Introduction

• Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the design of intelligence in an artificial device.

• Intelligence is a property of mind that encompasses many related mental abilities, such as
the capabilities to
• reason and draw meaningful conclusions
• solve problems
• think, plan and schedule sequence of actions to complete a goal
• tackle ambiguous and fuzzy problems
• understand and perceive
• learn and recognize
• offer advice based on rules and situations
 Introduction (contd.)
• The term AI was coined by McCarthy in 1956.
• Artificial Intelligence deals with making machine think and act like humans.
Definition of AI: John McCarthy, who coined the term Artificial Intelligence in 1956, defines
it as “The Science and Engineering of making intelligent machines which can perform
tasks that require intelligence when performed by humans”.
Introduction (contd.)
Definitions of AI
• AI is the study of mental faculties through the use of computational models (Charniak
and McDermott, 1985).
• AI is the art of creating machines that perform functions which require intelligence when
performed by people (Kurzweil, 1990).
• AI is a field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms of
computational process (Schalkoff, 1990).
• AI is the study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are
better (Rich and Knight, 1991).
• AI is the study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason and act
(Winston, 1992).
• AI is the branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent
behavior (Luger and Stubblefield, 1993).
Introduction (contd.)
More Formal Definition ofAI
• AI is a branch of computer science which is concerned with the study and creation of
computer systems that exhibit
• some form of intelligence
OR
• those characteristics which we associate with intelligence in human behavior
 Intelligent Systems
Categories of AI System
• In order to design intelligent systems, it is important to categorize these systems.

Thought Systems that think Systems that think

like humans rationally

Systems that act Systems that act

Behaviour like humans rationally

Human Rational
Intelligent Systems (contd.)
Systems that think like humans: The Cognitive ModellingApproach
• Require cognitive modelling approaches.
• Most of the time it is a black box where we are not clear about our thought process.
• One has to know functioning of brain and its mechanism for possessing information.
• Neural network is a computing model for processing information similar to brain.
Intelligent Systems (contd.)
Systems that act like humans: The Turing TestApproach
• The overall behavior of the system should be human like.
• It could be achieved by observation.
• Turing Test is an example.
• Turing proposed operational test for intelligent behavior in 1950.
Intelligent Systems (contd.)
Systems that act like humans: The Turing Test (The Imitation Game)

• You enter a room which has a computer terminal. You have a fixed period of time to type what you
want into the terminal, and study the replies. At the other end of the line is either a human being or a
computer system.
• If it is a computer system, and at the end of the period you cannot reliably determine whether it is a
system or a human, then the system is deemed to be intelligent.
• A system is said to have passed Turing test if a human interrogator is unable to determine from
repeated questions of any kind, whether he or she is talking to another person or to a
machine/system.
Intelligent Systems (contd.)
Systems that act like humans: The Turing Test (contd.)
The computer would need to possess the following capabilities to pass the Turing test.
• Natural Language Processing: to enable it to communicate in English.
• Knowledge Representation: to store what it knows or hears.
• Automated Reasoning: to use the stored information to answer questions and to draw
new conclusions.
• Machine Learning: to adapt new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns.
Intelligent Systems (contd.)
Systems that act like humans: The Turing Test (contd.)
ELIZA
• Eliza was the first program developed by Joseph Wiezbaum to converse in English in mid
1960's
• It passed Turing test.
• The program was able to converse about any subject, because it stored subject information
in data banks.
• ELIZA was one of the first AI programs and impressed many people who talked to her.
Intelligent Systems (contd.)
Systems that think rationally: The “Laws of Thought”Approach
• Involves formalizing the inference process.
• Such systems rely on logic rather than human to measure correctness.
• For thinking rationally or logically, logic formulas and theories are used for synthesizing
outcomes.
• For example,
• given “John is a human and all humans are mortal” then one can conclude logically that
John is mortal

Systems that act rationally: The Rational AgentApproach

• Rational behavior means doing right thing- one which is expected to maximize goal
achievement, given the available information.
• Even if method is illogical, the observed behavior must be rational.
Intelligent Systems (contd.)
Components of AI Program
• AI techniques must be independent of the problem domain as far as possible.
• AI program should have
• knowledge base which contains facts and rules.
• control Strategy that determines which rule to be applied.
• inference mechanism to derive new knowledge using the existing knowledge.
 Foundations of AI
• Foundations of AI is based on
• Mathematics
• Neuroscience
• Control Theory
• Linguistics

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Foundations of AI (contd.)
Foundations - Mathematics
• More formal logical methods
• Boolean logic
• Fuzzy logic
• Uncertainty
• The basis for most modern approaches to handle uncertainty in AI
applications can be handled by
Probability theory
Modal and Temporal logics

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 Foundations of AI (contd.)
Foundations - Neuroscience
• How do the brain works?
• Early studies (1824) relied on injured and abnormal people to understand what parts of
brain work
• More recent studies use accurate sensors to correlate brain activity to human thought
• By monitoring individual neurons, monkeys can now control a computer mouse
using thought alone
• Moore’s law states that computers will have as many gates as humans have neurons in
2020
• How close are we to have a mechanical brain?
• Parallel computation, remapping, interconnections..

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Foundations of AI (contd.)
Foundations – Control Theory
• Machines can modify their behavior in response to the environment (sense/action loop)
• Water-flow regulator, steam engine governor, thermostat
• The theory of stable feedback systems (1894)
• Build systems that transition from initial state to goal state with minimum energy
• In 1950, control theory could only describe linear systems and AI largely rose as a
response to this shortcoming

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Foundations of AI (contd.)
Foundations - Linguistics
• Speech demonstrates so much of human intelligence
• Analysis of human language reveals thought taking place in ways not understood
in other settings
• Children can create sentences they have never heard before
• Language and thought are believed to be tightly intertwined

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 Sub-areas of AI
• Sub areas of AI are:
• Knowledge Representation Models
• Theorem Proving Mechanisms
• Game Playing Methodologies
• Common sense reasoning dealing with uncertainty and decision making
• Learning models, inference techniques, pattern recognition, search and matching etc.
• Logic
• Planning and scheduling
• Natural language understanding
• Computer vision
• Robotics
• Machine translation systems
• Expert problem solving
• Web agents
• Neural Networks, AI tools etc
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 Applications of AI
• AI finds applications in almost all areas for real-life applications.
• Business : Financial strategies, give advice
• Engineering: check design, offer suggestions to create new product
• Manufacturing: Assembly, inspection & maintenance
• Medicine : monitoring, diagnosing & prescribing
• Education : In teaching
• Fraud Detection
• Object Identification,
• Information retrieval

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