CC442: Digital Logic Design

and Introduction to
Microprocessor
Dr. Hesham H. Aly
Lecture: 1
1
Course Content
• Introduction to digital concepts.
• Number systems, operations, and codes.
• Logic gates.
• Boolean algebra and logic simplification
• Functions of combinational logic.
• Decoders, encoders, MUX, DMUX
• Flip-Flops and related devices / applications
• Counters.
• Shift registers.
• Introduction to Microprocessor

2
Grading System
• 7th week:
• 15 marks: Assignments and exams for Lectures
• 8 marks: Assignments for Tutorial
• 7 marks: Assignments for Lab
• 12th week:
• 10 marks: Assignments and exams for Lectures
• 5 marks: Assignments for Tutorial
• 5 marks: Assignments for Lab
• Pre-Final: 10 Marks – Project
• Final: 40 Marks for Exam

3
References for Students
• Floyd, Thomas L. Digital fundamentals: A systems approach. Pearson
Education Limited, 2014.
• Lectures and Tutorial Notes
• Internet

4
Software/Programing Languages required for
this course
• C Language
• Arduino Language (C/C++)
• Multisim live or Multisim Student version (Pspice_Circuit Simulator)
or LTSpice

5
Content
• Introduction

• Number System (part:1)

6
Introduction

7
Introduction
• Electric/Electronic circuits components and structure
• We can consider that circuit design is like the LEGO game. Each Brick is a
device or component. We use them to design a system to do a function. It is
fun.

8
Introduction

9
Introduction

10
Introduction
• Mohamed Mohamed Atalla (August 4, 1924 – December 30,
2009). He was a semiconductor pioneer who made important
contributions to modern electronics. His invention of the
MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect
transistor, or MOS transistor) in 1959, along with his earlier
surface passivation and thermal oxidation processes,
revolutionized the electronics industry.
• He is also known as the founder of the data security
company Atalla Corporation (now Utimaco Atalla), founded
in 1972.
• He received the Stuart Ballantine Medal (now the Benjamin
Franklin Medal in physics)
Source (Wikipedia)

11
Introduction
• Semiconductor fabrication revolution (IC fabrication)

12
Introduction
• Semiconductor fabrication revolution (IC fabrication)

13
Introduction
• Semiconductor fabrication revolution (IC fabrication)

14
Introduction
• Semiconductors and the new
applications
• Examples:
• Audio Amplifier (Analog)

• Rf transmitter and Receiver (Analog

and Digital)

• Electronic Switch using transistor

(Digital)

15
 Introduction
• Most natural quantities that we see Temperature
(°F)

are analog and vary continuously. 100

95
90
85

• Digital systems can process, store, and 80

75

transmit data more efficiently but can 70

Time of day

only assign discrete values to each 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

A .M . P.M .

point

16
Introduction
• Digital Signal Processor
• Logic Gates
• Microcontroller
• Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)
• Digital Signal Processor (DSPP)
• Microprocessor
• …………………………..

17
Introduction

18
Introduction
• Analog and Digital systems

CD drive

10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves

19
Introduction
• Binary Digits and Logic Levels
Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which
are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH
and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary
system.
VH(max)
In binary, a single number is HIGH
called a bit (for binary digit). A VH(min)

bit can have the value of either Invalid

VL(max)
a 0 or a 1, depending on if the
voltage is HIGH or LOW. LOW
VL(min)

20
Introduction
• Digital Waveforms
• Waveform: is a graph that present a signal in time domain.

HIGH HIGH
Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or
leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge

LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

21
Introduction
• Digital Waveform
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude tW
50%
Pulse width

10%
Ringing

Base line Undershoot

tr tf
Rise time Fall time

22
Introduction
• Digital Waveform

23
Introduction
• Digital Waveform
Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats
in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate
it repeats and is measured in hertz.

1
f  T
1
T f

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a

periodic wave.
24
Introduction
• Digital Waveform
In addition to frequency and
period, repetitive pulse
waveforms are described by the Volts
amplitude (A), pulse width (tW)
and duty cycle. Duty cycle is
the ratio of tW to T. Pulse
Amplitude width
(A) (tW)
Time
Period,
T

25
Introduction
• Timing Diagram
• A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between two or more
digital waveforms

Clock

26
Number system

27
Number System
• Decimal Numbers
• The position of each digit in a weighted number system is assigned a weight
based on the base or radix of the system. The radix of decimal numbers is ten,
because only ten symbols (0 through 9) are used to represent any number.

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Number System

The column weights of decimal numbers are powers of

ten that increase from right to left beginning with 100 =1:
…105 104 103 102 101 100.
For fractional decimal numbers, the column
weights are negative powers of ten that decrease
from left to right:

102 101 100. 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4

…
29
Number System
• Decimal numbers can be expressed as the sum of the products (SOP)
of each digit times the column value for that digit. Thus, the number
9240 can be expressed as

(9 x 103) + (2 x 102) + (4 x 101) + (0 x 10)

or
9 x 1,000 + 2 x 100 + 4 x 10 + 0 x 1

30
Number System
• Binary Numbers
• For digital systems, the binary number system is used. Binary has a radix of
two and uses the digits 0 and 1 to represent quantities.

31
 Decimal Binary
Number Number
Binary Numbers 0 0000
1 0001
A binary counting sequence for numbers from zero to 2 0010
fifteen is shown. 3 0011
4 0100
Notice the pattern of zeros and ones in each 5 0101
column.
6 0110
Digital counters frequently have this same pattern of 7 0111
digits: 8 1000
9 1001
Counter 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Decoder
10 1010
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
11 1011
12 1100
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
13 1101
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
14 1110
15 1111

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Number System
• Binary Conversion
• Binary to Decimal:
• The decimal equivalent of a binary number can be determined by adding the column
values of all of the bits that are 1 and discarding all of the bits that are 0.

Example: Convert the binary number 100101.01 to decimal.

Solution: Start by writing the column weights; then add the weights
that correspond to each 1 in the number.

25 24 23 22 21 20. 2-1 2-2

32 16 8 4 2 1 . ½ ¼
1 0 0 1 0 1. 0 1
32 +4 +1 +¼ =
33
Number System
• Binary Conversion
• From Decimal to Binary
• You can convert a decimal whole number to binary by reversing the procedure in the
previous slide. Write the decimal weight of each column and place 1’s in the columns that
sum to the decimal
• number
Example: Convert the decimal number 49 to binary.
Solution: The column weights double in each position to the right. Write down column weights until
the last number is larger than the one you want to convert.

26 25 24 23 22 21 20.
64 32 16 8 4 2 1.
0 1 1 0 0 0 1.
34
Number System
• Binary Conversion
• From Decimal to Binary

You can convert a decimal fraction to binary by repeatedly multiplying the fractional results of successive
multiplications by 2. The carries form the binary number.
Example: Convert the decimal fraction 0.188 to binary by repeatedly multiplying the fractional
results by 2.
0.188 x 2 = 0.376 carry = 0 MSB
0.376 x 2 = 0.752 carry = 0
0.752 x 2 = 1.504 carry = 1
0.504 x 2 = 1.008 carry = 1
0.008 x 2 = 0.016 carry = 0
Answer = .00110 (for five significant digits)
35
Number System
• Binary Conversion
• From Decimal to Binary
• Method 3:
• You can convert decimal to any other base by repeatedly dividing by the base.

Example: Convert the decimal number 49 to binary

Answer: 1 1 0 0 0 1 remainder
0 1 3 6 12 24 49 2
Continue until the Decimal
Quotient base
last quotient is 0 number

36
 Assignment
• Write a program in C language to convert binary to decimal and the
opposite by using several methods as shown in this lecture.

37
38
Reference
• Floyd, Thomas L. Digital fundamentals: A systems approach. Pearson
Education Limited, 2014.
• Lectures Slides for Floyd, Thomas L. Digital fundamentals: A systems
approach. Pearson Education Limited, 2014.

39