[Company name]

REVIEWER IN
UCSP
LESSON 7

BY:
TEANO
SOMERA
SPADIN
LACAR
RAZON
SERRANO
TARAYAO
CAFUGAUAN
ALBANO
POLITICS AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION (Power and Authority)

SOCIETIES- organized in the way that facilitate and maintain the everyday
life and culture of different social group.

POLITICS - is part and parcel social life. - it shapes the way people live and
die.

CITIZENSHIP - being born in a country. - entails rights and obligations.

FORMS OF LEGITIMACY LEGITIMACY- means the recognition acceptance

and support for an existing form of rule or government as right and proper.

LEGITIMATE GOVERNMENT- is one which has a recognized, accepted and

supported sphere of influence by the majority.

3 TYPES OF LEGITIMACY (MAX WEBER)

1. TRADITIONAL LEGITIMACY (TL) - is the kind of moral authority that keeps

Society together by virtue of custom and habit. Emphasizes the authority of
tradition by virtue of its historical practice by a particular group.

2. CHARISMATIC LEGITIMACY (CL) - it involves a type of organization or

type of leadership in which authority derives from the charisma of the
leader. CHARISMA- is the quality of political leader whose individual
characteristics set them apart from ordinary people.

3. RATIONAL LEGAL LEGITIMACY (RLL) -derives from formal procedures of

institution. -based on a government capacity

POWER AND AUTHORITY POWER- is a ubiquitous concept for all social

relations, and thus pervades all societies and forms of social interaction.

AUTHORITY - is a by-product of power or how social interactions are

organized in a given social setting.
- is conferred to a person or a group of people whose position in society
matches a society's mode of constituting political authority in a given
historical period.

POWER AND AUTHORITY

● Power - an ubiquitous concept for all social relations, and thus pervades
all societies and forms of social interaction.

● Authority - a by-product of power or how social relations are organized

in a given social setting.
- is conferred to a person or a group of people whose position in society
matches a society's mode of constituting political authority in a given
historical period.

example: feudal epoch, kings, monarchs, and bishops of the church were figures of
authority because they have control over land which is the major economic
resource of feudal society. These people are usually recruited from the
Intelligentsia or the educated class.

● POLITICAL CONFLICTS
- take place when power is not wielded properly or it is not in the right way.

- are one of the consequences of challenges posed against an existing

authority or government.

● Conflicts happen when authority is deemed as ineffective that

constituents or followers can no longer put their confidence in an authority
figure.
● Authority Figure - is challenged by another power group in the society.

● Without the people's consent to a particular form of social relation or

power, authority cannot be established.

● Authority resides in and depends on the continued recognition of people

and not in the inherent power of the political leader.
The Origin of the State
1. “a set of institutions and specialized personnel that regulates
important aspects of the life of a territorially bounded population
and extracts resources from that population through taxation. Its
regulations are backed by its force if necessary. It is recognized
internationally as a state by other similarly constituted states”. -
The Encyclopedia of Political Science (2011)
2. “the structure of offices that constitute the state is characterized by
hierarchy. - Donald Kurtz (2001)
3. The hierarchy of office is ruled by the head of the state.
4. “Government refers to the decisions made by those in office on
behalf of the entire group in carrying out common goals. This may
involve going to war to maintain the defense of the group, a
decision a president must make. It also involves dealing with a day
to day matters of law and order.”-Rosman, Rubel and Wiesgrau
(2001)
5. Anthropologist provided typologies and classification to
distinguish between stateless societies and state societies.
6. Many believed that hierarchy of authority had always existed in all
forms of society.
7. Most organized institutions have been based on fluid and
decentralized system of power that is dispersed to families,
kinship, and lineage.
8. Informal Authority- earlier form of pre-state political formation.
9. Band- consists of 25-150 individuals who are grouped in nuclear
families.
- Normal mode of social organization in Paleolithic times.
- The strict rules of exogamous marriage (marrying outside
the band) force individuals to marry those from other bands.
- The band system is passed from the father to the son.
10. Tribes – are centralized egalitarian systems in which
authority is distributed among a number of small groups; unity of
 the larger society is established from a web of individual and
group relations. - Lewellen (2003)
11. The Yanomamo- horticultural group living in scattered
villages in Venezuela and northern Brazil.
- Can be considered as tribes because they have more stable
political structures. Also have stable habitat.
12. Chiefdom level transcends the tribal level in two major ways
1. It has a higher population density made possible by
more efficient productivity
2. It is more complex, with some form of centralized
authority.
13. In bands and tribes, political power is dispersed. In
chiefdoms, the power of group is centralized in the hands of the
chief.
14. “the presence of that special form of control, the consistent
threat of force by a body of persons legitimately constituted to use
it”- the distinguishing quality of state which separates it from
chiefdom- Elman Service
15. For Lewellen states are generally large, complex societies,
encompassing a variety of classes, associations, and occupational
groups. To maintain order, the state has to enforce its rules by
force with sanctions and levying tributes or taxes from the
members.
ORIGINS OF THE PHILIPPINE MODERN STATE
Modern Principalia according to Dante Simbulan; “A continuity of
leadership recruitment from a tiny minority of elite families and, in spite
of democratic elections, members of these families get elected again and
again.”
The Ruling Elite (Plutocracy) -> refers to any given society’s economic
and political elite.
-> the melding of of economic and political power is decisive in the
formation of the Philippine State and the different regimes or
governments that have historically made it up. * Each province in the
Philippines is almost always dominated by political dynasties and rule
not only the political life, but also shape and control ordinary people’s
economic and social life. How are political dynasties maintained?
-> Sembilan keenly observes that power is concentrated to a few land-
owning families. These families hold on power is transferred from one
generation to another.
-> Political Power for this economically dominant class is a curious case
of heredity.
-> While Political Power finds it base on economic power, it also
reinforces the latter, giving the Congress and the Senate, and even local
governments a flavor of family enterprise that extends to their relatives
and business associates. Why do they get elected? Is winning elections
an indicator of the people’s will?
-> In a quick rundown of the news during election period since the
establishment of the Philippine government, electoral fraud and violence
dominate the headlines.
 -> The electoral process is a superficial indicator of the majority’s
choice.
1. According to Simbulan, elections are largely a result of the methods
of manipulation used on the electorate, such as the following: wide use
spread of bribery;
2. Vote buying by politicians using taxpayers’ money; and
3. Hiring journalists and other media people as the politician’s public
relations agents. * The politicians’ wanton use of the “3 G’s” — guns,
goons, and gold — is no longer an exposé about the Philippine electoral
system. In such conditions, can there be genuine democracy?
-> A democracy is the rule of, by, and for the people or the majority.
-> What actually exists when plutocracy runs the political, social, and
economic life of the country is not a democracy, but an oligarchy (rule
of few). According to Sembilan, Oligarchy is made up of plutocrats of
wealthy people, whose source of power is not the sovereign will of the
people as the constitution states, but mainly the possession of wealth.
The modern principally in the Philippine history Principally-
product of Spanish colonialism morphed into the modern principally all throughout
American colonialism to the institution of the modern PH State.
Caciquism- system of rule introduced by Spanish colonizers; rule of the
cacique/chief through local leaders. (ex: datu, cabezas de barangay) Encomienda
system- right to demand tribute and forced labor

Branches and functions of state power

Legislative- makes laws, alter & repeal through the PH congress (senate & house
of rep)
Executive- pres. and v press
Judicial- holds power to settle controversies involving rights (supreme court etc.)