Visual Anatomy ansd Physiology Lab

Manual Pig Version 2nd Edition Sarikas

Solutions Manual
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 EXERCISE

6 The Integumentary System

Time Estimates for Completing This Lab

The activities in this laboratory exercise can be completed in about one hour. Extra time may be
needed to complete the review sheets at the end, or they may be assigned as homework. Times
listed are only estimates.
Activity 6.1: Examining the Microscopic Structure of Skin
5 minutes
Activity 6.2: Studying the Accessory Structures of the Skin
15 minutes
Activity 6.3: Examining an Anatomical Model of the Integumentary System
20 minutes
Activity 6.4: Examining Fingerprint Patterns
15 minutes
Activity 6.5: Examining the Structure of Nails
5 minutes

List of Materials
This list of materials shows the quantities needed for a standard 24-seat lab, with six tables and
four seats at each table.
 24 compound light microscopes
 24 prepared microscope slides of:
 Scalp
 Scalp, pigmented
 Skin, sole of foot
 Anatomical model of a skin section
 24 handheld magnifying glasses
 24 sets of coloring pencils (or students may be required to purchase their own)

To Do in Advance
 ____ 1. Check microscopes and lights for proper functioning and be sure all are on low
power.
 ____ 2. Put sets of slides in individual boxes and place on tables.

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 35

Tips and Trouble Spots
Activity 6.1: Examining the Microscopic Structure of Skin
Learning Outcome: Describe the organization of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
Students often mistakenly think the hypodermis is also part of the skin. Point out that this
region is also referred to as the subcutaneous tissue and ask them what “subcutaneous”
means. Once they realize it means under the skin, it is easier for them to remember that the
hypodermis underlies the skin but is not part of it.
Caution students that the stratum corneum often looks partially disconnected from the
underlying tissue because it is the outer layer that is sloughing off. When the students are
examining the slide of the pigmented scalp, you might discuss that a suntan fades within days
in light-skinned people because the melanin is partially broken down by lysosomes and the
pigmented superficial cells slough off. You might also get them to discuss factors
contributing to skin color other than genetics and melanin, such as UV radiation, liver
disease, and diet (carotenoids).

Activity 6.2: Studying the Accessory Structures of the Skin

Learning Outcome: Describe the structure and function of the accessory structures of the skin.
Explain how the sectioning of the slide determines what is visible. Students are often
confused by seeing part of a hair follicle that does not appear to reach the surface, or
sebaceous glands or arrector pili muscles that are not associated with hair follicles. Also,
using the model of the skin, remind them that sweat glands are coiled tubes, and when they
are cut to prepare a slide, some coils may be cut in cross section and appear like donuts, and
others may not reach the surface.

Activity 6.3: Examining an Anatomical Model of the Integumentary

System
Learning Outcome: Compare the three-dimensional organization of the integumentary
system with microscopic observations.
This activity is straightforward, but be sure the students examine the model closely and
identify all structures shown on it. They may try to rush through this step. You may also
try tagging some of the structures for them to identify as a practice quiz.

Activity 6.4: Examining Fingerprint Patterns

Learning Outcome: Explain how fingerprints are formed and observe the variation in fingerprint
patterns among individuals.
This is an easy activity and should present no problems.

Activity 6.5: Examining the Structure of Nails

Learning Outcome: Describe the structure of nails.
Students wearing nail polish should examine their partner’s nails. Otherwise this is a simple
activity, but there are a lot of new terms introduced. A common misconception that you may
address in this section is related to the white spots that sometimes appear on nails. Many
people believe that these indicate some nutritional deficiency. In reality, the cause is usually
some mild trauma to the nail. Because nails grow fairly slowly, the trauma may have happened
weeks ago. These white spots will disappear once that part of the nail has grown out.

36 INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL FOR VISUAL ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY LAB MANUAL Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Additional Student Engagement Ideas
 The integumentary system plays a critical role in thermoregulation. After the students
have completed this exercise, have them work in groups to identify what structures in
this system help maintain our body temperature and how. Have them look up
frostbite and heat stroke and explain how each occurs and how each is directly
connected to thermoregulation.
 Provide groups of students with short lists of skin disorders. Have the groups look up
each disorder to determine its cause, symptoms, and treatment, and then give a brief
presentation to the class explaining specifically how the integumentary system is
involved and what structures are affected. Some disorders to include might be various
types of skin cancer, vitiligo, decubitus ulcers, hypohidrosis, cellulitis, and jaundice.
 While examining the skin model, have students determine where damage would
occur in first-, second-, and third-degree burns.
 While students are using the magnifying glasses, have them also look at their
hands and arms to examine any scars they might have. Have them think about
what characteristics of the skin allow some wounds to heal with no visible reminder,
while other wounds leave permanent scars.

Exercise 6 Answers
Pre-Lab Quiz
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. d
7. b
8. stratified squamous, keratinized
9. smooth muscle
10. hard keratin

Activity 6.1 Answers

C 2.  The stratum corneum on the soles is very thick. In contrast, the stratum corneum of
the scalp is relatively thin.
3.  The melanin is most concentrated in the deeper layers of the epidermis.
 MAKING CONNECTIONS: Like all tissues, skin will be thicker for added strength and
protection where it experiences the most force. All body weight is transmitted through the
soles, so the stratum corneum there is very thick. In contrast, the scalp is rarely subjected
to a high level of stress, so its stratum corneum is thinner.

Activity 6.2 Answers

 MAKING CONNECTIONS: The cells in hair follicles also reproduce very rapidly, so the
chemotherapy drugs that target rapidly dividing cells also, unfortunately, target the cells
in hair follicles as well.

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. EXERCISE 6 The Integumentary System 37

Activity 6.3 Answers
 MAKING CONNECTIONS: Tactile corpuscles respond to light or fine touch. These types of
touch produce pressure in the skin, but very light pressure does not travel far. If the
corpuscles were located deeper, the pressure wave would not reach them and they would
not be stimulated. Lamellated corpuscles respond to deep pressure, and those forces will
travel further, or more deeply, into the skin.

Activity 6.4 Answers

A 2.  Answers will vary, but the fingerprint patterns will differ on each finger.
3.  Answers will vary, but the fingerprint patterns will differ on each individual.
 MAKING CONNECTIONS: Surgery, burns, exposure to harsh chemicals, or a lot of rough
manual labor are factors that might alter fingerprints.

Activity 6.5 Answers

 MAKING CONNECTIONS: Nails protect the ends of our toes and fingers. We use our
fingernails more than our toenails. We use them as tools to pry and dig, and to reach into
tight spaces. We also use them as weapons for defending ourselves. They are also often
adorned to make us more attractive.

Looking Back
An organ has two or more types of the primary tissues functioning together. The cutaneous
membrane has epithelium in the epidermis and dense irregular connective tissue, along with
accessory structures, including muscle, in the dermis.
An organ system is composed of two or more organs that function together. The cutaneous
membrane contains the integument, itself an organ, and multiple other organs, such as hair
follicles, glands, nails, and so on.

Answers to Review Sheet

1.

Layer Structure Function

Epidermis Stratified squamous Protection; waterproofing; helps

keratinized epithelium
Dermis Papillary layer: areolar
connective tissue
Reticular layer: dense
irregular connective tissue
Hypodermis Areolar connective tissue
Adipose tissue
maintain homeostasis.
Anchors epidermis; contains blood
vessels, nerves, accessory structures;
increases thickness of skin and thus the
barrier separating inside and outside
environments.
Anchors skin to underlying structures;
insulation; contains blood vessels and
nerves that supply the skin.

38 INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL FOR VISUAL ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY LAB MANUAL Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
 2. a. Ultraviolet radiation (sunlight) stimulates melanocytes deep in the epidermis, which
then produce and secrete melanin. The accumulation of melanin darkens the skin.
b. Melanin protects us from genetic damage that can be caused by exposure to UV
radiation. This genetic damage can lead to cancer. The more that you suntan, whether
from sun exposure or in tanning beds, the more exposure you experience to this
harmful radiation, and the effects can be cumulative.
3. Arrector pili muscles tug on hair follicles, causing them to stand more upright and
causing the hair to stand up. Additionally, contraction of these muscles aids in the
release of sebum from sebaceous glands, helping it move to the surface of the skin.
4. d
5. i
6. j
7. c
8. f
9. a
10. h
11. e
12. b
13. g
14. Check for correct colors:
 Stratum basale = green
 Reticular layer = red
 Papillary layer = blue
 Stratum corneum = yellow
15. Check for correct colors:
 Hypodermis = gray
 Dermis = purple
 Epidermis = blue
 Hair follicle = green
 Sebaceous gland = red
 Sweat gland = brown
 Arrector pili muscle = orange
 Lamellated corpuscle = yellow
 Tactile corpuscle = black
 Hair root = pink
 Hair shaft = tan
16. (d) nail matrix
17. (f) nail root
18. (b) eponychium
19. (a) nail plate
20. (c) hyponychium
21. (e) nail bed

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. EXERCISE 6 The Integumentary System 39

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 DREAM.

I dreamt that, standing on a height,

I wished to plunge me in the sea,
When, lo! a spirit of peace and light,
This wondrous song sang unto me:
‘Await the spring! I’ll soon be here;’
I’ll say, ‘Again let manhood rise!’
The mist from clouded brows I’ll clear,
And dreary dreams from heavy eyes.
Back to your Muse her voice I’ll give,
And once again you’ll find the days
All blessed—as you bind the sheaf—
Reaping your unmown upland ways.
 A SICK MAN’S JEALOUSY.

A heavy cross, the lot Fate laid upon her—

“Suffer! be silent! weep not! feign the smile!”
And he, to whom her love, her youth, her will,
Her all, she’d given, her torturer proved the while.

For years no greeting with a friend knew she;

Subdued, in sadness, and in trembling fear,
Bitter, unreasoning, sarcastic jeers,
Without a murmur, ’twas her lot to hear.

“Hush! tell me not you’ve lost your youth for me—

That you’re distracted by my jealousy;
Nay, tell me not! My grave is close at hand,
While you are fresher than spring’s blossoms be.

“That day, the day when you at first loved me,

And heard from me, ‘I love,’ in whispered breath,
Curse not that day! The grave is near for me!
I will right all, redeem all, by my death.

“Cease! Tell me not the days for you are sad;

This invalid a jailor cease to name.
For me remains the cold gloom of the grave;
For thee the embraces of another flame.

“Full well I know thou dost another love.

To spare, to wait, this seemed a tedious plan.
Oh, wait awhile! my grave is very near!
Let Fate end that which Fate in me began!”
Such cruel, torturing, insulting words—
Lovely, yet pale as chiselled marble—she
In silence heard, and only wrung her hands.
What could she answer to such jealousy?
 THE LANDLORD OF OLD TIMES.
(Loquitur.)

Before the Emancipation of the Serfs.

To whom I like I mercy show,

And whom I like I kill;
My fist—my only constable,
My only law—my will.
A blow from which the sparkle flits,
A blow that knocks the teeth to bits,
A blow that breaks the jaw!

After the Emancipation of the Serfs.

The mighty chain is snapped in twain,

Is snapped and bounds asunder.
The landlords clutch one broken end;
At t’other peasants blunder.

The fields remain unploughed and bare;

The seed is left unsown;
No trace of order anywhere,
O mother-land, our own!
Not for ourselves thus sorrow we;
We grieve, O native land, for thee!
Oh, true-believing peasantry!
Russia’s your mother small;
The Tsar’s your little father.
And that for you is all!
THE RUSSIAN SOLDIER.

Then up there comes a veteran,

With medals on his breast;
He scarcely lives, but yet he strives
To drink with all the rest.
“A lucky man, am I,” he cries,
And thus to prove the fact he tries.
“In what consists a soldier’s luck?
Pray, listen while I tell.
In twenty fights, or more, I’ve been,
And yet I never fell.
And, what is more, in peaceful times
Full meal I never knew;
Yet, all the same, I have contrived
Not to give Death his due.
Again, for sins both great and small,
Full many a time they’ve me
With sticks unmercifully flogged,
Yet I’m alive, you see!”
FROM MAIKOF.
 A MIDSUMMER NIGHT’S DREAM.

For a long time last night I for sleep vainly yearned.

I arose, my room window wide throwing;
The night with its silence oppressed me, and burned,
O’er me odours intoxicant blowing.

Of a sudden the hedge ’neath my window-sill shook;

My curtain blew back with a shimmer;
And in floated a youth with a beaming look,
Just as if from the moonlight a glimmer.

Gliding up to my couch, came my wonderful guest,

Whispered he, as a smile his lips parted,
“Why from me, with your cheek ’neath the pillow prest,
Like a startled wee fish, have you darted?

“Look up! I’m a god—god of visions and dreams,

Secret friend of the innocent maiden;
And for thee, my own queen, for the first time, I ween,
With a bliss from on high come I laden!”

He spoke—and his hands my face lovingly seek;

From its nook he it tenderly presses;
Then a burning kiss fell on the curve of my cheek,
And his lips sought my lips in caresses.

Neath the breath of his mouth my strength seemed to have flown,

From my breast unclaspt arms I extended,
And there breathed in my ears, “You’re my own! you’re my own!”
Distant notes, with harp’s melody blended!
Swiftly glided the hours; when I opened my eyes,
Rosy dawn through my chamber was streaming;
Alone, locks dishevelled, I trembling arise,
And I know not the drift of my dreaming.
 WHO WAS HE?
A STORY OF PETER THE GREAT.

Upon the mighty Neva’s bank,

Along the winding woodland way,
A Horseman rode, in forest wilds
Of elm, of pine, of mosses grey.

Before him rose a Fisher’s hut;

Beneath a pine, by the blue stream,
An aged, bearded Fisherman
Was mending his boat’s broken beam.

The Horseman said, “Grandsire! Good-day!

God help thee, friend! how liveth thou?
Doth thou catch much? and tell me, pray,
Where doth thou sell thy takings now?”

The old man answered sullenly,

“Are fishes in the river few?
And other market have I none,
Except the town, there, close to you.

“And how am I to fish to-day?

What kind of turmoil’s here, you see!
You fight; and, in the fight, a shell
Has smashed my fishing-boat for me!”

The Horseman bounded from his horse,

Without a word the tools he grasped;
And in a twinkling planked the boat,
The rudder in the stern set fast.
“See, now, old friend, thy boat’s all right!
Out on the water boldly set;
And, in the name of Peter’s luck,
Cast forth into the deep thy net.”

He vanished. Mused the stern old man:

“I wonder who the de’il was he!
In every inch he looked a king,
But plied the hatchet splendidly.”
 THE EASTER KISS.[8]

Soon “the Sun-bright Feast-day” cometh,

I will claim my Easter kiss.
Others, then, will stand around us;
Pray, my Dora, mark you this!

Just as if I never kissed you,

Blushing red before the rest,
You must kiss, with downcast eyelids;
I will kiss, with smile represt.

FOOTNOTES:
[8] It is the custom in Russia for all friends meeting on Easter
morning (known as “Sun-bright Feast-day”) to exchange kisses
three times in the name of the Trinity.
 ON LOMONOSSOEF.[9]

God chose him from his earliest years;

Revealed, ’mid glittering icebergs stood,
In northern light, in gleam of stars,
In roar of wave, in hum of wood,
And bade him leave his Fisher’s net,
And led him forth from town to town,
That “Rus”[10] to him from gloomy cot
To sparkling palace, might be known;
And led him to famed Western climes,
That there his genius might obtain
All knowledge, from the earliest times
Made known to mighty chosen men;
That, from their torch of knowledge, he
Might light his own, and, with right hand
Uplifted high that all might see,
Illume with it his native land.

FOOTNOTES:
[9] Lomonossoef—the first great Russian scholar—was the son
of an Archangel fisherman.
[10] Ancient name of Russia.
 PROPRIETY.

Ferdinand, the King, was courtly!

Pink of nice refinement he;
All the naked plasts of Venus,
Placed he under lock and key.

But the Herculean statues,

Left he in their places bare!
Men he did not mind offending;
Hurt the ladies? He’d not dare!
 THE SINGER.

Beautiful I’m not, I know;

Useless I in fight;
How to men and maids am I,
Such a dear delight?
Songs, like sounds that ’mid strings stray,
Fill this breast of mine,
Smiling round my lips they play,
In my eyes they shine!
 A LITTLE PICTURE.
AFTER THE PROCLAMATION OF THE 19TH FEB., 1861,
FREEING THE SERFS.

See, in peasant’s cottage, flickering

Shines a little fire,
Where, around a little maiden,
Draws a circle nigher.

And from word to word her finger

Slowly pointing leads,
As, with effort, to the peasants
She a paper reads.

Deep in thought, intently listening,

They a silence keep;
Save when some one bids the women
Hush the babes to sleep.

Mothers soothe their crying infants

With the teething toy,
While they, too, to catch the reading
All their ears employ.

Seated in the chimney corner

Now for many years,
With bent head the grandsire gazes,
Though he nothing hears.

Is the maiden clever, that they

Thus to her give heed?
Nay! but simply in that household
She alone could read:
And her lot it was to read out,
To the peasants old,
The glad news of longed-for freedom,
Which the paper told.

The full meaning of the message

Knew not she nor they;
But all, darkly, felt the dawning
Of a better day.

Brothers! see, the day-dawn flushes!

Darkness yields its place,
Sons of yours, ere long, will look on
Daylight face to face.

More and more let darkness lighten!

Day arise in might!
Even now, in vision, see I
Rays of rising light.

They are shining on the forehead,

Gleaming in the look,
Of that thoughtful little maiden
With her little book.

Freedom, Brothers! This is only

First step on the way
To the kingdom, where, in knowledge,
Shines eternal day!
 THE ALPINE GLACIER.

Dank the darkness on the cliff-side;

Faintly outlined from below,
In their modest maiden gladness,
Glaciers in the dawn’s blush glow.

What new life upon me blowing,

Breathes from yonder snowy height,
From that depth of limpid turquoise
Flashing in the morning light?

There, I know, dread Terror dwelleth,

Track of man there is not there;
Yet my heart in answer swelleth
To the challenge, “Come thou here!”
 THE MOTHER.

Little sufferer—all on fire!

All’s to him so trying!
On my shoulder lean thy head,
On my bosom lying!
I will walk about with thee,
Sleep, my own sweet dearie.
Shall I tell a little tale?
“Once there lived a fairy”—
No? Thee likes not silly tales?
P’r’aps a song will take thee!
“Pine-wood rustling dark and dank,
Big fox, wee fox, wakes he.
In the dark pine-wood will I——”
Is my own pet sleeping?
“Gather blackberries for thee
Brimful baskets heaping.
In the dark pine-wood will I——”
Hush! he fast is sleeping.
Open wide his feverish lips,
Like a wee bird, keeping.

“In the dark pine-wood will I,”

Walks the mother, singing—
Till the long dark night declines,
Back the day-dawn bringing.
Singing—while her weary arms
With dull pain are tingling—
Walks the mother; with her sighs
Frequent tears are mingling;
And scarce stirs the restless child,
Tossing in its fever,
Ere again that song resounds,
Soft and low as ever.
With thy scythe depart, O Death,
Spare the tender blossom!
Fierce the fight ere she will yield
Baby from her bosom.
With her whole soul will she shield,
E’en though sore affrighted,
That mysterious flame of life
Which from her was lighted,
For scarce rose that little flame,
Ere to her revealed was
What of love,—of wondrous power,—
In her breast concealed was.