INTRODUCTION

TO
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• AI – John Mc Carthy 1956.
• Make Computers to do things.
• Developing Intelligent Computer Programs.
• Classes of AI
– Theorem proving
– Perception
– Robotics
– Natural Language Processing
– Common Sense Reasoning
– Expert Systems
– Game Playing
 Various Definitions of AI
• AI is the automation of activities that we associate with
human thinking, activities such as decision making,
problem solving, learning… …
-Bellman, 1978
• AI is concerned with designing intelligent computer
systems which exhibit the characteristics we associate with
intelligence in human behavior
-Barr and Feignenbaum, 1981
• AI is the exciting new effort to make computers think… …
machines with minds, in the full and literal sense
- Haugeland, 1985
 Various Definitions of AI Cont…
• AI is the study of mental faculties through the use
of computational models
-Charniak McDermott, 1985
• AI is the study of the combinations that make it
possible to perceive, reason and act
-Winston, 1992
 Various Definitions of AI
• AI is the art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence when performed
by people
-Kurzwell, 1990
• AI is the study of how to make computers do
things at which, at the moment, people are better
-Rich and Knight, 1991
 Various Definitions of AI
• A field of study that seeks to explain and
emulate intelligent behavior in terms of
computational processes - Schalkoff, 1990
• The branch of computer science that is
concerned with the automation of intelligent
behavior - Luger and Stubblefield, 1993
 What is AI?
Four Categories of Systemic Definitions
 
1. Think like humans 2. Act like humans
 
3. Think rationally 4. Act rationally
 
• Artificial Intelligence is not an easy science
to describe
• It’s a fuzzy borders with the following
disciplines:
– Mathematics
– Computer science
– Philosophy
– Psychology
– Statistics
– Physics
– Biology and other disciplines
 What is AI?

Views of AI fall into four categories:

Thinking humanly Thinking rationally

Acting humanly Acting rationally
 Acting humanly: Turing Test
• Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence":
• "Can machines think?"  "Can machines behave intelligently?"
• Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game

• Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling

a lay person for 5 minutes
• Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years
• Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language
understanding, learning
•
 Acting humanly: Turing Test
• The computer would need to possess the
following capabilities:
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) – communicate
in English
• Knowledge representation (KR) – store information
either before or during the interrogation
• Automated reasoning – use the stored information to
answer
• Machine Learning – adapt to new environments and
to detect and extrapolate patterns
• Computer vision – perceives object
• Robotics - movement
 Thinking humanly: cognitive
modeling
• If we are going to say that a given program thinks
like a human, we must have some way of
determining how humans think.
– Through introspection - trying to catch our own thoughts
as they go by
– or through psychological experiments
• 1960s "cognitive revolution": information-
processing psychology.
• Cognitive science is a fascinating field which brings
the models of AI and experimental techniques from
psychology to construct precise and testable theories
of the workings of human mind
 Thinking rationally: "laws of
thought"
• Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic:
notation and rules of derivation for thoughts; may or
may not have proceeded to the idea of mechanization
 Acting rationally: rational agent
• Acting rationally means acting so as to
achieve one's goals, given one's beliefs.
• An agent is just something that perceives
and acts.
• In this approach, AI is viewed as the study
and construction of rational agents.
• Rational behavior: doing the right thing
 Rational agents
• An agent is an entity that perceives and acts.

• For each possible percept sequence, does whatever action

is expected to maximize its performance measure on the
basis of evidence perceived so far and built in knowledge.

• Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to

actions:
[f: P*  A]
• For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the
agent (or class of agents) with the best performance

•
 Foundations of AI
• AI itself is a young field, it has inherited many ideas, viewpoints, and
techniques from other disciplines.

• From Philosophy, Logic, methods of reasoning and learning have

emerged

• From Mathematics Formal representation and proof algorithms,

computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability

• From psychology, we have the tools with which to investigate the human
mind, and a scientific language

• From linguistics, we have theories of the structure and meaning of

language.
• Finally, from computer science, we have the tools with which to make AI
a reality.
 Generic Techniques Developed
• Forward/backward chaining (reasoning)
• Resolution theorem proving (reasoning)
• Proof planning (reasoning)
• Constraint satisfaction (reasoning)
• Davis-Putnam method (reasoning)
• Minimax search (games)
• Alpha-Beta pruning (games)
• Case-based reasoning (expert systems)
• Knowledge elicitation (expert systems)
• Neural networks (learning)
• Bayesian methods (learning)
• Explanation based (learning)
• Inductive logic programming (learning)
• Reinforcement (learning)
• Genetic algorithms (learning)
• Genetic programming (learning)
• Strips (planning)
• N-grams (NLP)
• Parsing (NLP)
• Behaviour based (robotics)
• Cell decomposition (robotics)
 Application Areas
• Agriculture • Mathematics
• Architecture • Military
• Art • Music
• Astronomy • Scientific discovery
• Bioinformatics • Story writing
• Email classification • Telecommunications
• Engineering • Telephone services
• Finance • Transportation
• Fraud detection • Tutoring systems
• Information retrieval • Video games
• Law • Web search engines