ag Chapter 11 - 32
 Iron-Carbon (Fe-C) Phase Diagram
• 2 important T(°C)
1600
points δ
- Eutectic (A): 1400 L
L  γ + Fe3C γ +L
γ A
- Eutectoid (B): 1200
(austenite)
1148°C L+Fe3C

Fe3C (cementite)
γ  α + Fe3C
1000 γ γ γ +Fe3C
γ γ
800
α B 727°C = T
eutectoid

600
α +Fe3C
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
120 μm (Fe) 0.76 4.30 C, wt% C
Result: Pearlite = alternating
layers of α and Fe3C phases
Fe3C (cementite-hard)
Fig. 11.26, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
Fig. 11.23, Callister
& Rethwisch 9e.
α (ferrite-soft)
(From Metals Handbook, Vol. 9, 9th ed., [Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd edition,
Metallography and Microstructures, 1985. Vol. 1, T. B. Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990. Reprinted
Reproduced by permission of ASM by permission of ASM International, Materials Park, OH.]
International, Materials Park, OH.)
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 33
 Hypoeutectoid Steel
T(°C)
1600
δ
1400 L
γ γ (Fe-C
γ γ +L
γ γ 1200 1148°C L+Fe3C System)
(austenite)

Fe3C (cementite)
γ γ
1000
γ γ γ + Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 11.23
and 11.28, Callister &
α Rethwisch 9e.
α γ γ 800 727°C [Figure 9.24 adapted from
γ αγ 
Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
2nd edition, Vol. 1, T. B.
600 Massalski (Editor-in-Chief),
α + Fe3C 1990. Reprinted by permission
of ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.]
400
α 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe)C0 C, wt% C
0.76

pearlite

100 μm Hypoeutectoid
steel

pearlite proeutectoid ferrite

Adapted from Fig. 11.29, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(Photomicrograph courtesy of Republic Steel Corporation.)

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 34

 Hypoeutectoid Steel
T(°C)
1600
δ
1400 L
(Fe-C
γ γ +L
γ α
γ 1200 1148°C L+Fe3C System)
α (austenite)

Fe3C (cementite)
γ αγ
1000
γ + Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 11.23
Wα = s/(r + s) and 11.28, Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
800 r s 727°C
Wγ =(1 - Wα) [Figure 9.24 adapted from
Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
α RS 2nd edition, Vol. 1, T. B.

α 600 Massalski (Editor-in-Chief),

α + Fe3C 1990. Reprinted by permission
of ASM International, Materials
pearlite Park, OH.]
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe)C0 C, wt% C
0.76

Wpearlite = Wγ
Wαʼ = S/(R + S) 100 μm
Hypoeutectoid
steel
WFe3C =(1 – Wα’)
pearlite proeutectoid ferrite
Adapted from Fig. 11.29, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(Photomicrograph courtesy of Republic Steel Corporation.)
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 35
 Hypereutectoid Steel
T(oC)
1600
δ
1400 L
(Fe-C
γ γ γ γ +L
1200 1148°C L+Fe3C System)
γ γ (austenite)

Fe3C (cementite)
γ γ 1000
γ γ γ + Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 11.23
and 11.31, Callister &
Fe3C Rethwisch 9e.
γ γ 800 727°C [Figure 9.24 adapted from
Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
γ γ α 2nd edition, Vol. 1, T. B.
600 Massalski (Editor-in-Chief),
α + Fe3C 1990. Reprinted by permission
of ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.]
400
0 1 C0 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
0.76

(Fe)C0 C, wt% C
pearlite

60 μmHypereutectoid
steel
pearlite proeutectoid Fe3C
Adapted from Fig. 11.32, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(Copyright 1971 by United States Steel Corporation.)

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 36

 Hypereutectoid Steel
T(oC)
1600
δ
1400 L
(Fe-C
Fe3C γ γ +L
1200 1148°C L+Fe3C System)
γ γ (austenite)

Fe3C (cementite)
γ γ 1000
γ + Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 11.23
and 11.31, Callister &
Wγ =x/(v + x) Rethwisch 9e.
800 v x 727°C [Figure 9.24 adapted from
WFe3C =(1-Wγ) Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
α V X 2nd edition, Vol. 1, T. B.
600 Massalski (Editor-in-Chief),
α + Fe3C 1990. Reprinted by permission
pearlite of ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.]
400
0 1 C0 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
0.76

(Fe)C0 C, wt% C
Wpearlite = Wγ
Wα = X/(V + X)
60 μmHypereutectoid
WFe3Cʼ =(1 - Wα) steel
pearlite proeutectoid Fe3C
Adapted from Fig. 11.32, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(Copyright 1971 by United States Steel Corporation.)

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 37

 Example Problem
For a 99.6 wt% Fe-0.40 wt% C steel at a
temperature just below the eutectoid,
determine the following:
a) The compositions of Fe3C and ferrite (α).
b) The amount of cementite (in grams) that
forms in 100 g of steel.
c) The amounts of pearlite and proeutectoid
ferrite (α) in the 100 g.

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 38

 Solution to Example Problem
a) Using the RS tie line just below the eutectoid
Cα = 0.022 wt% C
Fig. 11.23, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
CFe3C = 6.70 wt% C [From Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd edition, Vol. 1, T.
B. Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990. Reprinted by
permission of ASM International, Materials Park, OH.]

b) Using the lever rule with 1600

the tie line shown δ
1400 L
T(°C)
γ γ +L

Fe3C (cementite)
1200 1148°C L+Fe3C
(austenite)
1000
γ + Fe3C
800 727°C
R S
Amount of Fe3C in 100 g 600 α + Fe3C
= (100 g)WFe3C 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
Cα C0 C, wt% C CFe
3C
= (100 g)(0.057) = 5.7 g
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 39
 Solution to Example Problem (cont.)
c) Using the VX tie line just above the eutectoid and
realizing that
Fig. 11.23, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
C0 = 0.40 wt% C [From Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd edition, Vol. 1, T.
Cα = 0.022 wt% C B. Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990. Reprinted by
permission of ASM International, Materials Park, OH.]
Cpearlite = Cγ = 0.76 wt% C
1600
δ
1400 L
T(°C)
γ γ +L

Fe3C (cementite)
1200 1148°C L+Fe3C
(austenite)
1000
γ + Fe3C
800 727°°C
VX
Amount of pearlite in 100 g 600 α + Fe3C
= (100 g)Wpearlite 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
Cα C0 Cγ C, wt% C
= (100 g)(0.512) = 51.2 g
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 40
 Alloying with Other Elements

• Teutectoid changes: • Ceutectoid changes:

C eutectoid (wt% C)
Ti Si
T Eutectoid (ºC)

Mo W Ni
Cr
Cr Si
Mn
Mn W
Ti Mo
Ni

wt. % of alloying elements wt. % of alloying elements

Fig. 11.33, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. Fig. 11.34,Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(From Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying Elements (From Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying Elements
in Steel, 1939. Reproduced by permission of ASM in Steel, 1939. Reproduced by permission of ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.) International, Materials Park, OH.)

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 41

 Summary

• Phase diagrams are useful tools to determine:

-- the number and types of phases present,
-- the composition of each phase,
-- and the weight fraction of each phase
given the temperature and composition of the system.
• The microstructure of an alloy depends on
-- its composition, and
-- whether or not cooling rate allows for maintenance of
equilibrium.
• Important phase diagram phase transformations include
eutectic, eutectoid, and peritectic.

AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 42