CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ayush Jaiswal of class XII has

successfully completed his physics project on the topic
: RECTIFIER under the guidance of Mr. Abhay
Sharma (subject teacher) for the session 2023-2024
in partial fulfillment of curriculum of CENTRAL
BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE).

Signature Of Signature Of
Internal Examiner External Examiner

____________________ _____________________

Principal’s Signature

_________________________
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would
not have been possible without the kind support and
help of many individuals. I would like to extend my
sincere thanks to all of them.

I am highly indebted to my physics teacher “Mr.

Abhay Sharma” for their guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary
information regarding the project.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my
school “Ajmani International School”.
I would like to express my special gratitude and
thanks to school authorities for giving me such
attention and time.
 INDEX
RECTIFIER
Half Wave Rectifier Full Wave Rectifier
Introduction Introduction
Working Working
Experiment Experiment
Procedure Procedure
Graph Graph
Application Application
Advantages Merits
Disadvantages Demerits
Precautions Precautions

Comparision
Conclusion
Bibliography
 RECTIFIER

A rectifier simple diode or group of diodes which

converts the Alternating Current (AC) into Direct
Current (DC).

We know that a diode allows electric current in one

direction and blocks electric current in another
direction. We are using this principle to construct
various types of rectifier.

Rectifier are classified into different types based on

the number of diodes used in the circuit or
arrangement of diodes in the circuit. The basic types of
rectifiers are: half wave rectifier and full wave
rectifier.
 HALF
WAVE
RECTIFIER

INTRODUCTION
A half wave rectifier converts an AC signal to DC by
passing either the negative or positive half cycle of the
waveform and blocking the others. Half wave rectifiers
can be easily constructed using only one diode, but are
less efficient than full wave rectifiers.

Since diodes only carry current in one direction, they

can serve as a simple half of an AC current causes
irregularities, so a capacitor is usually used to smooth
out the rectified signal before it can be usuable.

WORKING
The half wave rectifier circuit is made by using a semiconductor
diode (D) with a load resistance RL .The diode is connected in series
with the secondary of the transformer and the load resistance R L .
The primary of the transformer is being connected to the ac supply
mains.

The AC voltage across the secondary winding changes polarities

after every half cycle of input wave. During the positive half-cycles
of the input AC voltage i.e. when upper end of secondary winding is
positive with respect to its lower end, the diode is forward biased
and therefore conducts current. If the forward resistance of the
diode is assumed to be zero (in practice, however, a small resistance
exists) the input voltage during the positive half-cycles is directly
applied to the load resistance RL, making its upper end positive with
respect to its lower end. The waveforms of the output current and
output voltage are of the same shape as that of the input ac voltage.

During the negative half cycles of the input ac voltage i.e. when the
lower end of the secondary winding is positive with respects to its
upper end, the diode is reverse biased and so does not conduct.
Thus, during the negative half cycles of the input ac voltage, the
current through and voltage across the load remains zero. The
reverse current, being very small in magnitude, is neglected. Thus,
for the negative half cycles no power is delivered to the load.

Thus, the output voltage (VL) developed across load resistance R is a

series of positive half cycle of alternating voltage, with intervening
very small constant negative voltage levels, It is obvious from the
figure that the output is not a steady dc, but only o pulsating dc
wave. To make the output wave smooth and useful in a DC power
supply, we have to use a filter across the load. Since only half-cycles
of the input wave are used, it is called a half wave rectifier.

Output of half wave rectifier is not a constant DC voltage. In real life

applications, we need a power supply with smooth wave forms. In
other words, we desire a DC power supply with constant output
voltage. A constant output voltage from the DC power supply is very
important as it directly impacts the reliability of the electronic
device we connect to the power supply.

We can make the output of half wave rectifier smooth by using a

filter (a capacitor filter or an inductor filter) across the diode. In
some case resistor-capacitor coupled filter (RC) is also used.

EXPERIMENT
 MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT USING HALFWAVE RECTIFIER

AIM

To determine the current by measuring voltage and resistance using

Halfwave Rectifier.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

 Diode
 Capacitor(50v)
 Voltmeter
 Resistance box
 Ac supply
 Wires for connection

PROCEDURE
 i. Take an AC supply and connect it to switch.

ii. Connect the terminal part of the AC to the part of the diode
using wire.

iii. Now connect the other part of the AC terminal to the capacitor.

iv. Connect the n-part of the diode to the capacitor.

v. Connect the both ends of a capacitor to the resistance box.

vi. Place a connection between voltmeter and resistance box by

joining the terminals of voltmeter.

vii. Now power on the switch and find out the resultant voltage by
changing the resistance box.

viii. Calculate the current by measuring the mean voltage and

resistance using ohm’s law.

APPLICATION
In day-to-day life, the half-wave rectifier is mostly used in low
power applications because of its major disadvantage being the
output amplitude which is less than the input amplitude. Thus,
power is wasted and output is pulsated DC resulting in excessive
ripple.

Some of the uses and applications of rectifiers are in:

 Applications

 Used with transformers

 Soldering

 AM radio

 Pulse generated circuits

 Single demodulation

 Voltage multiplier

ADVANTAGES OF HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

  Simple circuit with a smaller number of components.

 Economical at initial state. Although there is a higher cost over

time due to more power losses.

DISADVANTAGES OF HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

 Converts only one cycle of the sinusoidal input given to it and

the other cycle gets wasted. Thus, giving more power loss.

 HWR produces lower output voltage.

 The output current thus obtained is not purely DC and it still

contains a lot of ripple (i.e. it has a high ripple factor).

PRECAUTIONS
 Do not switch on the circuit before checking whether it is
correct or not.

 The connection between voltmeter and resistance box should

be made correctly.

 Connect all the wires properly. Loose connection may end up

in failure of circuit.

 Capacitor of less volt may be connected to the diode.

 Diode should be connected in forward bias.

 FULL
WAVE
RECTIFIER
 INTRODUCTION
A full wave rectifier is a device which is used to rectify
all the alternating current components in an
alternating supply and make it purely a direct current.
The two alternating halves of an alternation current
are rectified. Most electronic devices cannot withstand
very high voltage or alternating current due to its
intense high power. The use of batteries in all devices
is not practical as their replacement and durability is a
huge problem as the devices has to be dismantled each
time for such a replacement. So, these rectifiers are
used in most of the electronic devices like TV’s, Radios,
Chargers, Lightings, etc.
 WORKING

1st when the A.C. is supplied to the transformer, it steps down the
230V main supply to 6 volts. It has a capability of delivering a
current of 500mA. The 6 volts AC appearing across the secondary is
the RMS value and the peak value is 8.4 volts. During the 1st half
cycle of the AC input diode D1 is forward biased and a current ‘I’
flows in the circuit in the direction S1D1 ABEOS1. During this time
diode D2 is reverse biased. So, it does not conduct any electric
current. During the next half cycle, the diode D2 is forward and D1 is
reversed. Hence D2 conducts current in the direction S2D2 ABEOS2
and D1 does not conduct any current. In subsequent half cycles of
the AC current the above processes are repeated.
In both the half cycles it is clear that current flows through the
resistor in only one direction ABE. Even though the voltage across
RL is unidirectional it will still contain a few AC components. This is
filtered and made smooth using a capacitor, which filters 99% of the
AC current. A resistor is the used to adjust the output voltage.
Capacitor also nearly filters all AC components from the supply and
resistance is adjusted for the required output. As this is a simple
circuit, only one capacitor and a resistance are being used. But there
will be slight factor of AC current still left in the output but it is
negligible. The output DC and voltage light up the LED.
GRAPHS
 EXPERIMENT
MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT USING FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

AIM
To determine a full wave rectifier and show that Alternating Current
is rectified into a Direct Current.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
 Connecting wires and a plug
 P-N junction diodes
 Single lead wire – 2m
 3 nuts & bolts 2 to 3cm length
 Circuit board and a LED
 A Transformer and a resistor
 A capacitor
 Insulation tape, Blades, soldering wax, soldering lead,
soldering iron & sand paper.
GRAPHS
 PROCEDURE

i. Connect the circuit.

ii. Give the input signal as specified.

iii. Switch on the power supply.

iv. Note down the value of AC and DC voltages from

the CRO.

v. Draw the necessary waveforms on the graph sheet.

 APPLICATION

 Because of their low cost compared to centre

tapped, they are widely used in power supply
circuit.

 This can be used to detect the amplitude of

modulated radio signal.

 Bridge rectifiers can be used to supply

polarized voltage in wielding.

 In daily life, rectifier find use in mobile

chargers.

 These rectifiers used in most of the electronic

devices like TV’s, Radios, Chargers, Lightings,
etc.
 MERITES
 The rectification efficiency of full wave rectifier is
double of that of a half wave rectifier.

 The ripple voltage is low and of higher frequency in

case of a full wave rectifier so simple filtering circuit is
required.

 Higher output voltage higher output power and higher

TUF in case of a full wave rectifier.

 In a full wave rectifier, there is no problem due to DC

saturation of the core because the DC currents in the
two halve of the transformer secondary flow in
opposite direction.

DEMERITS
 Full wave rectifier needs more circuit elements and is
costlier.
 PRECAUTIONS

Connection should be verified before clicking

run button.

 The resistance to be chosen should be in ohm

range.

Best performance is being obtained within

50Hz to 1Mhz.
COMPARISION BETWEEN HALF WAVE
RECTIFIER & FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

S. Parameter Types of rectifier

No. Half wave Full wave
1. Number of diode 1 2
2. VDC Vm/ π 2Vm/ π
3. Peak inverse voltage Vm 2Vm
4. Ripple factor 1.12 0.48
5. Rectifier efficiency 40.6% 81.2%
6. Transformer 0.287 0.693
utilization factor
7. Form factor 1.57 1.11
 CONCLUSION

 A half wave rectifier is rarely used in practice. It is

never preferred as the power supply of an audio
circuit because of the very high ripple factor. High
ripple factor will result in noises in input audio
signal, which in turn will affect audio quality.

 In full wave rectifier circuit when capacitor filter

is used then it reduce the current ripple in the
output of the rectifier which is not seen in the full
wave rectifier circuit without circuit.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

I AYUSH JAISWAL of class XII. I have done this

project with the help of my subject teacher and
friends. I also taken the help of internet and my
text book.
I used:-
Name of sites-
www.wikipedia.com
www.youtube.com
Name of text books-
 SL Arora
 Class XII NCERT text book
For finalizing this project

THANK YOU!