Kendriya vidyalaya no.

3
air force station
chaKeri Kanpur
 taBle of contents

 Certificate
 Declaration
 Acknowledgement
 Aim of Project
 Introduction
 Theory
 Experiment
 Apparatus Required
 Procedure
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
 Precautions
 certificate

This is to certify that KUSHAGRA SINGH student of

class XII (Sci.) has successfully prepared the report
on the Project entitled
Under the guidance of
Mr. Praveen Sir
The report is the result of his efforts and
endeavour.The report is found worthy of
acceptance as final Project report for the subject
Physics of class XII(Sci.)

Signature of Physics Teacher Signature of External Examiner

Signature of principal
declaration

I hereby declare that the project work

entitled Electromagnetic Induction
Submitted to Department of Physics
Kendriya Vidyalaya
No.3 ,Airforce ,Chakeri Kanpur is
prepared by me.

Kushagra Singh
Class XII(Science)
acKnoWledGeMent

I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and

gratitude to my project guide Mr. Praveen sir for
guiding me immensely through the course of the
project. He always envinced keen interest in my
project. His constructive advice & constant
motivation has been responsible for the successful
completion of this project.

My sincere thank goes to our principal sir for his

co-ordination in extending every possible support
for the completion of this project.

I must thank my classmates for their timely help

and support for completion of this project.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank all

those who had helped directly or indirectly
towards the completion of this project.
 introduction

A rectifier is a simple diode or a group of diodes

which converts the Alternating Current (AC) into
Direct Current (DC).

We know that a diode allows electric current in

one direction and blocks electric current in
another direction. We are using this principle to
construct various types of rectifiers.

Rectifiers are classified into different types based

on the number of diodes used in the circuit or
arrangement of diodes in the circuit. The basic
types of rectifiers are:
 half wave rectifier and
 full wave rectifier.
A half wave rectifier is a type of rectifier which
converts the positive half cycle (positive current)
of the input signal into pulsating DC (Direct
Current) output signal. The half wave rectifier is
the simplest form of the rectifier. We use only a
single diode to construct the half wave rectifier.

The half wave rectifier is made up of an AC source,

transformer (step-down), diode, and resistor
(load). The diode is placed between the
transformer and resistor (load).
 theory

The half-wave rectifier circuit is made by using a

semiconductor diode (D) with a load resistance RL.
The diode is connected in series with the
secondary of the transformer and the load
resistance RL. The primary of the transformer is
being connected to the ac supply mains.

The ac voltage across the secondary winding

changes polarities after every half cycle of input
wave. During the positive half-cycles of the input
ac voltage i.e. when upper end of the secondary
winding is positive w.r.t. its lower end, the diode is
forward biased and therefore conducts current. If
the forward resistance of the diode is assumed to
be zero (in practice, however, a small resistance
exists) the input voltage during the positive half-
cycles is directly applied to the load resistance RL,
making its upper end positive w.r.t. its lower end.
The waveforms of the output current and output
voltage are of the same shape as that of the input
ac voltage.

During the negative half cycles of the input ac

voltage i.e. when the lower end of the secondary
winding is positive w.r.t. its upper end, the diode is
reverse biased and so does not conduct. Thus
during the negative half cycles of the input ac
voltage, the current through and voltage across
the load remains. zero. The reverse current, being
very small in magnitude, is neglected. Thus for the
negative half cycles no power is delivered to the
load.

Thus the output voltage (VL) developed across

load resistance R is a series of positive half cycles
of alternating voltage, with intervening very small
constant negative voltage levels, It is obvious from
the figure that the output is not a steady dc, but
only a pulsating dc wave. To make the output
wave smooth and useful in a DC power supply, we
have to use a filter across the load. Since only half-
cycles of the input wave are used, it is called a half
wave rectifier.
Output of half wave rectifier is not a constant DC
voltage. In real life applications, we need a power
supply with smooth wave forms. In other words,
we desire a DC power supply with constant output
voltage. A constant output voltage from the DC
power supply is very important as it directly
impacts the reliability of the electronic device we
connect to the power supply.
We can make the output of half wave rectifier
smooth by using a filter (a capacitor filter or an
inductor filter) across the diode. In some cases an
resistor-capacitor coupled filter (RC) is also used.
 eXperiMent

MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT USING

HALFWAVE RECTFIER

aiM:- To determine the current by measuring

voltage and resistance using Halfwave Rectifier.

Materials reQuired:-

• Diode

• Capacitor(50v)
• Voltmeter
• Resistance box
• Ac supply
• Wires for connection
procedure:-

i. Take an AC Supply and connect it to

switch.
ii. Connect the terminal part of the AC to the
part of the diode using wire.
iii. Now Connect the other part of the AC
terminal to the Capacitor.
iv. Connect the n-part of the diode to the
capacitor.
v. Connect the both ends of a capacitor to
the resistance box.
vi. Place a connection between voltmeter
and resistance box by joining the terminals of
voltmeter.
vii. Now power on the switch and find out the
resultant voltage by changing the resistance
box.
viii. Calculate the current by measuring the
mean voltage and resistance using ohm's law.
calculations:-

Mean v= 0.7+1.1+1.4+1.6+1.8
5

= 1.32 v

Mean R = 1+2+3+4+5
5

= 3 ohm

Current I = Mean V/ Mean R

= 1.32/3

= 0.264 Ampere.
result:-
The average current produced by the halfwave
rectifier = 0.264 Ampere.

conclusion

A half wave rectifier is rarely used in practice. It is

never preferred as the power supply of an audio
circuit because of the very high ripple factor. High
ripple factor will result in noises in input audio
signal, which in turn will affect audio quality.

Advantage of a half wave rectifier is only that its

cheap, simple and easy to construct. It is cheap
because of the low number of components
involved. Simple because of the straight
forwardness in circuit design.

Measuring the mean current flow helps us to

understand the amount of AC current passed
through the circuit.
 BiBiloGraphy

 http://www.physics-and-radio-
electronics.com/electronic-devices-and-
circuits/rectifier/halfwaverectifier.html
 http://www.electronics-
tutorials.ws/diode/diode_5.html
 http://www.circuitstoday.com/half-wave-
rectifiers
 GOOGLE IMAGES
 www.wikipedia.com
 NCERT Physics book
 Comprehensive Lab Manual
precautions:-

 DO NOT SWITCH ON THE CIRCUIT BEFORE

CHECKING WHETHER IT IS CORRECT OR NOT

 THE CONNECTION BETWEEN VOLTMETER AND

RESISTANCE BOX SHOULD BE MADE
CORRECTLY.

 CONNECT ALL THE WIRES PROPERLY. LOOSE

CONNECTION MAY END UP IN FAILURE OF
CIRCUIT.

 CAPACITOR OF LESS VOLT MAY BE CONNECTED

TO THE DIODE.
sources of error:-

 The p and n parts of the diode may be

changed.

 The wire connection may be loose.