CARTILAGE AND

BONE

Reporters:
Torayno, Maria Jesu
 The adult human skeleton
consist of 206 bones.
Cartilage and bone tissues are special
types of dense regular connective tissue.

However, cartilage and bone differ from dense

regular connective tissue since their cells called
Chondrocytes and Osteocytes, respectively, are
inside the cavities called Lacunae.

Their Intercellular substance (matrix) is also

firmer or harder.
CARTILAGE ( GRISTLE)
Three Types of Cartilage

• Hyaline
• Elastic &
• Fibrous
 HYALINE CARTILAGE
• It is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body.
• It is glistering, smooth, and pearly white in fresh specimens.
• Hyaline cartilage forms the bulk of the Skeleton of the
fetus in-utero.
Chondrocyte (Cartilage Cell)
A chondrocyte fills the lacunae where it resides, a vary in shape
and size.
Young chondrocyte are elliptical in shape with long axes parallel to
the cartilage surface.
Matured chondrocytes become a larger and rounded.
• The Cytoplasm of chondrocytes is finely granular and
basophil.
• The Nucleus of chondrocyte is ovoid.
When young chondrocyte mitose, the daughter cells called
isogenous cells.
Cartilage Matrix- consist of an amorphous ground substance where
extracellular fibers are embedded.
Ground Substance
- Apart from water which accounts for 70% to 80% of the wet weight
of the tissue, the ground substance of hyaline cartilage is mostly
made of Proteoglycans.

The Intercellular substance that immediately surrounds a lacuna is

particularly rich in GAGs (Glycosaminoglycans). This area is more
basophilic than the rest of matrix which may be as much as 50 um in
thickness, as a capsule of the chondrocytes called Territorial matrix.
Interterritorial matrix- the area between the territorial matrices.
Pericellular capsule- the innermost (1-3 um)layer of the territorial
matrix resembles a basal lamina. Its probably protects the chondrocyte
against mechanical stress.
The ground substance also contains some non-collagenic proteins and
glycoproteins notably chondronectin.
Chondronectin- is a fibronectin like substance that promotes the
adherence of collagen fibers to the cell surface of the chondrocyte.
Extracellular fibers in hyaline cartilage are type ll collagen fibers.
 ELASTIC CARTILAGE
• Is more flexible than hyaline cartilage and yellowish in fresh
specimens.
• It is present in the auricle and external acoustic meatus of the
ear, auditory tube, epiglottis, and some other parts of the larynx.
FIBROUS CARTILAGE
• Can withstand greater stress than hyaline or elastic cartilage
• It is white in fresh specimens
• It is the cartilage type that make up the intervertebral disc,
articular disc, glenoid & acetabular labra.
• Fibrous cartilage can also be found in surface layer of tendons &
ligaments that are pressed on by bone.
Perichondrium
• A dense layer of fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of
most of the cartilage in the body.
• Consist of outer layer (fibrous layer) that blends with the surrounding
tissue, & an inner, more cellular layer (chondrogenic layer) that
adheres to the cartilage.

Osteoprogenitor cells
• The cells of the chondrogenic layer apposed to the surface of the
cartilage are stem cells which can transform into chondroblast under
the right conditions.
Chondroblast
• Are cells that synthesize the precursors of the extracellular fibers &
the other organic constituents of cartilage matrix.
• When they get surrounded by the matrix they secreted, they acquire
lacunae and transform into Chondrocytes.
Second Reporter:
Gomonod, Marivel
 The bones that comprise the bulk of the adult
BONES skeleton form a rigid framework for the body,
protect vital organs.

Types of Bones According to Shapes

• Long Bones
• Short Bones
• Flat Bones
• Irregular Bones &
• Sesamoid Bones
Long Bones - are confined to the extremities.
• A typical long bone is tubular and consists of a body or shaft & two ends
(proximal & distal epiphyses).
Short Bones
• Are cuboidal & are confined to the wrist and ankle
Flat Bones
• Are typified by the sternum, scapulae, & many bones of the skull.
Irregular Bones
• Include the vertebrae, hip bones, & the bones of the skull that are not flat.
Sesamoid Bones- are those develop in tendons that rub bony surfaces.
• Aside from the patella or knee cap which is rather large, most sesamoid
bones are in the form of unnamed small nodules
 Forms of Bone Tissue
Two forms of bone tissue
• Compact (cortical, dense) – is like a solid mass
• Spongy (cancellous)- has numerous spaces or cavities.

In terms of volume, there is more spongy bone than compact bone in the
body.
In terms of mass
• Spongy bone accounts for only 20% to 25% of the body’s total skeletal
mass
• Compact bone accounts for 75 % to 80%.
Periosteum- consist of an outer layer (fibrous layer) that blends with
the surrounding tissue, & an inner that adheres to the bone.
The cells of the osteogenic layer about the surface of the bone are
osteoprogenitor cells.
Sharpey’s fiber- the collagen fibers from the periosteum get trapped
within the bone matrix & form distinct structural entities, which can be
seen in light microscopic preparation.
Endosteum- lines all the medullary, marrow, & vascular cavities of
bones.
• It is considerably thinner than periosteum & often consist simply of
a single layer of osteoprogenitor cells.
Architecture of Spongy Bone
- it consist of numerous small interconnecting bone fragments
(spicules trabeculae) that form the framework of a very complex of
spaces ( bone marrow cavities).

- In spongy bone, the osteocytes derive nutrients & oxygen directly

or indirectly from the blood vessels in the bone marrow. Those
closest to the marrow cavity obtain nutrients & oxygen directly from
the blood vessels in the bone marrow.
Architecture of Compact Bone
• In compact bone , instead of forming spicules, the lamellae are organized
& arranged in any of three ways:
- Haversian systems
- Interstitial lamellae
- - Circumferential lamellae

- Haversian system or osteons make up the bulk compact bones.

• Consist of several bone lamellae together with their associated lacunae &
osteocytes.
The Haversian canals of neighboring haversian system are connected to each
other by transverse channel called Volkman’s canals.
Bone matrix- like cartilage matrix, consists of an amorphous ground
substance where extracellular fibers are embedded.

Ground Substance of Bone- consists mainly of water, but its structural

components are made up of inorganic minerals and some organic substance.
The inorganic minerals account for about two-thirds of the dry weight of
bone while the organic constituents account for the remaining third.

Extracellular Fibers in Bone- make up about 90% of the organic content

of bone matrix, are mostly type I collagen fibers. They are so abundant that
they render bone matrix acidophilic despite the presence of GAGs.
CELLS OF BONES

Four types of cells are present in bone:

• Osteoprogenitor cells- are fusiform cells
• Osteoblasts- responsible for the synthesis of the precursors of
collagen fibers as well the other organic constituents.
• Osteocytes – cells that occupy the lacunae in bone tissue.
• Osteoclast- are large multinucleated cells seen on surfaces of bone
where resorption is taking place.
Cartilage Formation ( Chondrogenesis)
• The cartilage formation starts from the center of chondrification and
proceeds outwards. Thus, in a developing cartilage, mature chondrocytes
occupy the central area while young chondrocytes and chondroblasts
occupy the periphery. Hence, from the center to the periphery, the cells
become progressively smaller.
Growth of Cartilage
- Growth cartilage is achieved by two mechanism:
• Interstitial growth
• Appositional growth
Interstitial Growth (Endogenous Growth)
• Expands the cartilage from within
• It is heralded by the mitosis of young chondrocytes.
• Is responsible not merely from the growth of cartilage from within, but
also for the growth in length of long bones.

Appositional Growth (Exogenous Growth)

• It is a function of the perichondrium. It occurs when the osteoprogenitor
cells in the perichondrium multiply and differentiate into chondroblasts.
BONE FORMATION (OSTEOGENESIS; OSSIFICATION)

Bone formation that occurs in areas occupied by mesenchyme is called

Intramembranous ossification.

Intramembranous Ossification
• A type of ossification that produces most of the flat bones of the skull
(e.g., parietal & occipital bones)
Endochondral Ossification
• It involves replacement of a hyaline cartilage model with bone
• It forms most of the bones of the limbs, pelvis, & vertebral column.
Bone Growth
• Bone can grow only by Appositional method because its rigid
intercellular substance does not allow for interstitial growth or
expansion of the tissue from within.

Growth Length of Bone

• They are incapable of interstitial growth, Long bone can grow in
length, at least until the individuals is 20 years old or so, because of
the presence of the epiphyseal plates.
Epiphyseal Plate
• The growth plate, also known as the epiphyseal plate is a thin layer of
cartilage that lies between the epiphyses and metaphyses, and is where
the growth of long bones takes place.
A longitudinal section through the epiphyseal plate reveals several
successive areas (zones) that mirror the stages of endochondral
ossification.
Zones
• Zone of resting cartilage cells
• Zone of proliferation
• Zone of maturation or hypertrophy
• Zone of calcification
• Zone of ossification
Zone of resting cartilage cells- anchors the epiphyseal plate
to the epiphysis.
Zone of proliferation- is where interstitial growth occurs
Zone of maturation or hypertrophy- it consist of large cells
and lacunae
Zone of calcification- is a very thin region. It is only a few
cells thick.
Zone of ossification- is the place where bone is deposited
through actions of the osteoblasts that have attached
themselves to the cartilage remnants.
Growth in Width of Bone- is a function of the periosteum.
• Growing individuals, cortical bone is continually added to the surface of
a long bone to ensure that every increase in the bone length is associated
with a proportionate increase width or diameter.

Bone Remodeling- a very dynamic tissue that constantly undergoes two

forms of remodeling: External and Internal

External Remodeling- refers to the changes that occurs to the shape of a

bone in response to external factors that affect it.
Internal Remodeling- refers to the never ending cycle of resorption &
formation of haversian systems.
Nutritional Effects on Bone
• Intake of nutrients important to bone increases the risk for bone
loss and subsequent osteoporosis.

Endocrine Effects on Bone

• The skeleton produces hormones to regulate skeletal development
and remodeling and cooperates with other endocrine organs to
control the homeostasis of phosphate and calcium metabolism
and thereby maintaining energy balance, which indicates that bone
is a strongly selected survival.
THANK YOU & GOD BLESS