শিক্ষা শিয়ে গড়য় ো দেি তথ্য-প্রযুশির োাংলোয়েি

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Digital University, Bangladesh

LAB REPORT:01
COURSE NO - IRE 105

Electronics Devices and Applications

SUBMITTED BY
Name- Koushik Biswas, Kishor Kumar Bormon
ID:2101029,2101045
Department of IRE
Session :2021-2022
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Digital
University, Bangladesh

SUBMITTED TO
Sadia Enam
Lecturer
Department of IRE, BDU
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Digital
University, Bangladesh

Date of Submission: 30, January, 2024

LAB INTRODUCTION

Experiment 01:

Experiment Name: Study and Observation of Half Wave Rectifier.

Half-Wave Rectifier:
A half-wave rectifier is a circuit that converts an AC input voltage into a pulsating DC output voltage
by allowing only one half of the input waveform to pass through. It is commonly used in power
supply circuits.

OBJECTIVE:

 Understanding Rectification: To comprehend the concept of rectification and its significance in converting
alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).
 Analysis of Half-Wave Rectification: To investigate the operation of a half-wave rectifier and understand
how it allows only one half-cycle of the AC signal to pass through.
 Observation of Input and Output Waveforms: To observe and compare the input AC waveform with the
rectified output DC waveform to understand the process of half-wave rectification.
 Measurement of DC Voltage: To measure the average and peak values of the rectified DC voltage and
compare them with the corresponding AC values to understand the effect of rectification.

Software Tool:

 Proteus 8

Theory:

A rectifier is a crucial component in electronics that transforms alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). This
process is essential for powering electronic devices, as many of them operate on DC power. One of the simplest
rectifier circuits is the half-wave rectifier, which allows only one half-cycle of the AC waveform to pass through,
resulting in a unidirectional flow of current.
Half-Wave Rectification:

The half-wave rectifier consists of a diode connected in series with a load resistor. During the positive half-cycle of
the AC input voltage, the diode conducts, allowing current to flow through the circuit. However, during the negative
half-cycle, the diode becomes reverse-biased, preventing current flow. As a result, only the positive half of the AC
waveform is transmitted to the load resistor, resulting in a pulsating DC output.

Operation of the Half-Wave Rectifier:

Positive Half-Cycle:

During the positive half-cycle of the AC input, the diode is forward-biased, allowing current to flow through the
circuit.

The current flows through the load resistor, producing a positive voltage across it.

Negative Half-Cycle:

During the negative half-cycle, the diode becomes reverse-biased, blocking the current flow.

As a result, no voltage appears across the load resistor during this half-cycle.

Output Waveform and Ripple:

The output waveform of the half-wave rectifier is characterized by a series of half-cycles with gaps during the
negative half-cycles. The DC output voltage is not constant but pulsates. The gaps between the half-cycles result in a
non-smooth DC waveform, referred to as ripple. The ripple factor is a measure of the smoothness of the DC output
and is influenced by various factors such as load resistance and input frequency.

Efficiency:

The efficiency of the half-wave rectifier is determined by the ratio of DC power delivered to the load resistor to the
maximum AC power supplied to the circuit. Efficiency can be affected by factors such as diode characteristics, load
resistance, and transformer characteristics.

Diode Characteristics:

Understanding the forward-bias and reverse-bias characteristics of the diode is crucial. During forward bias, the
diode allows current to flow, while during reverse bias, it acts as an open circuit. The practical characteristics of the
diode, including the voltage drop across it during conduction, impact the performance of the rectifier.

Required apparatus:
 Diode
 Resistor
 Alternator
 Oscilloscope
Circuit Diagram:

Output:
Discussion:
1. Input Voltage: In a half-wave rectifier, the input voltage is typically an AC waveform. Given that the
input voltage in your experiment is 6 volts, this could represent the peak value of the AC waveform.
In a simple scenario, you might have a sine wave as the input. However, it's important to note that
the effective or RMS (Root Mean Square) value of the AC waveform is more commonly used for
calculations. For a sinusoidal waveform, the RMS value is related to the peak value by the formula:
 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆=𝑉𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 /√2
So, if 𝑉𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘=6 volts, the RMS value of the input AC waveform would be 6 √2

2. Output Voltage: The output voltage in a half-wave rectifier will be a pulsating DC waveform. The peak
value of the DC waveform would ideally be the same as the peak value of the positive halfcycle of
the AC waveform. However, due to factors like diode forward voltage drop, the output voltage will
be slightly lower.
 𝑉(dc)=𝑣𝑚/ 𝜋
Additionally, you can calculate the ripple voltage, which is the AC component present in the DC output. The
ripple voltage can be determined as:

 𝑉(𝑅𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒)=𝑉(𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘)−𝑉(dc)
3. Time Phase: In a half-wave rectifier, the diode conducts only during one half-cycle of the AC
waveform. This results in a time delay or phase shift in the output waveform. The time phase can be
calculated using the formula:
 Time Phase=(𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 /360°) ×(Time Period)

Input:
Input peak_voltage =6.0 V.
Input lower_voltage = -6.0 V.
Time t= 1.47 ms.
t/2 = 725.00 micro second.

Output:
output peak_voltage =3.75 V.
output lower_voltage = -1.63 V.
Time t= 1.00 ms.
t/2 = 500.00 micro second.

Voltage drop:
(input-output)= 6-3.75=2.25V