GROUP 7

ACTIVITY 12

PROTECTION, SUPPORT, AND MOVEMENT

Name Contribution Signature

Leader: Salvador, ✓ Provided needed information for
Armin Ryg B. specimen
✓ Provided some of the resources
needed to answer the activity.

Members: ✓
1. Soriano, ✓ Provided needed information for
Lawrence specimen
✓ Focused Specimens.
✓ Assisted in performing laboratory
exercises.

2. Teneza, Irize ✓ Summarized the whole activity ‘

A. ✓ Summarize all pictures of Specimens
✓ Encodes info given information by
the members of the Group.
✓ Removed the background of
specimens
✓ Focused Specimens
✓ Provided information for Specimens
✓ Assisted in performing laboratory
exercises

✓ Proofread the answers for this

activity.

3. Timbol, Mela ✓ Provided needed information for

Chrizelle specimens.
✓ Took micrographs of the specimens.
✓ Provided the digital equipment to
take micrographs.
✓ Assisted in performing laboratory
exercises.

4. Valdez, Erica ✓ Provided needed information for

✓ Prepared the equipment (compound
microscope) needed for the activity.
✓ Provided the digital equipment to
take micrographs

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 GROUP 7

Frog’s Skin
Objective Used: Low-Power Objective
Total Magnification: 100x

Describe the histological layers:

Frogs have unique skin characteristics among vertebrates. Frog skin acts as a critical immune
organ constituting a complex network of physical, chemical, immunological, and
microbiological barriers to pathogen insult. A frog’s skin is composed of epidermal and dermal
layers, with each layer predominantly consisting of epithelial and fibroblastic cells,
respectively. The frog epidermis is relatively thin and is often limited to the stratum corneum
(outermost layer), central stratum spinosum, and stratum germinativum (basal layer) The
epidermis of a frog’s skin is composed of a very thin layer of stratified squamous epithelium,
wherein the stratum corneum is composed of a very thin layer of keratinized cells. In addition,
the cells in the epidermis of tadpoles are ciliated.

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 GROUP 7

Lizard Skin
Objective used: High-Power Objective
Total Magnification: 450x

Describe the histological layers:

A lizard’s skin is a type of reptilian skin; its skin is covered with scales forming armor that
makes it watertight and enables reptiles to live on land in contrast to amphibians. The whole
skin of a lizard is covered in overlapping epidermal scales. In reptiles, the cornified part of
the epidermis is strengthened by b-keratin and sometimes a-keratin. In the case of lizards,
both keratins form continuous layers with the a-keratin below the b-keratin. The colors of a
lizard’s skin are produced by melanocytes and three types of chromatophores which are:
melanophores, xanthophores, and iridophores.

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 GROUP 7

Human Palm Skin

Objective used: Low-Power Objective
Total Magnification: 450x

Describe the histological layers:

Human palm skin is a type of epithelium tissue and is classified as a keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium. Its primary functions are protection, sensation, thermoregulation, and
metabolic functions. The human palm skin is composed of three layers of skin. The first and
outermost layer of the skin is the epidermis which contains four to five layers depending on
its location, they are Stratum Basalis (basal cell layer), Stratum Spinosum (prickle cell layer),
Stratum Granulosum (granular cell layer), Stratum Lucidum, and Stratum Corneum (keratin
layer). Deep in the epidermis lies the dermis which is a thick layer of connective tissue that
consists of collagen and elastin. Finally, the layer underneath the dermis is the hypodermis,
and it merges with it. It mainly contains adipose tissue and sweat glands.

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 GROUP 7

Human Scalp Skin

Objective used: Low-Power Objective
Total Magnification: 100x

Describe the histological layers:

The Human Scalp Skin consists of five distinct layers, namely: the skin, connective tissue,
the epicranial aponeurosis, which is a thin but tough layer of fibrous tendinous tissue and is
the site at which the occipitofrontalis muscle inserts into the tissue of the scalp. The next
layer is the loose areolar tissue which forms a loose connection between the epicranial
aponeurosis and the pericranium. It allows the other layers of the scalp to slide off over the
pericranium. The final layer is the pericranium, which is a fine membrane that covers the
outer surface of the skull. It is made up of dense irregular connective tissue and has two
distinct layers: fibrous and cambium.

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 GROUP 7

Sweat Gland (Human Palm Skin)

Objective used: High-Power Objective
Total Magnification: 400x

Describe the structure and state the function:

Under a microscope, the sweat glands of human palm skin vary in terms of their sizes and
shapes or structure since some are tube-like or worm-like and some appear like a circle.
Sweat glands are exocrine glands distributed throughout the body’s surface. Their primary
function is to keep the core body temperature at approximately 37 degrees Celsius by
releasing sweat in a hot environment during physical activity.

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 GROUP 7

Oil or Sebaceous Gland (Human Palm Skin)

Objective used: High-Power Objective
Total Magnification: 400x

Describe the structure and state the function:

Under a microscope, the oil or sebaceous gland of human palm skin can be identifiable by its
foamy appearance. The primary function is to produce and secrete sebum, which is a group
of complex oils including triglycerides and fatty acid breakdown products, wax esters,
squalene, cholesterol esters, and cholesterol. Furthermore, the sebaceous gland transports
antioxidants in and on the skin and exhibits a natural light protective activity. It possesses
an innate antibacterial activity and has pro and anti-inflammatory functions. It can regulate
the activity of xenobiotics and is actively involved in the wound-healing process.

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 GROUP 7

Hair (From the Scalp Skin)

Objective used: High-Power Objective
Total Magnification: 400x

Describe the structure and state the function:

Under a microscope, the hair from the scalp appears like a long tube or has a tubular
structure. The hair follicles have a base (hair bulb) that surrounds the hair papilla. It has
three inner layers forming the hair shaft. During the growth phase, an extra outer layer
(stratum basale) appears. The primary function of hair is to keep us warm by preserving
heat.

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 GROUP 7

REFERENCES:

Varga, J., Bui-Marinos, M., & Katzenback, B. (2019, Jan 4). Frog skin innate immune
defenses: Sensing and surviving pathogens. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved
October 22, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6339944/

Rutland, C. & Cigler, P. (2019, March 13). Reptilian skin and its special histological structures.
Biology, Environmental Science. Retrieved October 22, 2022, from
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Reptilian-Skin-and-Its-Special-Histological-
Rutland-Cigler/52cd5b75b40251bb2c5899d68c2c375d2a72bbb2

Agarwal, S. & Krishnamurthy, K. (2022, May 8). Histology, skin. National Library of Medicine.
Retrieved October 22, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537325/

Bengochea, K. (n.d). Scalp and hair histology. Ken Hub. Retrieved October 22, 2022, from
https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/histology-of-the-scalp-and-the-hair

Vaskovic, J. (2022, July 6). Structures and function of the sweat glands. Ken Hub. Retrieved
October 22, 2022, from https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/histology-of-
the-sweat-glands

Kobielak, K. (2015). Skin and appendage regeneration. Translational Regenerative Medicine.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/sweat-
gland#:~:text=The%20region%20with%20greatest%20sweat,during%20physical%20
activity%20%5B189%2C195%5D.

Hoover E. (2022, October 10). Physiology, sebaceous gland. StatPearls. Retrieved October
22, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499819/

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