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Contents
1.0 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................................................... 6

1.1 PROJECT INFORMATION ............................................................................................................................. 6

2.0 METEROLOGICAL DATA .............................................................................................................................. 6

2.1 SITE LOCATION ........................................................................................................................................... 6

2.2 PLANT ELEVATION ...................................................................................................................................... 6

2.3 WIND CONDITION ........................................................................................................................................7

2.4 DRAINAGE ................................................................................................................................................... 7

2.5 EARTHQUAKE ZONE .................................................................................................................................... 7

2.6 ALTITUDE ..................................................................................................................................................... 7

2.7 TEMPERATURE .............................................................................................................................................8

2.8 RAINFALL DATA ........................................................................................................................................... 8

2.9 GROUND WATER TABLE .............................................................................................................................. 8

2.10 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY REPORT – DOCUMENT ............................................................................………8

2.11 GEOTECHNICAL REPORT - DOCUMENT .................................................................…................................. 8

3.0 SCOPE OF WORK ......................................................................................................................................... 8

4.0 DESCRIPTION OF BUILDINGS & OTHER FACILITIES ......................................................................................9

4.1 CONTROL ROOM BUILDING ........................................................................................................................ 9

4.2 STAFF QUARTERS BUILDING ...................................................................................................................... 9

4.3 FIRE FIGHTING PUMP HOUSE WITH WATER TANK ................................................................................. 9

4.4 SECURITY ROOM ...................................................................................................................................... 10

4.5 SWITCH YARD FOUNDATIONS .............................................................................................................. 10

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4.6 OUTDOOR FACILITIES ............................................................................................................................. 10

4.7.1 ROADS ..................................................................................................................................................10

4.7.2 STORM WATER DRAINAGE .................................................................................................................. 10

4.7.3 SEWAGE SYSTEM INCLUDING SEPTIC TANKS ..................................................................................... 10

4.7.4 SWITCH YARD FENCING AND GATE .................................................................................................... 11

4.7.5 CABLE TRENCH AND CULVERT............................................................................................................ 11

5.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.................................................................................................................... 11

5.1 RCC STAIRS ........................................................................................................................................... 11

5.2 HANDRAILS AND LADDERS ................................................................................................................... 11

5.3 BRICK MASONRY AND PARAPET WALL ................................................................................................ 12

5.4 DRAINAGE ............................................................................................................................................ 12

5.4.1 FLOOR DRAINAGE .............................................................................................................................. 12

5.4.2 SUMPS/COLLECTION PITS .................................................................................................................. 12

5.5 WATER PROOFING OF UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE ........................................................................... 12

5.6 ANTIWEED TREATMENT ...................................................................................................................... 13

5.7 ANTI TERMITE TREATMENT ................................................................................................................. 13

6.0 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BUILDINGS-LOADS AND COMBINATIONS ....................................................... 13

6.1 GENERAL .............................................................................................................................................. 13

6.2 DEAD LOADS (DL) ................................................................................................................................. 14

6.3 EQUIPMENT LOADS (EL) ...................................................................................................................... 13

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6.4 IMPOSED LOADS (LL) .............................................................................................................................. 14

6.5 WIND LOAD (WL) ................................................................................................................................... 15

6.6 SEISMIC LOAD (SL) ................................................................................................................................. 16

6.7 EARTH PRESSURE LOAD (EP & SCL) ...................................................................................................... 17

6.8 BASIC LOAD CASES ................................................................................................................................ 17

6.9 LOAD COMBINATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 17,18

7.0 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BUILDINGS & SWITCHYARD FOUNDATIONS - CONCRETE

STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATIONS ............................................................................................................ 18

7.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................... 19

7.2 DESIGN METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 19

7.2.1 GENERAL RCC STRUCTURES .............................................................................................................. 19

7.2.2 FOUNDATIONS AND UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES ........................................................................ 19

7.2.3 CRACK WIDTH ................................................................................................................................... 19

7.2.4 SETTLEMENT LIMIT ........................................................................................................................... 20

7.2.5 FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR STABILITY .................................................................................................. 20

7.2.6 DEFLECTION LIMIT FOR RCC MEMBERS OF BUILDING ................................................................... 20

7.2.7 DEFLECTION LIMIT FOR STEEL MEMBERS OF BUILDING ................................................................. 20

7.2.8 LOAD ON CABLE TRENCH ................................................................................................................ 21

7.3 CONCRETE MIX ................................................................................................................................... 21

7.4 REINFORCEMENTS .............................................................................................................................. 22

7.5 MINIMUM COVER TO REINFORCEMENT ............................................................................................ 22

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8.0 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR TOWERS & GIRDER STRUCTURES .................................................................. 23

8.1 LOADING DETAIL ................................................................................................................................. 23

8.1.1 DEAD LOAD ....................................................................................................................................... 23

8.1.2 WIND LOAD ...................................................................................................................................... 23

8.1.3 NORMAL CONDUCTOR TENSION ...................................................................................................... 24

8.1.4 SHORT CIRCUIT FORCE .................................................................................................................... 24

8.2 FACTOR OF SAFETY............................................................................................................................. 25

8.3 DESIGN PRINCIPLE ............................................................................................................................. 25

8.4 LOAD COMBINATION ......................................................................................................................... 26

8.5 DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT SUPPORT STRUCTURES ........................................................................... 27,28

9.0 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR OUTDOR SWITCHYARD FOUNDATIONS .........................................................29

9.1 SWITCHYARD TOWER AND EQUIPMENT FOUNDATIONS ...................................................................30

9.2 AUTO TRANSFORMER/REACTOR, RAIL TRACK/ROAD CUM RAIL TRACK ............................................ 31

9.3 FIRE PROTECTION WALLS .................................................................................................................... 33

10.0 DESIGN CRITERIA –CODES & STANDARDS ....................................................................................... 32,35

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1.0 GENERAL
M/s. KEC International Limited has been awarded the contract to construct the 132/33kV
AIS substation at Khungri.This document comprises of design philosophy, standards, codes
of practice reference used for the Civil and Structural works for the proposed substations.

1.1 PROJECT INFORMATION

Client: Nepal electricity Authority (NEA)

Project Title: Procurement of plant for design, supply, installation, testing and
commissioning of ghorahi - khungri (madichaur) 132 kv transmission line and associated
substations at khungri and ghorahi.

2.0 METEROLOGICAL DATA

2.1 SITE LOCATION

The site of substation located at Province-5, Sunil Smiriti Gaupalika, ward no 7, Khungri, Rolpa
is approximately 75 kilometers Far North-East from Bhaluwang, Dang. The site lies in contact
with Bhaluwang-Libang Highway. The nearest Airport is Kathmandu airport. The nearest port is
Kolkata (India).
2.2 PLANT ELEVATION

Finished floor level (FFL) of all buildings: 500 mm above FGL

Top of Pedestals for Tower/Equipment Structure Fdns: 300mm above FGL

Top of Cable Trench: 200mm above FGL

Top of Drain: 200mm above FGL

Top of Rail Cum Road (Height crest level): 300 mm above FGL

Top of Road (Height crest level) : 175 mm above FGL

Gravel filling in yard (After Antiweed Treatment) : 100 mm thick with 40mm stone
Aggregate. Before gravel filling
PCC (1:5:10) of 75mm thick
shall be laid over the yard and after
this a layer of Cement slurry (1:6)

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be laid over the PCC.

2.3 WIND CONDITION

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47 m/s 47 m/s

2.4 DRAINAGE

The maximum velocity for pipe drains and open drains shall be limited to 2.4m/sec and
1.8m/sec respectively. However, minimum non-silting velocity of 0.6m/sec shall be ensured.
The runoff shall be calculated using the ration formula,
Q = C.I.A,
Where,
C = runoff coefficient, I = intensity of extreme rainfall, A= catchment area.
Discharge of the drain shall be calculated using Manning’s formula,
Q = (A.Rh^2/3.S^1/2)/n

Were,
A = Area of cross section of flow, Rh = Hydraulic mean depth, S = slope of drain,
n = Rugosity coefficient.

2.5 EARTHQUAKE ZONE

As per Volume II B-substation and Technical Specifications Seismic

parameters of the site shall be as clause:-3.2

Peak Ground Acceleration for all steel structures and major equipments.

132/33/11kV KHUNGRI AIS SUBSTATION 132/33/11kV GHORAHI AIS SUBSTATION

0.5g 0.5g

Peak Ground Acceleration for civil foundation.

132/33/11kV KHUNGRI AIS SUBSTATION 132/33/11kV GHORAHI AIS SUBSTATION

0.3g 0.3g

2.6 ALTITUDE

KHUNGRI: 795 m from MSL

GHORAHI: 795 m from MSL

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2.7 TEMPERATURE

Ambient Air Temperature: 35ºC (max)/ 0 ºC (min)

2.8 RAINFALL DATA

Average annual rainfall : 1200 mm/ annum

(Chapter 2.4, Volume IIA, Employer’s Requirement: Transmission Line)

2.9 GROUND WATER TABLE

KHUNGRI: No Water table found at Existing ground level.

GHORAHI: No Water table found at Existing ground level.

2.10 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY REPORT – DOCUMENT

KHUNGRI: KEC-TC318-KNG-90-DBR-106

2.11 GEOTECHNICAL REPORT – DOCUMENT

KHUNGRI: KEC-TC318-KNG-90-DBR-102.

3.0 SCOPE OF WORK

This document presents the overall basis for design of all Civil, Structural &Architectural Works in general

terms required for following facilities:

TABLE- 3 - Scope of Work

Sl.No 132/33/11kV KHUNGRI AIS SUBSTATION 132/33/11kV GHORAHI AIS SUBSTATION

1 Control Room Building (RCC) -

2 Staff Quarter Building (G+2) (RCC) -

3 Guard House (RCC) -

4 Pump House with Water tank -

5 Tower & Equipment Structures Tower & Equipment Structures

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6 Transformer Foundations -

7 Switchyard Foundations Switchyard Foundations

8 Outdoor Facilities Outdoor Facilities

 Roads  -
 Storm water drains  -
 Sewer systems including  -
 septic tank & soak pits  -
 Cable trench and culvert  Cable trench
 Drainage/Floor drainage  Drainage/Floor drainage
 UG Sumps and collection  -
 pits  pits
 Antiweed treatment  Antiweed treatment
 Anti-termite treatment  Anti-termite treatment
 Gate and fence  -
 Boundary Wall  -
 Gravel spreading  Gravel spreading
 Retaining wall  -

9 Parking Shed (5 Cars) -

10 Fire wall -

All scope of works shall be as per technical specification and contract agreement.

4.0 DESCRIPTION OF BUILDINGS & OTHER FACILITIES

The details shall be as per Volume II B-substation clause: -1.2 Civil work of technical specification.

4.1 CONTROL ROOM BUILDING

Control Room building to be provided at khungri Substation. Control Building shall be Single storied RCC
structure.

4.2 Staff Quarters Building

Control Room building to be provided at khungri Substation. Control Building shall be double storied RCC
structure.

4.3 FIRE FIGHTING PUMP HOUSE WITH WATER TANK

The firefighting pump house building shall be essentially single storied reinforced cement concrete (RCC)

framed Building. The water pumps for the service/domestic water system as well as for fire protection

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shall be housed in a pump house. Raw Water tank of suitable capacity shall be provided near to Pump
house.

4.4 SECURITY ROOM

A RCC framed room of size 40 m2 (Shall be as per technical specification, Bid price schedule (BPS) or

actual requirement), with one bedroom, one kitchen and one bathroom shall be provided near gate. All

finishing is as per Technical Specification.

4.5 SWITCH YARD FOUNDATIONS

This comprises the design, supply, and construction of foundations and other RCC constructions for

switchyard structures, equipment supports, trenches, drains, jacking pad, pulling block, fencing,

boundary wall, transformers, reactors, marshalling kiosks, auxiliary equipment’s & systems, rail tracks or

for any other equipment or service and any other foundation/RCC construction required to complete the
work.

4.6 OUTDOOR FACILITIES

4.7.1 Roads

All roads shall be as per the approved GA or requirement complying to the requirement of contract

technical specification.

4.7.2 Storm Water Drainage

RCC Storm water drainage system shall be provided as per Technical Specifications. For the drainage of

site suitable R.C.C. open drains shall be provided on one side of the roads. However, where open drains

are not possible and for road crossings pipe drains, concrete. pipe of class NP3 shall be used. For rail

crossings, RCC pipes of class NP4 shall be provided. For design of RCC pipes for drains and culverts,

relevant IS codes shall be followed. Pipe drains shall be connected through manholes provided at an

interval of maximum 40.0m. Refer Cl. 18.5 of this document for other details.

4.7.3 Sewage System including septic tanks.

Separate Septic tank along with soak pit to be constructed at Control Building, Staff Quarter

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Building and Security Room respectively. Sewage from buildings shall be collected and
connected to septic tank and soak pit system of suitable size within the stations. The sizing of the septic

tank shall be done as per the recommendation from IS 2470 part 1 unless specified in the technical
specification.

Daily usage by Number of persons:

Control building: 10

Staff quarters: 50

Guard house: 05

Minimum free board above the sewage inside the septic tank shall be 300mm.

Top level of tank with respect to FGL shall be minimum 100mm.

4.7.4 Switch Yard Fencing and Gate

Details shall be as per BPS and technical specification.

4.7.5 Cable Trench and Culvert

Cable Trench and Culverts shall be provided as per scope of work and as per Technical

Specifications.

5.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

5.1 RCC STAIRS

As per Technical Specification all RCC stairs shall have maximum Riser of 150 mm and
minimum tread of 300mm. Minimum width of stair shall be 1500mm.

5.2 HANDRAILS AND LADDERS

Hand-railing minimum 900mm high shall be provided around all floor/roof openings,

projections/balconies, walkways, platforms, steel stairs etc. All handrails shall be 32 mm nominal bore MS

pipes (medium class) and shall be galvanised. All Ladder and rungs for ladder shall be galvanized as per

relevant IS-277 medium class.

For RCC stairs, hand railing with 20 mm square MS bars, balustrades with suitable MS flats & aluminium

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handrails shall be provided.

5.3 BRICK MASONRY AND PARAPET WALL

Details shall be as per clause 15.8 Chapter-20 Civil works of technical specification.
Minimum thickness of external walls shall be 360 mm with 1:4 cement sand mortar. Partition walls if

any shall be of 240 mm thick brick masonry in cement sand mortar (1:4). 110 mm thickness shall be

constructed at less than 2.0 m span only.

50mm thick DPC (1:2:4) with water proofing admixture as per recommendation of Manufacturer shall be

provided at plinth level before starting masonry work.

The parapet walls on roof shall be of Brick Masonry. Minimum height of parapet walls shall be 750 mm

and thickness shall be 230mm and plastered with cement sand plaster (1:6).

5.4 DRAINAGE

5.4.1 Floor Drainage

For all buildings and areas, suitable arrangement for draining out water collected from equipment blow

downs, leakage, floor washing, fire-fighting etc shall be provided on each floor. Proper slope shall be

provided in suitable direction on the floor for effective drainage for all buildings.

Drains shall be provided around all buildings to receive the drainage water from roof and floor and lead

them to the switchyard storm water drainage system.

5.4.2 Sumps/Collection Pits

Underground structures like pits and cable trenches etc, shall be provided as per Technical

Specification.

5.5 WATER PROOFING OF UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE

All underground structures like water retaining structures, Sump pits etc. shall be provided

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plasticizer cum waterproofing compounds as per Technical Specification.

5.6 ANTIWEED TREATMENT

Antiweed treatment shall be done before gravel spreading as per the technical specification.

5.7 ANTI TERMITE TREATMENT

Anti-termite treatment shall be carried out as per recommendations of IS 6313 part 2: 2001.

6.0 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BUILDINGS-LOADS AND COMBINATIONS

6.1 GENERAL

All structures shall be designed for the most critical combinations of dead loads, imposed loads,
equipment loads, crane loads, wind loads, seismic loads and any other loading conditions which
can occur during the design life of the facility.

The applicable loads for the design shall be as listed below:

6.2 DEAD LOADS (DL)

Dead loads consist of the weights of the structure complete with finishes, fixtures, partitions,
wall panels and all equipment and shall be taken as per IS:875.

The following unit weight of material shall be considered for computation of loads:

Material Unit Weight

Plain Cement Concrete 24 kN/m³

Reinforced Cement Concrete 25 kN/m³

Structural Steel 78.5 kN/m³

Brick Masonry 20 kN/m³

Cement Plaster 21 kN/m³

Stone Masonry 22 kN/m³

Roof Treatment As per finishes schedule

Floor finish As per finishes schedule

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Live Loads reduction for analysis shall be in accordance with the provisions of IS: 875 & IS: 1893.

6.3 EQUIPMENT LOADS (EL)

Static and dynamic loads of major equipment shall be based on the manufacturer's data of the specified

equipment. However, where the uniform floor live load adequately accounts for the equipment moving

weight, the weight of such equipment as a dead load shall not be considered e.g. switchgear and control

room floors are usually designed for a live load that includes the equipment weight.

6.4 IMPOSED LOADS (LL)

Imposed loads in different areas shall include live loads, minor equipment loads, cable trays,

erection loads, operation / maintenance loads etc. The loads considered shall not less than

that specified in IS: 875 (Part II).

The loads listed here under are minimum loads for the areas involved. Special use areas

shall be investigated, and loads revised upward as necessary. Floors and supporting

members which may be subjected to heavy equipment live loads shall be designed on the

basis of the weight of equipment or specifically defined live loads, whichever is greater.

Imposed load on Roof :

a) Flat Roof (Inaccessible) - 0.75 kN/m2 + hung loads (if any)

b) Flat Roof (Accessible with Equipment’s) - As per technical specifications +

hung loads (if any)

c) Flat Roof (Accessible without Equipment’s) - 1.5 kN/m2 + hung loads (if
any)

d) Sloped Roof - For roof membrane sheet or

purlins 0.75kN/m2 less 0.02kN/m2 for every 10 degree increase slop.

Imposed load on areas other than roof :

a) Stairs & Platform - 5.0 kN/m2

b) Corridors - 3.0 kN/m2

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c) Chequered plate & grating - 4.0 kN/m2

d) Office Floor - 5 kN/m2

e) Toilet floor - 2 KN/m2

f) Walkway - 3 KN/m 2
g) Control Room- - 10 KN/m2

Live Loads reduction for analysis shall be in accordance with the provisions of
IS: 875 & IS: 1893.

6.5 WIND LOAD (WL)

Wind loads on structures shall be calculated as per provisions of IS: 875 (Part 3)-2015. The wind shall be

assumed to blow in any direction and most unfavourable condition shall be considered. Sample design

pressure procedure given below for CRB building at 10m height.

As per IS 875 Part 3: 2015,

Basic wind speed Vb = 47 m/sec

Probability factor k1 = 1.07

Terrain factor k2 = 1.0 (category -2)

Topography factor k3 = 1.0

Importance factor k4 = 1.0

Design wind speed Vz = Vbxk1xk2xk3xk4

Design wind pressure Pd = 0.6.Vz²xkdxkaxkc

Wind directionality factor Kd = 0.9

Area averaging factor Ka = As per Table No 4 IS 875 Part 3

Combination factor Kc = 1.0 (0.9 for Building )

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BASIC WIND SPEED

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47 m/s 47 m/s

The following coefficients have been adopted for calculation of design wind speed:-

K1 = Risk coefficient = As per IS-875, part 3-2015

K2= Terrain height & structure size factor= As per IS-875, part 3-2015

K3= topography factor = As per IS-875, part 3-2015

K4 = Importance factor for cyclonic region= As per IS-875, part 3-2015

Kd = Wind directionality factor = As per IS-875, part 3-2015

Ka = Area averaging factor = As per IS-875, part 3-2015

Kc = Combination factor = As per IS-875, part 3-2015

External pressure will be governing by the dimensions of the building.

The internal pressure co-efficient will be as per IS: 875 (Part 3))-2015.

Detailed calculation will be provided in the design document.

6.6 SEISMIC LOAD (SL)

Seismic forces shall be As per IS: 1893-2015 - Part- 4 & IS 1893-2016 - Part-1 seismic

parameters are as per below table.

SEISMIC PARAMETERS

SEISMIC PARAMETERS KHUNGRI & GHORAHI

Zone Factor 0.5
Importance Factor for substation
switchyard buildings (As per IS 1893
(part- 4): 2015, table -6, 1.5

Main plant /process plant, SI.no 32)

Importance Factor for Quarter colony
Buildings other than switchyard
buildings (As per IS 1893 1.0
(part- 4): 2015, table -6, Infrastructures,
SI.no 11)

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Response Reduction factor R (RCC) 5

In the calculation of seismic load, the dead load, permanent equipment load, and appropriate percentage

of floor live load will be considered. Roof live load will not be considered. For the calculation of seismic

load, the percentage of live load shall be based on general live load on that area.

6.7 EARTH PRESSURE LOAD (EP & SCL)

Earth pressure for all underground structures shall be calculated using coefficients of earth pressure at

rest: co-efficient of active or passive earth pressure (whichever is applicable). However, for the design of

substructure of any underground enclosures, earth pressure at rest shall be considered.

Earth pressure coefficients shall be calculated based on the Ø value of the soil mentioned in approved

soil report. For the design of underground structures, the effect of water table shall be considered

based on the soil report if applicable.

In addition to earth pressure and ground water pressure etc., a surcharge load of minimum 2 T/sq.m shall

also be considered for the d e s i g n of all underground structures including channels, sumps, tanks,

trenches, substructure of any underground hollow enclosure etc., to account for the vehicular traffic in

the vicinity of the structure.

6.8 BASIC LOAD CASES

The following basic load cases shall be considered for the analysis:
The nomenclature shall be as follows

DL - Dead Load of structures, floors, walls, etc.

LL - General live load on floors

WL - Wind Load

SL - Seismic Load

CL - Crane Load

6.9 LOAD COMBINATIONS

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Building structures shall be designed for the most critical combinations of dead loads, super- imposed

loads, equipment loads, crane load (if any), wind loads and seismic loads.

a) All structures shall be designed for the worst combination of dead loads, live loads, wind

loads as per IS-875, seismic forces as per IS-1893.

b) The design of steel structures for the buildings shall be done by IS 800:2007 preferably by

limit state method.

c) The design of R.C.C. structures shall be done in accordance with IS: 456:2000

d) Permissible stresses for different load combinations shall be taken as Per relevant IS Codes
Steel Structures

Load combinations for analysis and design of steel framed structure shall be as per IS:800 : 2007 (limit
state design).

The load combinations mentioned below for RCC structures are applicable for steel structures also.

RCC Structures

Load combinations for structural design of foundations for concrete buildings:

(unfactored forces)

1.0 DL + 1.0 LL + 1.0 CL

1.0 DL + 1.0WL/ (EQ±X)
1.0 DL + 1.0WL/ (EQ±Z)
1.0 DL + 0.8LL+ 0.8 CL + 0.8WL/ (EQ±X)
1.0 DL + 0.8LL+ 0.8 CL + 0.8WL/ (EQ±Z)

Load Combinations for Structural Design of Beams and Columns For Concrete Buildings
(Factored Forces)

1.5 DL + 1.5 LL + 1.05 CL

1.5 DL + 1.05 LL + 1.5 CL
1.5 DL + 1.5WL/ (EQ±X)
1.5 DL + 1.5WL/ (EQ±Z)
1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 1.05 CL + 0.6WL/ (EQ±X)
1.2 DL + 1.05LL + 1.2 CL + 0.6WL/ (EQ±X)
1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 1.05 CL + 0.6WL/ (EQ±Z)
1.2 DL + 1.05LL + 1.2 CL + 0.6WL/ (EQ±Z)
1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 0.53 CL + 1.2WL/ (EQ±X)
1.2 DL + 0.53LL + 1.2 CL + 1.2WL/ (EQ±X)

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1.2 DL + 1.2LL + 0.53 CL + 1.2WL/ (EQ±Z)

1.2 DL + 0.53LL + 1.2 CL + 1.2WL/ (EQ±Z)
0.9 DL + 1.5WL/ (EQ±X)
0.9 DL + 1.5WL/ (EQ±Z)

Note: - **In addition to above other loads shall be applied depending upon the type
of building.

** Load combinations for serviceability may be considered as per provisions of

relevant IS codes.

7.0 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BUILDINGS & SWITCHYARD FOUNDATIONS -

CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATIONS

7.2 DESIGN METHODOLOGY

7.2.1 General RCC Structures

All designs of RCC structures shall be carried out by limit state method as per IS:456 unless use of working

stress method is specifically mentioned. Design strength of materials and design loads shall be calculated

using appropriate partial safety factors over characteristic strength and characteristic loads as per IS: 456.

For reinforcement detailing IS: 13920 and SP: 34 shall be followed.

7.2.2 Foundations and Underground Structures

Soil Data shall be provided after completion of Soil Investigation at Site and after receipt of Soil Report.

RCC water retaining structure like storage tanks, Oil Pits and Sump etc. shall be leak proof and designed
according to IS : 456 & IS:3370.

Bearing capacity of the soil shall be allowed to increase under seismic/wind load condition
as per provision of IS: 1893-2002 & IS: 875.

Piles shall be RCC Bored Cast-in-situ piles or Precast as per IS 2911. Water Table – as per Geotechnical
Report and to be considered for analysis and design of foundations accordingly.

7.2.3 Crack Width

All the underground structures shall be designed as cracked sections with maximum crack width of0.2mm

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for liquid retaining structures and 0.3mm for other structures according to Cl.35.3.2 of IS456.

7.2.4 Settlement Limit

Settlement limit of various foundation types shall be as listed below as per IS 1904-1986, Table 1:

1. Strip footing : 50mm

2. Spread footing : 50mm

3. Raft footing : 75mm

7.2.5 Factor of safety for stability

Factor of safety for foundation against overturning = 1.4 (Cl.20.1, IS456)

Factor of safety for foundation against sliding = 1.4 (Cl.20.2, IS456)

Factor of safety for foundation against uplift = 1.5

7.2.6 Deflection Limit for RCC Members of Building

Deflection of RCC structures shall be governed by Clause 23.2 of IS: 456.

7.2.7 Deflection Limit for Steel Members of Building

Limiting value of deflection for steel structures shall be governed by Clause 5.6.1 of IS800 /NBC. In

addition to the above the structures should generally satisfy the following limiting deflections.

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7.2.8 Load on Cable Trench

The cable trench walls shall be designed for the following loads.

1) Dead load of 155 kg/m length of cable support + 75 kg on one tier at outer edge.

2) Earth pressure + Uniform surcharge pressure of 2T/sqm.

Cable trench cover shall be designed for self-weight of top slab + concentrated load of 150 kg at centre of
span of each panel.

7.3 CONCRETE MIX

The following minimum grades of concrete as per IS: 456 shall generally be used for the type of structures

noted against each grade. Cement shall be used for all structures as per TS.

Nominal Mix (1: 5: 10) PCC In Switchyard surfacing, below Gravel

Nominal Mix (1: 4: 8) PCC Fill Concrete, PCC below foundations, trenches and

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underground structures. Minimum the layer

shall be 75 mm. Foundation below Brick wall,
PCC below ground floor slab of CRB and Firefighting
pump house.

Nominal Mix (1: 3: 6) PCC Minimum thickness of the layer shall be 75 mm below
foundation of firefighting water tank.

Nominal Mix (1: 2: 4) PCC Plinth protection.

Grade M25 RCC All R.C.C. members except where other grades are
specified e.g. Foundation and super structure, grade
beams, pedestals, ground floor slabs, roof slabs, cable
and pipe trenches, Water retaining structures below and
above ground & Piles.

The concrete composition of PCC below ground floor slab and plinth protection shall be as per

chapter 14 of the general technical requirements, Civil works.

7.4 REINFORCEMENTS

Reinforcement bars shall be as per the following codes: Reinforcement steel shall confirm to

IS 1786. Grade of Reinforcement Steel shall be TMT of HYSD of grade Fe- 500.

7.5 MINIMUM COVER TO REINFORCEMENT

The minimum cover to the reinforcement for all the structures, shall be as per IS-456 based on

the exposure condition.

Footing 50mm
Column 40mm
Bottom of plinth beam in 40mm
contact with earth
Other beams above Ground 30 mm
level
Slab on grade 40 mm for earth face & 25mm for
top face
Slabs above Ground level 20 mm
Walls in contact with earth 40 mm for earth face & 25mm for
inner face
Pile cap 75 mm
Piles 75 mm as per IS:2911, part 1 Sec. 2
Firewall 40 mm

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8.0 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR TOWERS & GIRDER STRUCTURES

All structures shall be designed for worst combination of dead loads, live loads, wind loads,

loads due to deviation of conductor, loads due to unbalanced tension in conductor, erection loads &

short circuit forces. Wind loads on switchyard structures shall be calculated as per IS 875(Part 3)-2015.

Switchyard steel structures like towers and girders shall be designed to confirm IS:802 1995 with

mentioned factor of safety. The towers and girders shall be modelled together and analysed as truss

elements in STAAD.Pro in 3d with all the loads applied accordingly. Member design checks are performed

in accordance with IS 802 provisions.

All structural steel members including Anchor bolts, etc., shall be hot dip galvanized after fabrication.

Weight for zinc coating shall be at least 610 gm/m2 and in case of members under 5mm but not less than

2mm shall be galvanized as per Technical Specifications

9.1 LOADING DETAIL

8.1.1 Dead Load

Dead load includes the self-weight of gantry including all electrical accessories. It also includes

the maintenance load of 150 kg (weight of man with tool) at each phase of the girder.

8.1.2 Wind Load

Wind load calculated as per IS: 875 (Part-3)-2015.

Basic wind speed for the region is 47 m/sec.

Basic Wind Speed Vb = 47 m/sec

Design Wind speed Vz = Vb x k1 x k2 x k3 x k4

Wind Load on Structure

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Fwt = Pz x Cf x Ae

Where

Cf is the force coefficient depends on solidity ratio.

Ae is the effective area of the structure.

Wind Load on Conductor, Earth Wire

Fwc = Pz x Cf x d x L

Where

Cf is the force coefficient for conductor and Earth wire.

d is the diameter of conductor / Earth wire.
L is the Length of conductor / Earth wire.

Wind Load on Insulator

Fwc = Pz x Cf x Ae

Cf is the force coefficient of insulator.

Ae is the effective area of the structure = 0.5 x d x L

d is the diameter of Insulator.
L is the Length of Insulator.

8.1.3 Normal Conductor Tension

Switchyard gantry structures shall be designed for Broken wire condition. The design

of all structures shall be based on the assumption that stringing is done only on one

side i.e., all the three (phase) conductors broken on the other side.

8.1.4 Short circuit force

Switchyard gantry structures shall be designed for short circuit condition. The design

of all structures shall be based on the assumption that stringing is done only on one

side i.e., all the three (phase) conductors broken on the other side.

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8.2 FACTOR OF SAFETY

Factor of safety considered for design of structures shall be as follows:

Under normal condition - 2.0

Under Short Circuit condition - 1.5

Lightning masts shall be designed for diagonal wind condition.

8.3 DESIGN PRINCIPLE

STRESS: Ultimate allowable stress of steel sections are considered as per IS:802

(Part I/Sec 2) – 2016 and stress formula used as per followings:

Fa = (1 – ½ ((KL/r)/ Cc) 2) x fy when KL/r <= Cc

Fa = ╓ 2 x E / (KL/r) 2 when KL/r > Cc 1

Where fy is the yield stress of the steel

E is modulus of elasticity 2 x 10 5 Mpa

Cc =╓ (2E/fy) ½
Maximum slenderness ratios for leg main members, other stressed members and redundant
members shall be as per IS-802, Part – I, Section – 2 and the values are
as followings:

Leg members - 150

Other members carrying computed stress - 150

Redundant members and Bracing member - 250

Material: Structural steel conforming to IS: 2062 having minimum guaranteed yield

stress 2550 kg/sq cm for Mild steel (E250 Gr. A) and 3570 kg/sq. cm for High tensile

steel (E350 Gr). The minimum thickness of galvanized structural members shall be

as follows:

Leg, ground wire peak and main members - 5 mm

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Bracings, Belts - 4 mm

Redundant - 4 mm

Bolts used for connections shall confirm to property class 5.6 as specified in IS: 1367 &

clause 5-1 of IS 12427 shall be used. Ultimate allowable stress in bolts as

follows:

Shear stress on gross area of bolts - 310 Mpa

Bearing stress on gross diameter of bolts - 620 Mpa

(As per IS: 802 1995)

Anchor bolts for Towers and Equipment however shall confirm to IS 5624 and
material shall confirm to IS 2062 (Grade 4.6)

8.4 LOAD COMBINATION

Gantry Structure
(a) Broken wire condition = Normal Tension from conductors + wind Load on tower, conductors
& insulators + dead loads.

(b) Short circuit condition = Short Circuit Tension from conductors + wind Load on tower,
conductors & insulators + dead loads (due to combination of two
accidental loads simultaneously)

BASIC LOAD CASES

LOAD 1 – Dead Load
LOAD 2 – Wind on tower and girder IN Z direction
LOAD 3 - Wind on tower and girder IN X direction
LOAD 4 - Wind on conductor & accessories Z DIRN + NC (H & V DEV)
LOAD 5 - Wind on conductor & accessories X DIRN + NC (H & V DEV)
LOAD 6 - Wind on conductor & accessories Z DIRN + SCF (H & V DEV)
LOAD 7 - Wind on conductor & accessories X DIRN + SCF (H & V DEV)

Where,

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NC = Normal conductor tension,

SCF = Short circuit force,
H Dev = Horizontal Conductor deviation
V Dev = Vertical Conductor deviation
(Based on the various combinations of conductor deviations, Loads 4, 5, 6 and 7
above
would be further expanded in the detailed design)
UNFACTORED LOAD COMBINATIONS
LOAD COMB 1 - Dead Load + WIND Z DIRECTION + NC (H & V DEV)
Load 1 x 1.0 + Load 2 x 1.0 + Load 4 x 1.0
LOAD COMB 2 - Dead Load + WIND X DIRECTION + NC (H & V DEV)
Load 1 x 1.0 + Load 3 x 1.0 + Load 5 x 1.0
LOAD COMB 3 - Dead Load + WIND Z DIRECTION + SCF (H & V DEV)
Load 1 x 1.0 + Load 2 x 1.0 + Load 6 x 0.75
LOAD COMB 4 - Dead Load + WIND X DIRECTION + SCF (H & V DEV)
Load 1 x 1.0 + Load 3 x 1.0 + Load 7 x 0.75
FACTORED LOAD COMBINATIONS
LOAD COMB 1 - Dead Load + WIND Z DIRECTION + NC (H & V DEV)
Load 1 x 2.0 + Load 2 x 2.0 + Load 4 x 2.0
LOAD COMB 2 - Dead Load + WIND X DIRECTION + NC (H & V DEV)
Load 1 x 2.0 + Load 3 x 2.0 + Load 5 x 2.0
LOAD COMB 3 - Dead Load + WIND Z DIRECTION + SCF (H & V DEV)
Load 1 x 1.5 + Load 2 x 1.5 + Load 6 x 1.12
LOAD COMB 4 - Dead Load + WIND X DIRECTION + SCF (H & V DEV)
Load 1 x 1.5 +( Load 3 x 1.5)) + Load 7 x 1.12

8.5 DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT SUPPORT STRUCTURES

Lattice Type Structures:

The supporting structure for equipment of Tertiary equipment shall be comprised of lattice

structural steel conforming to IS 2062. The design of lattice type support structure shall be

carried out as per IS 802.

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Case I (Normal Condition, FOS 2.0)

Loads Wind Load + Dead Load

Wind Load = Ae x Pz x Cf

Where Pz = Wind pressure

Ae = Area Exposed to wind

Cf = Force Coefficient depends on solidity ratio.

Dead load: - weight of equipment with all accessories, weight Structure and bus &
the weight of man with tools & kit = 150Kgs.

Case II (Short Circuit Condition, FOS 1.5)

Loads Wind Load + Dead Load + Short Circuit Force

Wind Load = Ae x Pz x Cf
Where Pz = Wind pressure
Ae = Area Exposed to wind
Cf = Force Coefficient depends on solidity ratio.

Dead load weight of equipment with all accessories, weight of structure

and bus & the weight of man with tools & kit = 150 Kgs.

Short circuit Force as per approved calculations

PIPE Type Structure:-

The supporting structure for 220kV & 132kv equipment are of PIPE structure. PIPE TYPE

supporting structure for equipment shall be comprised of G.I pipe of grade Yst 22 or higher

grade (higher grade will be used in case of restriction of dia. Of pipe and higher imposed loads)

of confirming to IS 1161 – 1979. The design of pipe type support structure shall be carried out as

per IS 806 in working stress method.

Case I (Normal Condition)

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Loads Wind Load + Dead Load

Case II (Short Circuit Condition)

Loads Wind Load + Dead Load + Short Circuit Force

Wind Load = Ae x Pz x Cf

Where Pz = Wind pressure

Ae = Area Exposed to wind
Cf = Force Coefficient depends on solidity ratio.

Dead load weight of equipment with all accessories, weight of structure and bus &
the weight of man with tools & kit = 150 Kg.

Short circuit Force shall be as per approved calculations.

Note: Additional dynamic loads shall be considered for circuit breaker wherever
applicable.

The design and supply of CB structure would be in the scope of vendor. Only design
of foundation is in contractor’s scope.
The design of foundation would be done considering a factor of safety of 1.5.
BASIC LOAD CASES
1. Dead Load
2. Wind load
3. Short circuit force (SCF)
UNFACTORED LOAD COMBINATIONS
1. Dead Load + Wind load
2. Dead Load + Wind load + SCF
FACTORED LOAD COMBINATIONS (Applicable only for design of lattice structures)
1. 2 x Dead Load + 2 x Wind load
2. 1.5 x Dead Load + 1.5 x Wind load + 1.12 x SCF

9.0 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR OUTDOR SWITCHYARD FOUNDATIONS

Work covered under this Clause comprises the design and construction of foundations and other RCC

constructions for switchyard structures, equipment supports, trenches, drains, jacking pad, pulling block,

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bus supports, transformers, reactors, marshalling kiosks, auxiliary equipment & systems, tanks, rail tracks

or for any other equipment or service and any other foundation/RCC construction required to complete

the work. The design of foundation shall be done as per Limit State Method according to IS 456:2000. All

foundations are designed for most critical loading combinations transferred from super structure. For

switchyard structure foundations, anchor bolt with template will be provided along with foundation
concrete.

All tower/gantry structures, lightning mast foundations and equipment supporting structures

shall have foundation bolts and base plate type of connection for transferring load from the

superstructure to the foundations.

9.1 SWITCHYARD TOWER AND EQUIPMENT FOUNDATIONS

INPUTS:
Load data: -
Vertical Loads, shear Forces & moments calculated from design of structures for Normal
condition and for Short Circuit condition.

DESIGN METHODOLOGY
A) Safety Checks:-

1) Check for bearing capacity: A suitable size of footing is assumed and

Bearing capacity is calculated using the formula given below:

a) When eccentricity (e) < L/6

Maximum soil bearing pressure p1 =P/A +(Mx/Zx) +(Mz/Zz)

Minimum soil bearing pressure p2 = P/A -(Mx/Zx) -(Mz/Zz)

b) When eccentricity (e) > L/6

Maximum soil bearing pressure p1 = 2P/ (3*B (0.5L-e))

Minimum soil bearing pressure p2 = 0

2) Check for overturning & sliding: - The foundation is designed to resist forces due to Overturning
and sliding. The factor of safety against overturning and sliding is Considered as 1.4 for (NC) and (SCF).

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B) Designs:-

1) Maximum thickness of the raft shall be provided at the face of the column and minimum thickness
(150 mm) of the base slab shall be at the extreme edge of the raft.

2) Base slab shall be designed for maximum bending moments due to Net bearing
pressure.

3) Check for shear stress: -

a) One way shear

The maximum shear is calculated at a distance equal to effective depth of footing from the face of the
column/pedestal. The calculated shear stress shall not exceed the values of design shear strength of
concrete given in Table 19 of IS:456/Table 61 of SP16 and enhanced as per Clause 40.5.1.

b) Two way shear

The maximum shear is calculated at a distance equal to half of effective depth of footing from the face of
the pedestal.

The calculated shear stress should not exceed the values of 1.25 N/sq mm for M25 grade of concrete.

Partial Safety Factors is considered = 1.5 as per IS 456, limit state method

9.2 AUTO TRANSFORMER/REACTOR, RAIL TRACK/ROAD CUM RAIL TRACK

A RCC Rail cum road system integrated with the transformer foundation to enable installation and the

removal of any failed unit. The rail cum road track with a width as per design shall be provided all along

the length of the transformer area covering all the poles so that any failed unit can be moved from its

foundation to the nearest road. If trench/drain crossings are required then suitable R.C.C. culverts shall

be provided in accordance with I.R.C. standard / relevant IS. The permanent transfer track system shall

have RCC raft type foundation integrated with the converter/POWER transformer foundations. The road

cum rail track shall be of RCC construction and the surface shall be rendered smooth and suitable

drainage system shall be provided. Each Transformer /Reactor including oil conservator tank and cooler

banks etc. shall be placed in a self-sufficient pit surrounded by retaining walls (Pit walls). The clear

distance of the retaining wall of the pit from the Transformer/Reactor shall be 20% of the Transformer

/Reactor height or 0.8m whichever is more. The oil collection pit thus formed shall have a void volume

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equal to 200% volume for 220 kV & above and 130% for 132 kV & below of total oil in the

Transformer/Reactor. The oil collection pits below the Autotransformer/Reactor shall be suitably

connected through RCC pipes.

9.3 FIRE PROTECTION WALLS

A fire wall shall be erected between each transformer (in the case of single-phase equipment) to protect
each one from the effects of fire on another.

All fire walls between transformers and reactors shall be of RCC framed structure with filler walls of RCC
construction.

The firewalls around transformers shall have a minimum fire resistance of 3 hours as per
IE rules.

The firewall shall extend 600 mm on each side of the transformer and 600 mm above the conservator
tank or safety vent.

A minimum of 2.0-meter clearance shall be provided between the equipment e.g.

transformer/Reactor and firewalls.

The building walls, which act as firewalls, shall extend at least 1 m above the roof in order to protect it.

10.0 DESIGN CRITERIA –CODES &

STANDARDSIS CODES

All the Indian Standards referred to shall be the latest revision (including all
amendments
issued thereto at the time of execution.

LOADS

IS: 875-2015 Code of Practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for
buildings (all parts) and structure (all relevant parts)

IS: 1893 -2016 Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structure (All Parts)

FOUNDATIONS

IS: 1080 - 1985 Code of Practice for design and construction of shallow
foundations insoils (other than raft, ring and shell)

IS: 1904 - 1986 Code of Practice for design and construction of foundations in
soils :General requirement

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IS: 2950 - 1981 Code of Practice for design and construction of raft foundations;
Part
–I: Design.
IS: 8009 Code of Practice for calculation of settlement of foundations:
-Part-1, 1976 Shallow foundations subject to symmetrical static vertical loads

RCC

IS: 456 :2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete

IS: 3370 Code of Practice for Concrete Structures for the Storage of liquids
- Part-1, 1965 General Requirements
- Part-2, 1965 Reinforced Concrete Structures
- Part-4, 1967 Design tables

IS: 3414 - 1968 Code of Practice for design and installation of joints in buildings

IS: 4326 - 1993 Code of Practice for earthquake resistant design and construction
ofbuildings

IS: 5525 - 1969 Recommendation for detailing of Reinforcement in reinforced

concrete works

IS: 13920 - 1993 Code of Practice for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete
structuressubjected to seismic forces

STRUCTURAL STEEL

IS: 800 - 1984 Code of Practice for general construction in steel

IS:802 ( Part-I/Sec-1) – 1995 Code of Practice for use of Structural Steel in

overheadtransmission line towers

IS:802 ( Part-I/Sec-2) – 1992Code of Practice for use of Structural Steel in overhead

transmission line towers

IS:802 ( Part-II) –1978 Code of Practice for use of Structural Steel in

overheadtransmission line towers
IS:802 ( Part-III) –1978 Code of Practice for use of Structural Steel in
overheadtransmission line towers

IS:808 - 1989 Dimensions for hot rolled steel beam, column channel and angle

sectionsIS:813 - 1986 Scheme of symbols for welding

IS:816 - 1969 Code of Practice for use of metal arc welding for general
constructionin mild steel

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IS:9595 - 1996 Recommendation for Metal arc welding of carbon and

carbonmanganese steel

MISCELLANEOUS

IS:1038 - 1983 Specifications for Steel Doors, Windows & Ventilators.

IS:1172 - 1993 Code of basic requirements for water supply, drainage and

sanitationIS:1661-1972 Code of Practice for Application of Cement & Cement-lime

Plaster Finishes. IS:1742 - 1983 Code of Practice for building drainage

IS:1905 - 1987 Code of Practice for structural use of unreinforced masonry

IS:2064 - 1993 Code of Practice for Selection,Insttallation and Maintenance

ofSanitary Appliances

IS:2065 - 1983 Code of Practice for Water Supply in Building

IS:2212 - 1991 Code of Practice for Brick Works.

IS:2470 Code of Practice for installation of septic tank

-Part-1,1985 Design criteria and construction
-Part-2,1985 Secondary treatment and disposal of septic tank effluent

IS:2527 - 1984 Code of Practice for Fixing rain Water Gutter & Downpipes for
roofdrainage.
IS:2835 - 1987 Specifications for Flat Transparent Sheet Glass.

IS:3067 - 1988 Code of Practice for general design details and preparatory works
for damp proofing and water proofing of buildings

SP:6 Handbook for structural engineers

-Part-1,1964 Structural Steel Section
-Part-2,1962 Steel Beams & Plate Girders
-Part-3,1962 Steel Columns & Struts
-Part-4,1969 Use of High Strength Friction Grip Bolts
-Part-5,1980 Cold formed light gauge steel structure
-Part-6,1972 Application of Plastic theory in steel structure
-Part-7,1972 Simple Welded girders

SP:7 - 1983 National Building Code of India

SP:16 - 1980 Design Aids for reinforced concrete to IS:456-

1978SP:20 - 1991 Handbook on masonry design and construction

SP:22 - 1982 Explanatory handbook on codes for earthquake engineering

SP:24 - 1983 Explanatory handbook on Indian Standard Code of Pracrtice for

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plainand reinforced concrete

SP:34 - 1987 Handbook of concrete reinforcement & detailing

(SCIP)IRC:37 Guidelines for design of flexible pavements

IRC:73 Geometric design of roads

Note: The above list is suggestive and not exhaustive. Apart from these basic codes any
other related codes shall also be followed wherever required.

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