11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Introduction to the
Philosophy of the
Human Person
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Methods of Philosophizing
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Methods of Philosophizing
First Edition, 2020

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 11

Introduction to
the Philosophy of
the Human
Person
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Methods of Philosophizing
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person - 11

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Methods of Philosophizing!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the
teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore,
this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person 11

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Methods of Philosophizing!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

competencies you are expected to learn in
What I Need to Know the module.

This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
What I Know lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s In

In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways; a story, a
What’s New song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of
the lesson. This aims to help you discover
What is It and
understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent
practice to solidify your understanding and
What’s More skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
This includes questions or blank
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
What I Have Learned
process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or
What I Can Do skill into real life situations or concerns.

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 This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
Assessment competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given
to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
Additional Activities the lesson learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.
At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful
learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

In today’s society, we encounter a lot of information from various sources

such as the media and our interactions with friends, family, and members of the
community. Most of the information we receive is helpful, but some may mislead us
or may even be utterly false. These kinds of information often have a negative
impact on our lives.

Philosophy is concerned with determining truth since it lies at the heart of any
inquiry. The discussion on truth is part of philosophical studies on knowledge where
philosophers explore the nature of knowledge and the ways of knowing. This module
will help you demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy and evaluate opinions.
You will be able to master the nature and methods of philosophizing and
distinguishing between fact and opinion which helps develop your critical and
analytical skills in both your reading and listening. It contains activities that will help
you reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical way and demonstrates
various ways of doing philosophy and evaluate opinion. The module is self –
instructional and allows you to learn in your own space, at your own pace. At the end
of this module, you will be able to reflect on your daily experiences from a holistic
point of view and acquires critical and analytical thinking skills so that you can apply
this critical and analytical thinking skills to the affairs of your daily life and should be
able to demonstrate a capacity for a critical and analytical reflection from the
perspective of a holistic and profound vision of life. In order to achieve the objectives
of this module, it is necessary to have completed all the module for you to fully
understand the activities and discussions.
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY:
2.1 Distinguish opinion from truth (PPT11/12-Ic-2.1)
2.2 Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth
(PPT11/12-Id-2.2)
2.3 Evaluate truth and opinions in different situations using the methods of
philosophizing (PPT11/12-Id-2.3)

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

K - Analyze situations that show the difference between opinion and truth.
S - Write your own editorial on a certain issue
A - Value the importance of knowing the difference between facts and opinions.

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 What I Know

Direction: Read each item carefully and use your notebook to write your answers.

1. It is the clear awareness and understanding of something.

a. Truth c. Claim
b. Knowledge d. Opinion

2. These are statements which are observed to be real or truthful.

a. Facts c. Fallacies
b. Claims d. Opinions

3. This is a series of statements that provide reasons to convince a person that a

claim or opinion is truthful.
a. Arguments c. Fallacies
b. Beliefs d. Knowledge

4. These are arguments based on faulty reasoning.

a. Conclusion c. Explanations
b. Opinions d. Fallacies

5. Are statements which need to be examined to determine whether they are true
or False?
a. Opinions c. Claims
b. Explanations d. Arguments

6. These are tendencies or influences that affect the views of people.

a. Explanations c. Conclusion
b. Opinions d. Fallacies

7. This is a judgment based on certain facts.

a. Claims c. Knowledge
b. Conclusion d. Explanations

8. These are statements that assume a claim is true and provide reasons to support
them.
a. Fallacies c. Arguments
b. Beliefs d. Explanations

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9. Statements that express convictions that are not easily explained by facts.
a. Beliefs c. Claims
b. Arguments d. Opinions

10. These are comprised of statements that provide views on a certain matter.
a. Claims c. Knowledge
b. Beliefs d. Opinions

11. A fallacy that uses emotions such as pity or sympathy.

a. appeal to emotion c. appeal to force
b. appeal to popular d. ad hominem

12. Which fallacy assumes that what is true of a part is true for the whole.
a. begging the question c. fallacy of composition
b. fallacy of division d. begging the question

13. What is the characteristic of appeal to the popular fallacy?

a. attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself.
b. the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it.
c. assuming that the thing or idea to be proven is true.
d. the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it.

14. A type of bias which focuses on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring
other aspects.
a. hindsight c. confirmation bias
b. framing d. conflict of interest

15. Which of the following is an example of confirmation bias?

a. “These soldiers who fought in the war are all bloodthirsty murderers!”
b. “How can I accept his view that there is no God? I am a Christian!”
c. “As the daughter of the accused, I believe I have the right to express my
opinion on the issue of his alleged corrupt practices.”
d. “I do not agree with this Western practice of placing aged parents in
retirement homes. We, as Filipinos, should take care of our family
members.”

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 What’s In

In the previous lesson, you learned about Holistic and Partial

Thinking in Philosophy. Moreover, you were also able to see the value of
Philosophizing in achieving a broad understanding of your life. In this
lesson, you will learn about the various ways of evaluating our own
opinions. Moreover, you will also learn to distinguish between facts and
opinions, and reflect on concrete experiences in a philosophical way, in
order to come up with sound decisions.

Have you encountered the following concepts below? Copy the diagram
below, and write your answers in your notebook.

Fact

OPINION

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 What’s New

Directions: Read the statements below and imagine that you are part of the
conversation. How will you react to the statements given? Write your answers in your
activity notebook.

“A Lover’s Quarrel”

Friend
Read the1: Did youfrom
passage hear“Plato’s
about what happened
Allegory between
of the Cave” Karla and her
boyfriend? Friend 2: What happened?
“Some
Friend 1: prisoners
They got arefight
in a huge chained inside
last night. a cave,
Karla facing
called me up. the
She back wall.
was crying
Behind
and she them is aMike
said that fire, hit
withher.
people passing in front of it. The prisoners cannot
turn their
Friend heads,
3: Wait, andThat’s
what? have not
always
right.been
Mike chained
came bythis way. All
my place lastthey
nightcan
andsee
he
andpretty
was hear shaken
are shadows
up. Hepassing backmarks
had scratch and forth and
on his the and
arms echoes
a bitebouncing off
on his left
the wall
hand. He in front
said of just
Karla them. One day,
attacked her aand
prisoner is freed,him
was accusing andofdragged outside
seeing another
the Friend
girl. cave. He is blinded
1: No! by itthe
Karla said light,
was Mikeconfused, and to
who started resists
hit herbeing led had
and she outside.
to
But, eventually
defend herself. his eyes adjusts, so that he is able to see clearly the things
around him, and even the sun
You:

5
 He came to realize that the things he thought were real were merely shadows
of real things, and that life outside of the cave is far better than his previous
life in chains. He pities those still inside. He ventures back into the cave to
share his discovery with the others—only to be ridiculed because he can
hardly see (his eyes have trouble at first re-adjusting to the darkness). He
tried to free the other prisoners but they violently resisted (the other prisoners
refuse to be freed and led outside, and they even tried to kill him)”.

(https://wmpeople.wm.edu/asset/index/cvance/allegory)

1. What does this story mean?

2. How does this passage from Plato help you turn your attention toward
the right thing (i.e., truth, beauty, justice and goodness)?

What is It

Philosophical method (or philosophical methodology) is the study of how to do

Philosophy. A common view among philosophers is that Philosophy is distinguished
by the ways that philosophers follow in addressing philosophical questions. There is
not just one method that philosophers use to answer philosophical questions.
Philosophy is concerned with determining the concept of truth. Truth lies at the heart
of any inquiry.

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 Truth, in metaphysics and the philosophy of language, is the property of
sentences, assertions, beliefs, thoughts, propositions that are said, in ordinary
discourse, to agree with the facts or to state what the case is. It is most often used to
mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard. Truth is
also sometimes defined in modern contexts as an idea of “truth to self”, or
authenticity.

What is truth and why is important?

Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something. It is the
product of questions that allow for clear answers provided by facts. It is through
knowing that we are able to determine what is true.

Let’s explore your knowledge by completing the following statements:

I know that…
I know why…
I know how…
These statements correspond to what is based on reality. This simply means
that we know what is observable or evident in the real world. For example, “I know
that fishes live in water” because fishes do live in water. Propositions or statements
which are observed to be real or truthful are considered facts.
There are statements, however, that are not evidently or immediately known
to be true. For example, “I know that my school is the best school in the city”. This
statement cannot be taken as true since it is simply not immediately evident. This
statement is a claim, and further examination is required to establish whether it is
true or false. Therefore, truthful statements can be considered as based on facts.

How do we know if something is true?

There are several views regarding truth. Philosophers emphasize the
importance of belief as basis for determining truth. But philosophers who pondered
upon the origins of knowledge doubted everything that there is to know about
themselves and the world.
Example, stating the very obvious things we know about ourselves.
I am alive.
I have a body.

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I can breathe.

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 Do you believe that these statements apply to you? “But of course!” you will
say. But as philosophers, we do not assume that every statement is true. In
philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truth. This means
that every statement, claim, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and analyzed.
Doubt has a very important purpose in philosophy as it drives our desire to discover
the truth.
Now let’s apply systematic doubt and revise the statements to make
them easier to scrutinize and analyze by rewriting the statements into questions.
Am I alive?
Do I have a body?
Can I breathe?
Now, how will you figure out the answers to these questions? The obvious
answer would be to examine yourself to determine if indeed you are alive, that you
have a body, and you can breathe. Do you have a pulse? Can you feel your
heartbeat? Do you have hands, arms, legs, feet, and head? Try to take a deep
breath, then exhale. Were you able to do it? If you answered “yes” to all these
questions, then you can conclude with certainty that the previous statements about
yourself is true. You can now say:
I am alive!
I have a body!
I can breathe!

A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s sense
and if it is based on facts. Getting consensus or having people agree on a common
belief is another way of determining what is true, although this approach has certain
limitations.
Philosophers also believe that claims and beliefs should be tested in order to
determine the truth. Determining the truth also requires that a person can prove a
statement through action.

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 Distinguishing Opinion from Truth
The ideas that we encounter in everyday life can be considered as truth or
opinion. But what distinguishes one from the other? Let us take a look at the
following statements and determine which one states fact or opinion.

1. ItWhich
takes 30statements
minutes to are more
walk fromfactual?
my homeIf you answered statements 1, 3, and 5,
to school.
2. Living
then you are near the school
correct. Usingis better because we tools
the philosophical don’t have to spendthey
we learned, muchfit for
into the
transportation.
category of facts
3. My sister atesince theypiece
the last contain ideas or information that are easily verifiable.
of pizza.
4. MyOnsister is a selfish
the other hand,person because
statements 2,4,she
andate6 the
canlast
bepiece of pizzaas
considered and did not
opinions.
share it with me.
These
5. Thestatements
policeman go beyond
firmly pushedproviding
the suspectfacts. It knees
to his also provides
and placed conclusions
him in or
handcuffs.
perspectives regarding certain situations. Opinions are also the bases for making
6. The aggressive manner by which the policeman arrested the suspect is an
arguments
example andofconvincing people
brutality that that a certain
characterizes claim isforce.
our police a fact.

Fact is something that is true and can be

verified as such. You can find facts in legal
records, scientific findings, encyclopedias,
atlases, etc. in other words, facts are the truth
and are accepted as such.

https://www.literacyideas.com/teaching-fact-and-opinion

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 Opinion is a statement that holds the element
of belief; it tells how someone feels. In other
words it is what someone believes or thinks,
and is not necessarily the truth

https://www.literacyideas.com/teaching-fact-and-opinion

 Opinions are statements that go beyond providing facts.

 Conclusion is a judgment based on certain facts.
 Beliefs are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly
explained by facts.
 Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide
reasons why the statement is true.
 Arguments are a series of statements that provide reasons to convince the
reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.
 Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning.
 Bias is a disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in
a way that is close-minded, prejudicial, or unfair.

Key Differences Between Fact and Opinion

The difference between fact and opinion on the following grounds:

1. The fact is described as the statement that can be verified or proven to be true.
Opinion is an expression of judgment or belief about something.
2. Fact relies on observation or research while opinion is based on assumption.
3. The fact is an objective reality whereas opinion is a subjective statement.
4. Facts can be verified with the help of evidence or statistics. On the contrary, an
opinion is not supported by any evidence.
5. Facts explain what actually happened. Unlike an opinion, which represents a
perception about something.
6. One important feature of a fact is that it is universal and does not differ from
person to person. As against this, every human being has a different opinion on a
particular subject and so, it varies from one person to another.

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 Arguments often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts
and are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable. However, a number of
arguments may be based on faulty reasoning. These kinds of arguments are called
fallacies. Some of the fallacies maybe intentional. As the person making is
desperate to convince you to accept his or her argument.
The following are examples of fallacies.
Fallacy Characteristics Example
Ad hominem attacking the person “of course he believes that the
presenting the argument government is flawed, he is a
instead of the argument rebel and a Communist!”
itself.
Appeal to force using the threat of force “if this peace agreement will not
or an undesirable event be signed by the government,
to advance an then we will have no recourse but
argument. to go to
war.”
Appeal to emotion using emotions such as “All these charges are baseless;
pity or sympathy this is just plain harassment –
can’t you see how this is affecting
my
family?”
Appeal to the the idea is presented as “Every boy your age already has a
popular acceptable because a lot girlfriend, you should go find one!”
of people accept it.
Appeal to tradition the idea is acceptable “Marriage should be between a
because it has been true man and a woman. It has been so
for a long time. for a long time in this country; it
should remain so today and in the
future.”
Begging the assuming the thing or “I have the right to free speech,
question idea to be proven is true; therefore you cannot stop me from
also known as circular talking.”
argument.
Cause-and-effect assuming “cause-and- “Ever since you bought tha
effect” relationship sweater, everything has t
between unrelated going wrong in your life. been
events should get rid of it.” You
Fallacy of assuming that what is “These cases of robbery in this
composition true of a part is true for district have convinced me that
the whole the city has become a den of
thieves
and criminals.”
Fallacy of division assuming that what is “You come from a family of doctors
true for the whole is true and intellectuals! Surely you can
for its parts. do better in this course!”
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 When looking at an opinion, be aware of bias or the personal views of the
person presenting it. Biases are not necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer to
tendencies or influences which affect the views of people.

The following are some of the common biases.

Bias Characteristics Example

Correspondence tendency to judge a “These soldiers who fought in the war
bias or attribution person’s personality are all bloodthirsty murderers!”
effect by his or her actions,
without regard for the
external factors or
influence.
Confirmation bias tendency to look for “How can I accept his view that there
and readily accept is no God? I’m a Christian!”
information which fits
one’s own beliefs or
views and to reject
ideas or views that go
against it.
Framing focusing on a certain “Preliminary evidence has still not
aspect of a problem pointed out the actual cause of the
while ignoring other plane crash, but investigators are
aspects. currently focusing on the possibility
of
pilot error.”
Hindsight the tendency to see “Magellan’s assault on Mactan Island
past events as was a foolhardy venture, made by an
predictable, or to overconfident , careless man who
ascribe a pattern to underestimated the valor of the
historical events native
Filipinos.”
Conflict of Interest a person or group is “As the daughter of the accused, I
connected to or has a believe I have the right to express
vested interest in the my opinion on the issue of his
issue being discussed. alleged corrupt practices.”

Cultural bias analyzing an event or “I do not agree with this Western

issue based on one’s practice of placing aged parents in
cultural standards. retirement homes. We Filipinos take
care of our family members.”

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 Methods of Philosophy Lead to Wisdom and Truth

The methods of philosophy will help in learning the process of doing

philosophy in a systematic way. On the other hand, philosophizing is to think or
express oneself in a philosophical manner.
Although philosophy is an organized body of knowledge, the subject matter of
philosophy is questions, which have three major characteristics;
1. Philosophical questions have answers but the answers remain in dispute.
2. Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense,
or faith.
3. Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to human beings.

The methodology or method that philosophers use to address philosophical

question is critical thinking.
Critical Thinking is the careful, reflective, rational and systematic approach to
questions of very general interest. Critical thinking means understanding philosophy
and refraining from merely giving claims but through careful thought, one reasons
through to argumentation.
The scientific method also leads to wisdom and truth because it uses an
evidence- based approach to come up with its conclusion. In this method, all truths
are supported by facts that can easily be tested or proven again through
experiments, logical reasoning, or observation.
How will you determine the truth from opinion?
An understanding of opinions and facts and the mean to distinguish one from
the other can further improve our understanding and appreciation of varied views
and ideas.
The ability to determine truth goes hand in hand with the holistic perspective
and enables us to make wiser decisions, especially in choosing the ideas and views
which we find acceptable.
A critical mind aided by Philosophy can help us from our own personal point
of view that can guide us in making decisions and actions when we are faced with a
problem.

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 Philosophy can help us determine ideas that are truthful and acceptable, which
we can use to form our own views regarding certain matters.
For Maboloc and Pascua (2008) critical thinking is a lifelong process of self-
assessment that further consists of:
 Defining, analyzing and devising solutions,
 Arriving at reasonable and informed conclusions
 Applying understanding and knowledge to new and different problems
 Willingness to say, “I don’t know.”

The attributes of a critical thinker include;

 Looks for evidence to support assumption and beliefs
 Adjusts opinion
 Looks for proof
 Examines the problem
 Rejects irrelevant and innocent information

Evaluate Truth from Opinions in Different Situations Using

A method of philosophizing is a process of determining the truth or drawing
the Methods of Philosophizing
conclusions from a statement using various philosophical methods, such as:
Socratic, dialectic, scientific, and historical.
When you evaluate information, it is very important to distinguish between fact
and opinion. How do we know if something is true? Philosophers emphasize the
importance of belief as a basis for determining truth. It is said that there are
instances when we have to unlearn something so that we may learn anew.
Philosophers questioned what they knew and even analyzed their methods of
knowing in order to have a better understanding of themselves and of the world.
The discussion on truth is a part of Philosophical studies on knowledge where
philosophers explore the nature of knowledge and the ways of knowing.
Both the Socratic and dialectic method are based on a discussion between
two or more people who may carry differing views but wish to pursue the truth by
seeking an agreement with one another. Meanwhile, the scientific method is a
process of

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determining truth or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive
reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing.
The scientific method, also called empirical method, is a process of
determining truth or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive
reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing.
Logic is the truth based on reasoning and critical thinking. It includes analysis
and construction of arguments. It serves as a path to freedom from half-truths and
deception.

TYPES OF REASONING

http://images.slideplayer.com/28/9351128/slides/slide_2.jpg

Deductive Reasoning
In this type of reasoning, conclusion comes first, followed by main points, and
the last will be the supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences. General idea
comes first before the specific or particular idea.

Inductive Reasoning
In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences
come first followed by the main points and conclusion will be the last part. This is the
opposite of deductive reasoning because a particular idea comes first before the
general idea.

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 What’s More

Task 1:
Copy an article from any available newspaper or magazine. Identify the facts
and opinions presented in the article by underlining the facts and encircling the
opinions. Determine how you will verify the facts and opinions stated. Write your
answers in your notebook.

Task 2:

Write an
Editorial
Rubrics:
Newspaper editorials reflect and express the newspaper’s opinion on an
Content- 15 are opinion stories, but in order for an editorial to be effective, it
issue. Editorials
Organization/
must be backedStructure- 10 by opinion but also by facts and evidence. Moreover,
up not only
theTotal: 25 article must also include relevant data.
editorial
Instructions:
1. Write a 3-4 paragraph editorial about the Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic.
2. Write it in a short bond paper.
3. You may use the following guide questions for your editorial:
 Decide what your position is on the issue.
 Give your opinion as to why you have selected this position on the issue.
 State the facts, evidence and data (if available) to back up your position.
 State the opposing position.
 Provide the facts that support the opposing position/opinion.
 Dispute, challenge and question the opposing opinions, backed up with
facts.
 How will you capture and appeal to your
readers?

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 What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the statements below. Write your answer in your notebook.

I learned that Truth is

I feel that Truth is important because

I commit to uphold the truth by

What I Can Do

Task 3:
Directions: Observe and study the comic strip below, and answer the questions that
follow. Write your answers in your notebook.

https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.1513293938691384&type=3

1. Look at the comic strip. Do you agree with the reasoning of the person inside the
car? Why or why not?

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2. If you are the biker, how would you react to the remarks of the person inside the
car?

Task 4:
Directions: Read the statements below and answer the questions that follow. Write
your answers in your notebook.
1. The sun is the center of the solar system.
2. Asia is the largest continent in the world.
3. God made the world in seven days.
4. Man has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
5. China’s continued presence in the Spratly’s is a violation of international law.
6. A person must always consider the interests of his or her family before his
or her happiness.
7. Citizens have the right to take up arms and overthrow an oppressive
government.
8. The President has done very little to uphold democracy and look after
the interests of the Filipino people.

Questions:
1. Which of the following statements are TRUE?
2. Were you able to easily judge the truthfulness of the statements? Why or why
not?
3. Which of the statements are obviously true? Which ones required
more thought to determine their truthfulness?
4. Which of these statements may be true for others but may not be true in your
judgement?
5. Which of these statements do you personally believe to be true but may
be disputed by other people?

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 Assessment

A. Identify the concepts described in each number. Choose your answers from the
word pool below. Write your answers in your notebook.

Bias Knowledge Deductive Opinion Argument

Conclusion Begging the Philosophical Truth Appeal to the
question method popular

1. It is the study of how to do philosophy.

2. A fallacy in which the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people
accept it.
3. It is a disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in
a way that is close-minded, prejudicial, or unfair.
4. It is a judgment based on certain facts.
5. It is the clear awareness and understanding of something.
6. It lies at the heart of any inquiry
7. A fallacy assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as
“circular argument”.
8. A series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener
that a claim or opinion is truthful.
9. A type of reasoning where the general idea comes first before the specific or
particular idea.
10. It is a statement that holds the element of belief; it tells how someone feels

B.
Apply systematic doubt in analyzing the statement below. Describe how you will
determine its truthfulness. Write your answer in your notebook.
1. I am a good student.

2
Answer Key

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4. yarv yma
erwAns 3. yrav
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Task yarv yam erwAns
:3 Task
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yarv yma erwnsA B. b 15.

onnipiO .10 b 14.
evictduDe 9. d 13.
tmenArgu 8. c 12.
onistequ orf nggiBeg 7. a 11.
hTrut 6. b 10.
geedlwKno 5. a 9.
onclusiCon 4. d 8.
sBia 3. b 7.
arlpupo het ot leaApp 2. b 6.
dhomet lcaiphosolhiP 1. A. c
5.
ntmessesA d 4.

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References

BOOK
Abella, Roberto D.(2016).Introduction to the PHILOSOPHY of the Human
Person.Quezon City:C & E Publishing, Inc.

TEACHERS GUIDE
Most Essential Learning Competencies

INTERNET SOURCE/PICTURES
https://brooklyn.sjcny.libguides.com/c.php?g=648836&p=4692986
https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-fact-and-opinion.html
https://study.com/academy/lesson/facts-vs-opinions-examples-games-activities.html
https://wmpeople.wm.edu/asset/index/cvance/allegory
https://www.literacyideas.com/teaching-fact-and-opinion
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reasoning

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/think-well/201703/facts-truths-beliefs-
opinions-and-alternative-facts
https://www.the-philosophy.com/opinion-philosophical-definitions
https://www.worksheetplace.com/

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Negros Oriental Kagawasan, Avenue, D

Tel #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117
Email Address: Website: lrmds.depednodis.net