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NTA UGC NET/SET/JRF: Paper II -
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Vineet Pandey
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F01 UGC NET English Paper 2 Prelims XXXX 01.indd 1 2/15/2021 5:45:28 PM

UGC

NET I SET I JRF
ENGLISH
P A P E R II 2021

Copyright © 2021 Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd
Although the author and publisher have made every effort to ensure that the information in this book was
correct at the time of editing and printing, the author and publisher do not assume and hereby disclaim any
liability to any party for any loss or damage arising out of the use of this book caused by errors or omissions,
whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, accident or any other cause. Further, names, pictures,
images, characters, businesses, places, events and incidents are either the products of the author’s imagination
or used in a fictitious manner. Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead or actual events is purely
coincidental and do not intend to hurt sentiments of any individual, community, sect or religion.
In case of binding mistake, misprints or missing pages etc., the publisher’s entire liability and your exclusive
remedy is replacement of this book within reasonable time of purchase by similar edition/reprint of the book
ISBN: 978-93-905-3114-1
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Dedicated to my elder brother Navneet Singh who
is not only a brother but a true ‘guru’ guiding me
to cherish humanity.
CONTENTS
Preface xi Augustan Age (1700–1800) 3.5
Acknowledgment xiii Romantic Age (1798–1837) 3.10
About the author xv Victorian Age (1837–1901) 3.15
Exam analysis xvii Modern Age (1900–1945) 3.23
NTA 2020 - Shift 1 xix Contemporary Period (Post 1945) 3.30
NTA 2020 - Shift 2 xxx American Literature in Brief 3.36
Non British or New Literature in English 3.39
Chapter 1 British poetry 1.1 Read and Recall 3.42
Old English Poetry 1.1
Middle English Poetry 1.5 Chapter 4 Nonfictional prose 4.1
The Revival of Learning 1.10 An Introduction to Nonfiction Writing 4.1
The Renaissance 1.16 Features of Nonfiction Writings 4.2
The Poetry of Puritan and Types of Nonfiction 4.2
The Restoration Age 1.21 Nonfiction During Anglo-norman and
The Pre-romantic Age 1.28 Chaucerian Period 4.4
The Romantic Age 1.34 Nonfiction Writings in the Age of Revival 4.5
Characteristics of English Romantic Poetry 1.35 Nonfiction in the Elizabethan Era 4.6
The Victorian Age 1.44 Nonfiction Writing in Puritan Age 4.6
Modernism 1.49 Nonfiction in the Restoration Period 4.7
Postmodernism 1.57 Nonfiction in Romantic Period 4.8
Read and Recall 1.63 Nonfiction in Victorian Period 4.8
The Contemporary Nonfiction 4.9
Chapter 2 British Drama 2.1 Read and Recall 4.11
Ancient Drama 2.1
Transition and Medieval Theatre 2.4 Chapter 5 Language: Basic Concepts,
Drama Before Shakespeare 2.5 theories and pedagogy, english in Use 5.1
Elizabethan Age 2.9 What is Language? 5.1
William Shakespeare 2.9 Basic Language Skills 5.3
Contemporaries and Successors of Theories of Language Acquisition 5.4
Shakespeare 2.14 First Language Theory 5.5
Other Early 17th Century Dramatists 2.15 Methods of Second Language
Restoration Age 2.17 Acquisition (Say, English) 5.5
Augustan Age and the Age of Johnson 2.20 Natural Approach to Language
Victorian Age 2.21 Learning and Acquisition 5.6
Modern Age 2.22 Other Methods and Approaches 5.8
Contemporary Drama 2.25 Some Important Terms 5.9
Read and Recall 2.29 English in Use 5.9
Read and Recall 5.11
Chapter 3 Fiction and Short Stories 3.1
What is Fiction? 3.1 Chapter 6 english in India:
Fiction in Medieval Period (1066–1500) 3.2 history, evolution and Future 6.1
The Age of Revival (1400–1550) 3.3 History of English Language in India 6.1
Elizabethan Age (1550–1625) 3.3 English in the Indian Subcontinent 6.2
Puritan Age 3.4 The Origin of English in India 6.3
Restoration Age 3.5 Three Language Formula 6.7
x Contents
Future of English in India 6.10 Reader-response Theory/Reader

Read and Recall 6.12 Oriented Theory 9.9
Phenomenology9.10
Chapter 7 Cultural Studies7.1 Feminist Criticism 9.10
Cultural Studies: An Overview 7.1 Cultural Materialism 9.12
Frankfurt School of Thought 7.2 Orientalism and Its Relevance 9.13
Feminism 7.3 Marxist Theories 9.14
Postcolonialism 7.7 Post-colonialism9.15
Read and Recall 7.11 New Historicism 9.16
Read and Recall 9.18
Chapter 8 Literary Criticism8.1
Chapter 10 Research Methods and
Nature and Functions of Criticism 8.1
Materials in English10.1
Forms of Literary Criticism 8.2
Important Critics and Their Works 8.4 Research and Its Meaning 10.1
Other Important Writers in Literary Criticism 8.23 What is Research Methodology? 10.2
Read and Recall 8.25 What is a Literary Research? 10.2
Types of Research 10.3
Research Process 10.4
Chapter 9 Literary Theory Post World War II9.1
Materials of Research 10.5
Introduction9.1 Tools of Research 10.5
Russian Formalism 9.3 Research Methods 10.5
Structuralism, Post-structuralism and Read and Recall 10.9
Deconstruction9.4
New Criticism 9.6 Exam Vault A.1
Archetypal/Myth Criticism 9.7 Mock Tests M.1
Psychoanalytic Criticism 9.8
PREFACE
I am delighted to present the first edition of a much needed book—Pearson’s NTA UGC NET/SET/JRF Paper II - English which
will effectively become a handbook for NET, SET, SLET, CUCET and various university entrance exams. This book, that has
been prepared after close examination of previous years’ papers to understand the examination pattern, will be a panacea for
students appearing in those exams. It consists of all requirements of students giving them comprehensive content to save their
time with effective method of learning. This is based on the latest syllabus and all the efforts have been made to enlist each
important topic.
Some basic units and topics have been written by avoiding unnecessary details and putting emphasis only on direct ques-
tions and their explanations.
I have spent maximum time to work on literary theory, cultural studies, postcolonial literature, aspects of language and
English language teaching.
In British poetry and drama, literary criticism, and world literature portions, I have researched on latest questions asked
in the examination.
Literature is like an ocean and it’s impossible to sum up everything in books. Sincere efforts have been applied to make it
into a reliable source for students to minimize their preparation time while providing maximum information in exam targeted
manner. All suggestions are most welcome and will be helpful in improving this book further.
Vineet Pandey
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This book is a result of many people standing by my side helping, motivating and guiding me. Thanks to the Pearson editorial
team for their support and guidance, without them this book would not have been possible.
I extend my heartfelt thanks to Deeksha Tripathi, Shweta Pandey, Abhishek Pandey, Amit Pandey, Mrs Shweta Navneet
Singh, Sarwan Singh, Piyush Godara, Manish and my entire team.
I would like to thank you Papa for bringing me in this field and showing me the future, and Mummy it was you who made
me strong and confident like yourself.
I cannot move further without thanking Mr Anurag Sharma and Aishwarya Lakshmi—my friends and motivators, Tiger—
my love, my kid, and all my students who have done amazing contribution in supporting me.
I may have forgotten some names here. I wish to express my love and regard towards all those who have helped me directly
or indirectly in the making of this book.
Vineet Pandey
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Vineet Pandey was an Assistant Professor at the University of Delhi. He’s a well known name in the
UGC NET/JRF field at present. He has qualified NET several times with two times JRF and multiple
times SET/SLET examination. He has a hands-on understanding of the pattern and problems of
students in passing these examinations. His ground study and analysis made him perfect in this field
and he has given seven NET toppers with a huge number of success through his YouTube classes.
He hails from a small town and has faced all the problems faced by students studying in remote
areas with less opportunities which makes him special as he assimilates the problems of students
and solves them.
EXAM ANALYSIS
In recent years, we have seen a drastic change in the examination pattern. The biggest issue in UGC NET exam is that syllabus
is not properly detailed. For example, when the syllabus mentions Drama as a topic, it means all the literature written in
this genre in the English language, which further implies that Indian drama in English translation can also be asked. This
has happened in previous years’ examinations as well. In order to avoid confusion of reading too many texts from the endless
list of literatures from around the world, I go by a basic rule which is: ‘Read unknown works of known writers and known
works of unknown writers’.
While reading British history, students must remember that chronology is most important. Names of eminent writers,
their birth and death years, and publication years of famous books along with opening and ending lines are very important.
While going through English in India and Aspects of Language units, remember abbreviations, important commissions
and schools of thoughts significant to language acquisition theories.
Literary theory has always scared students; here, I have tried to make it easy and comprehensible for all the students by
using simple language.
Why I Chose to Write This Book?

Literature in India has been introduced in schools and colleges and becomes the first direct connection through prescribed syl-
labus. There are around 46 central universities, 150+ state universities and 500+ deemed or autonomous universities. This
has given us a great variety in literature, but that also generates the biggest problems. In realty, no university syllabus alone
is enough to be a good base for NET examination and most of the students rely solely on that. This is the reason students find
themselves clueless, not knowing what to read and from where to read.
With plethora of content available to students both offline and online, it becomes difficult for them to decide the best
resource for their exam preparation. With the right balance of theory and practice questions, I sincerely hope this book proves
as a single point of reference and helps the students score high in the examination.
All suggestions are most welcome and will be helpful in improving this book further.
How to prepare for UGC NET examination?

Any fresher student appearing in this examination should follow some basic rules before starting to prepare.
• Read British history from two or three sources and use this Pearson handbook to find out important facts, points and
details. Make short notes in this book by using pencils and highlighters as you just have to mark points and facts and
rewrite those in your notebook.
• After completing British history, solve the MCQs given after every unit and use pencil to mark. Once done with it, erase
your own markings and reattempt the MCQs after a revision of the unit. Keep doing it till you get good results.
• Literary criticism and literary theory are two topics that should be read after British poetry and drama. Some students
start reading everything side by side without finding a connection in those topics. In criticism, focus on opinions and rules
made by those philosophers, and in literary theory, terminologies, their coinage and their meaning play a vital role in the
examination. Set an order in literary genre and make a list of their thinkers. Mark the publications of important books on
literary theory.
• We have summarized the requirements of the syllabus in all the units, but it would be beneficial if students keep any book
on history of English literature for reference. It will give them enough understanding of specific periods.
• Cultural studies is a unit that’s introduced recently and a good number of questions are being asked from this section in the
recent years’ examinations.
• A good amount of research has gone into writing the ‘Research Methods and Materials in English’ unit.
• NET exam has a system of asking questions randomly from any topic. Hence, I would suggest students to stay updated with
latest awards, publications and literary trends.
Lastly, remember that practice makes you perfect. So, do not leave any stone unturned and be ready to burn midnight oil if you
seek success in this examination. Best wishes to you all.
F01 UGC NET English Paper 2 Prelims XXXX 01.indd 17 18-Feb-21 5:42:35 PM
NTA UGC NET 2020 Paper II English
Shift 1
1. The deductive method differs from the inductive (c) He asserted the value of poetry by giving prefer-
method in drawing its conclusions from ence to rhetoric over imitation (mimesis).
(a) verification (b) particular instances (d) He asserted the value of poetry by focusing on imi-
(c) applications (d) general truths tation (mimesis) rather than rhetoric.
2. Which one of the following journals publishes articles 8. Who said of the blank verse, quoting an unnamed critic,
related to critical theory exclusively? that it is ‘...verse only to the eye’, adding further that it
(a) Salmagundi (b) Diacritics ‘has neither the easiness of prose, nor the melody of
(c) Callaloo (d) Grand Street numbers’?
3. Which one of the following assumptions best expresses (a) John Dryden
the position of Post-Structuralist criticism? (b) Alexander Pope
(a) Definite structures underlie empirical events. (c) Samuel Taylor Coleridge
(b) Language is representational. (d) Samuel Johnson
(c) Apprehension of reality is a construct. 9. Poetry according to Sir Philip Sidney is of three kinds.
(d) Knowledge operates according to procedures that They are
are axiomatic. (a) religious, dramatic, romantic
4. Which one of the following is correct about Saussure’s (b) classical, romantic, neo-classical
analysis of language? (c) philosophical, imaginative, narrative
(a) La langue is the system of a language. (d) religious, philosophical, imaginative
(b) Parole focuses on language as a system at a par- 10. In Anxiety of Influence which of the following defini-
ticular time. tions is given by Harold Bloom to explain the term
(c) La langue is the particular instance of speech and ‘clinamen’?
writing. (a) poetic hyperbole (b) poetic misprision
(d) Parole is the study of language over a period of (c) poetic sublime (d) poetic supplement
time.
11. Who among the following is known to have popular-
5. Who among the following theorists particularly ized the term ‘glocalization’?
emphasized the social and historical dimensions of a (a) Ronald Robertson (b) Francis Fukuyama
text’s reception? (c) John Urry (d) John Tomlinson
(a) Wolfgang Iser (b) Stanley Fish
(c) Hans Robert Jauss (d) Pierre Bourdieu 12. Who among the following coined the dictum, ‘the
medium is the message’?
6. Which one among the following is a set of the Meta-
(a) Raymond Williams
physical Poets?
(b) Erving Goffman
(a) John Dryden, George Herbert, and Alexander
(c) Marshall McLuhan
Pope
(d) John Fiske
(b) Henry Vaughan, John Dryden, and John Donne
(c) John Donne, Henry Vaughan, and Andrew Marvel 13. Who among the following presented the concept
(d) Samuel Johnson, T.S. Eliot and Herbert Grierson of ‘multi-accentuaiity’ of the sign, saying that signs
possess an ‘inner dialectical quality’ and ‘evaluative
7. Which one of the following statements is true about
accent’?
Aristotle’s poetics?
(a) Roland Barthes
(a) He asserted the value of poetry by integrating
(b) Stuart Hall
rhetoric and imitation (mimesis).
(c) Jacques Derrida
(b) He asserted the value of poetry by focusing on
(d) Vaientin Voloshinov
both rhetoric and imitation (mimesis).
F02 UGC NET English Paper 2 XXXX 01_2020 Papers.indd 19 18-Feb-21 5:48:40 PM
xx NTA 2020 - Shift 1
14. On December 11, 1823, Rammohan Roy addressed a 21. Which according to Thomas Hobbes is the only ‘sci-
letter to the British authority which pleaded for mod- ence’ God has bestowed on mankind, that informs the
ern western education and is considered historically structure of his monumental work Leviathan?
important for the introduction of English education in (a) Astronomy (b) Architecture
India. Who was the letter addressed to? (c) Occult sciences (d) Geometry
(a) Lord Amherst (b) Lord Minto 22. As mentioned in ‘My First Acquaintance with Poets’
(c) Lord Macaulay (d) Lord Bentick which poet does William Hazlitt describe as the ‘only
15. Which British administrator sought ‘to make every- person I ever knew who answered the idea of a man of
thing as English as possible in a country which resem- genius’?
bles England in nothing’, as recorded by Sir Thomas (a) Coleridge (b) Wordsworth
Munro? (c) Byron (d) Shelley
(a) Lord Bentick (b) Lord Hastings 23. Which one of the following essays holds that ‘As a
(c) Lord Cornwallis (d) Lord Wellesley method, realism is a complete failure’?
16. Who among the following was the first Director of the (a) Virginia Woolf, The Mark on the Wall
Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages. (b) Oscar Wilde, The Decay of Lying
Hyderabad (now EFL University)? (c) D.H Lawrence, Why the Novel Matters
(a) Prof V. K. Gokak (b) Prof C. D. Narasimhaiah (d) Mary McCarthy, My Confession
(c) Prof C. J. Daswani (d) Prof K. R. S. Iyengar 24. Which of the following novels is structured into a poem
17. Which one of the following best explains the term of 999 lines, preceded by a Foreword, followed by a
‘paralanguage’? Commentary and an Index?
(a) The ways in which people mask what they mean (a) Ragtime
by the words they use (b) Pale Fire
(b) The ways in which people show what they mean (c) The Inner Side of the Wind
other than by the words they use (d) Hourglass
(c) The ways in which words carry meanings unin- 25. Which among the following novels includes a question-
tended by the speaker naire for the reader such as ‘Do you like the story so
(d) The ways in which the silence underlying speech far? Yes () No()’?
communicates wrong meanings (a) Mantissa by John Fowles
18. Which two of the following oppositions are best evoked (b) Watertand by Graham Swift
by Hamlet’s utterance - To be or not to be’? (c) Snow White by Donald Barthelme
(A) between life and death (d) If on a Winter’s Night a Traveller by Italo Calvino
(B) between action and emotion 26. What is the subject of Ivan’s controversial essay in
(C) between affirmation and confirmation Brothers Karamazov?
(D) between doing and abstaining from doing (a) Transubstantiation (b) The evils of clergy
Choose the correct answer from the options given
(c) The Eucharist (d) Ecclesiastical courts
below. 27. Which one of the following Sherlock Holmes stories
(a) A and D only (b) B and D only refers to a significant event in English history?
(c) C and A only (d) D and C only (a) The Musgrove Ritual
19. Who among the following linguists proposed the terms, (b) The Speckled Band
‘competence’ and ‘performance’? (c) The Solitary Cyclist
(a) Noah Webster (b) Steven Pinker (d) The Red-Headed League
(c) Roman Jakobson (d) Noam Chomsky 28. Harold Skimpole is a character in
20. Which one of these statements defines the scope of (a) Bleak House (b) Dombey and Son
semiotics? (c) Great Expectations (d) Oliver Twist
(a) Semiotics studies the sound systems of a language. 29. Who is the author of A Fragment (1819), one of the ear-
(b) Semiotics is a study of sign systems. liest vampire stories in English?
(c) Semiotics studies human sign system only. (a) P. B. Shelley (b) Lord Byron
(d) Semiotics is a study of non-human sign systems (c) Bram Stoker (d) Mary Shelley
only.
F02 UGC NET English Paper 2 XXXX 01_2020 Papers.indd 20 2/15/2021 5:45:55 PM
NTA 2020 - Shift 1 xxi
30. Lala Kanshi Ram is a character in 39. What game do the characters play in Act II of Harold
(a) Arun Joshi’s The Apprentice Pinter’s The Birthday Party?
(b) Chaman Nahal’s Azadi (a) A game of chess (b) A game of cards
(c) Anita Desai’s Fire on the Mountain (c) Blind man’s buff (d) Musical chairs
(d) Kamala Markandaya’s A Handful of Rice
40. The Duchess of Malfi is based on
31. Which of the following poems by Philip Larkin deals (a) a French romance (b) an Italian novella
with the trauma of a rape victim who says ‘Even so dis- (c) a Geman fable (d) a Scottish chronicle
tant. I can taste the grief’?
41. Which two of the following strictly follow the parame-
(a) Deceptions (b) Faith Healing
ters of documentation prescribed by the eighth edition
(c) Sad Steps’ (d) Wild Oats
of the MLA Handbook?
32. In which of the Bog poems does Seamus Heaney speak (A) Nunberg, Geoffrey, editor. The Future of the Book.
about the ‘perishable treasure’ of a body ‘Murdered, U of California P, 1996.
forgotten, nameless, terrible’? (B) Puig, Manuel. Kiss of the Spider Woman. Trans.
(a) Bog Queen (b) Grauballe Man Thomas Colchie. London: Vintage, 1991.
(c) Punishment (d) Strange Fruit (C) Nunberg, Geoffrey, ed. The Future of the Book.
33. Which book of Paradise Lost incorporates the speech Berkeley: U of California P, 1996.
rhythms of Adam and Eve’s marital quarrel? (D) Puig, Manuel. Kiss of the Spider Woman. Translated
(a) Book 4 (b) Book 6 by Thomas Colchie. Vintage Books, 1991.
(c) Book 7 (d) Book 9 Choose the correct answer from the options given

34. Who among the following wrote Mazeppa, a long nar- below.
rative poem about a seventeenth-century military (a) A and B only (b) A and C only
leader of Ukraine? (c) A and D only (d) B and C only
(a) William Cowper (b) Lord Byron
42. A research hypothesis is
(c) P. B. Shelley (d) S. T. Coleridge
(A) a proposition which is always true
35. Which one of the following statements is appropriately (B) a provisional explanation of anything
true of Harold Pinter’s plays? (C) a theory which will be disproved by evidence
(a) Menace is in the air and it leads to bloody violence. (D) a statement which is assumed to be true for the
(b) Menace is in the air and it is realized through the sake of argument
female characters.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options

(c) Menace is in the air, but it is not pinned down, or
given below.
explained.
(a) A and B only (b) B and C only
(d) Menace is in the air and anarchy follows in a sys-
(c) B and D only (d) A and C only
tematic manner.
36. To which mythological character is Faustus compared 43. Which two of the following aspects are to be scrupu-
in the prologue of Dr. Faustus? lously followed to avoid the trap of plagiarism?
(a) Perseus (b) Theseus (A) Subjectivity (B) Acknowledgement
(c) Icarus (d) Achilles (C) Citation (D) Interpretation
37. Who makes the following speech in Samuel Beckett’s Choose the most appropriate answer from the options

Waiting for Godot? given below.
(a) A and B only (b) A and C only
‘Astride of a grave and a difficult birth. Down in the

(c) C and D only (d) B and C only
hole, lingeringly, the grave-digger puts on the forceps,’
(a) Estragon (b) Lucky 44. Which two texts among the following are linked to lit-
(c) Vladimir (d) Pozzo erary feminism?
(A) A Small Place (B) The Yellow Wallpaper
38. Which of the following are the major themes in William
(C) Emma (D) A Room of One’s Own
Congreve’s The Way of the World?
(a) Jealousy and revenge Choose the correct answer from the options given

(b) Love and intrigue below.
(c) Intrigue and death (a) A and D only (b) C and D only
(d) Love and loyalty (c) B and D only (d) A and C only
xxii NTA 2020 - Shift 1
45. Who among the following feminist theorists posited a 49. Who among the following are the two great masters
separate realm of female experience captured in a style of the French language that T. S. Eliot contrasts with
of writing different from men’s? Dryden and Milton in The Metaphysical Poets?
(A) Elaine Showalter (A) Francois Villon (B) Jean Racine
(B) Luce Irigaray (C) Charles Baudelaire (D) Arthur Rimbaud
(C) Kate Millett Choose the correct answer from the options given

(D) Simone de Beauvoir below.
(E) Helene Cixous (a) A and C only (b) A and D only
(c) B and C only (d) B and D only
below. 50. Which two terms from among the following are specifi-
(a) A, C and D only (b) B and D only cally linked to the work of Pierre Bourdieu?
(c) C, D and E only (d) B and E only (A) Habitus (B) Consciousness
46. Which of these statements describe correctly the basic (C) Desire (D) Distinction
assumption of Structuralism? Choose the correct answer from the options given

(A) Structuralism is concerned with signs and below.
signification. (a) A and C only (b) A and D only
(B) A structuralist theory considers only verbal con- (c) B and D only (d) C and D only
ventions and codes.
51. Macaulay’s Minute of 1835 sought to
(C) Structuralism began in the works of Jacques
(A) promote European literature and science among
Derrida that influenced the 20th-century literary
the natives.
criticism.
(B) impart knowledge of English literature and sci-
(D) Structuralism challenges the long-standing belief
ence through translated texts.
that literature reflects a given reality.
(C) encourage branches of native learning by more
(E) All signs are arbitrary but without them we cannot
useful studies.
comprehend reality.
(D) stop expenditure on the publication of oriental
works and spend funds only on English education.
below.

(a) A, C and E only (b) A, D and E only
below.
(c) A, B and C only (d) A, B and E only
(a) A and D only (b) B and D only
47. Which two terms among the following are associated (c) A and C only (d) B and C only
with formalist criticism?
52. Which two of the following statements are applicable
(A) Aura (B) Actant
to ‘metalanguage’?
(C) Narratee (D) Defamiliarization
It is
(E) Foregrounding
(A) a technical language which describes the proper-
ties of language.
below. (B) known as a ‘first-order’ language.
(a) A and C only (b) B and D only (C) a ‘second-order’ language that replaces a ‘first-
(c) B and C only (d) D and E only order’ language with metaphors.
48. Who among the following believed that rhyme is not an (D) a ‘second-order’ language.
integral part of poetry? Choose the correct answer from the options given

(A) William Wordsworth below.
(B) Horace (a) A and B only (b) C and D only
(C) Samuel Daniel (c) A and D only (d) B and C only
(D) Philip Sidney
53. ‘Hari wrote a poem on the mountains’. Which two of
the following are admissible statements about the
given below. above sentence?
(a) A and C only (b) B and D only (A) The sentence is an example of lexical ambiguity.
(c) A and D only (d) D and C only (B) The sentence is an example of structural ambiguity.
NTA 2020 - Shift 1 xxiii
(C) The sentence involves two deep structures. 58. Which two of the following are the titles of the sections
(D) The sentence involves two surface structures. in Thomas De Quincey’s The English Mail - Coach?
Choose the correct answer from the options given (A) The Glory of Mobility
below. (B) The Vision of Sudden Death
(a) A and B only (b) B and C only (C) The Glory of Motion
(c) B and D only (d) C and D only (D) The Vision of Unexpected Truth
54. Which two of the following events are described in Choose the correct answer from the options given

Samuels Pepys’s Diary? below.
(A) The Plague in London (a) A and B only (b) A and D only
(B) The Great Fire of London (c) B and C only (d) B and D only
(C) The War of Spanish Succession 59. Which two of the following books are explorations of
(D) Essex Rebellion the art of the novel by novelists?
Choose the correct answer from the options given (A) The Brief Compass
below. (B) The Naive and the Sentimental Novelist
(a) A and B only (b) A and C only (C) The Visionary Company
(c) B and C only (d) B and D only (D) Testaments Betrayed
55. Which two of the following inspired the rise of the peri- Choose the most appropriate answer from the options

odical essay? given below.
(A) Robert Burton (a) A and B only (b) A and C only
(B) Francois Rabelais (c) B and C only (d) B and D only
(C) Francis Bacon
(D) Michel de Montaigne 60. The lives of which of the following writers have been
the subject matter of novels by Anthony Burgess?

(A) Milton (B) Marlowe
given below.
(C) Shelley (D) Keats
(a) C and A only (a) A and B only
(b) C and D only (c) B and D only Choose the correct answer from the options given

below.
56. Which two of the following works does Walter Pater
(a) A and B only (b) A and D only
regard as examples of ‘great art’ in his essay ‘Style’?
(c) B and C only (d) B and D only
(A) Iliad (B) The Divine Comedy
(C) Les Miserables (D) Faust 61. Which two rivers are mentioned by Andrew Marvell at
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options the beginning of To His Coy Mistress?
given below. (A) The Ganges (B) Thames
(a) A and B only (b) A and D only (C) Humber (D) The Jhelum
(c) B and C only (d) B and D only Choose the correct answer from the options given

57. According to his essay ‘Civil Disobedience’, what two below.
things did Thoreau learn from the night he spent in (a) A and D only (b) A and B only
jail? (c) A and C only (d) B and C only
(A) He concluded that the State is ultimately weak. 62. Which two poems in the following list are examples of
(B) He realized that captivity inspires courage. dramatic monologue?
(C) He realized that the neighbours are only friends (A) Alfred Tennyson, Ulysses
during good times. (B) Philip Larkin, Church Going
(D) He concluded that captivity brings wisdom about (C) Carol Ann Duffy, Medusa
human affairs. (D) Katherine Philips, A Married State

below. below.
(a) A and B only (b) A and C only (a) A and D only (b) B and C only
(c) A and D only (d) C and D only (c) C and D only (d) A and C only
xxiv NTA 2020 - Shift 1
63. Which two of the following poems are by Robert 68. Match List I with List II
Browning? List I (Critics) List II (Text)
(A) Locksley Hall
(A) Horace I. A Defence of Rhyme
(B) The Pied Piper of Hamelin
(C) The Lady of Shalott (B) John Dryden II. Timber: or, Discoveries
(D) Two in the Campagna (C) Samuel Daniel III. Ars Poetica
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(D) Ben Jonson IV. Of Dramatic Poesy
(a) A and D only (b) B and C only Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

(c) A and C only (d) B and D only (a) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III
64. Which two of the following dramatists are associated (b) A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I
with the Epic Theatre? (c) A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II
(A) Fernando Arrabal (B) Bertolt Brecht (d) A - II, B - IV, C - I. D - III
(C) Arnolt Bronnen (D) James Saunders 69. Match List I with List II
List I (Author) List II (Text)
(a) A and B only (b) B and C only (A) Michel de Certeau I. Distinction
(c) A and D only (d) B and D only
(B) John Fiske II. Betiding the Romance
65. Which two characters/speakers among the following
III. Understanding Popular
exhibit the studious abstraction of scholars?
(C) Pierre Bourdieu Culture
(A) Shylock (B) Hamlet
(C) Il Penseroso (D) Mosca IV. The Practice of Everyday
(D) Janice Rad way Life

(a) A and D only (b) B and C only Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

(c) C and D only (d) A and C only (a) A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III
(b) B - III, C - IV, D - I, A - II
66. Match List I with List II
(c) A - IV, B - III, C - I, D - II
List I (Terms) List II (Theorists) (d) B - III, C - I, D - IV, A - II
(A) arche-ecriture I. Julia Kristeva 70. Match List I with List II
(B) cyborg II. Donna Haraway List I (Linguist) List II (Concept)
(C) genotext III. Friedrich Schleiermacher (A) Paul Grice I. language death
(D) hermeneutic circle IV. Jacques Derrida (B) Edward Sapir II. linguistic signs
(C) Ferdinand de
(a) A - IV, B - II, C - I, D - III Saussure III. linguistic relativity
(b) A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV (D) Nancy Dorian IV. cooperative principle
(c) A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I

(d) A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III
(a) A - I, B - III, C - II, D - IV
67. Match List I with List II (b) A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I
List I (Terms) List II (Theorists) (c) A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II
(d) A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I
(A) Superreader I. Michel Foucault
(B) Biopower II. Mikhail Bakhtin 71. Match List I with List II
(C) Bricolage III. Michael Riffaterre List I List II
(D) Chronotope IV. Claude Levi-Strauss (Word Borrowed) (Source Indian Language)
(A) mongoose I. Tamil
(a) A - III, B - II, C - IV, D - I (B) loot II. Malayalam
(b) A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II (C) curry III. Hindi/ Urdu
(c) A - IV, B - I, C - III, D - II
(D) betel IV. Marathi
(d) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III
NTA 2020 - Shift 1 xxv


(a) A - IV, B - IIl, C - I, D - II below;
(b) A - IV, B - II, C - I, D - III (a) A - lll, B - IV, C - II, D - I
(c) A - II, B - III, C - IV, D - I (b) A - III, B - II C - IV, D - II
(d) A - II, B - I, C - IV, D - III (c) A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II
(d) A - II, B - l, C - IV, D - III
List 1 (Essayist) List II (Essay) List I (Author) List II (Work)
(A) George Orwell I. On the Artificial Comedy (A) John Keats I. Alastor
of the Last Century
(B) William Wordsworth II. Songs of Experience
(C) P. B. Shelley III. Lamia
(B) Michel de II. Why I Write
Montaigne (D) William Blake IV. The Excursion
(C) Charles Lamb Ill. A Modest Proposal Choose the correct answer from the options given

below.
(D) Jonathan Swift IV. On the Cannibals
(a) A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II
(b) A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II
(a) A - lll, B - IV, C - III, D -I (c) A - I, B - IV, C - III, D - II
(b) A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III (d) A - IV, B - II, C - I, D - III
(c) A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I 76. Arrange the following terms in the chronological order
(d) A - II, B - III, C - I, D - IV of emergence.
(A) Heresy of Paraphrase
(B) Stream of Consciousness
List I (Author) List II (Text) (C) Practical Criticism
(A) Thomas Pynchon I. G. (D) Defamiliarization
(B) Howard Jacobson II. V Choose the correct answer from the options given

below.
(C) Anthony Burgess III. J
(a) D, B, C, A (b) B, D, A, C
(D) John Berger IV. M/F (c) B, D, C, A (d) D, C, B, A
77. Arrange the following critical works in their chrono-
below. logical order of publication.
(a) A - II, B - IV, C - I. D - III (A) Preface to Lyrical Ballads
(b) A - II, B - Ill, C - IV, D - I (B) A Defence of Rhyme
(c) A - II, B - III, C - I, D - IV (C) Life of Cowley
(d) A - IV, B - III, C - l, D - II (D) The Frontiers of Criticism

below.
List I (Lines) List II (Poems) (a) A, C, B and D (b) B, A, C and D
(A) ‘Monuments of I. Leda and the Swan (c) B, C, A and D (d) C, A, D and B
unaging intellect’ 78. Arrange the following in the chronological order of
(B) ‘In the foul rag-and- II. Adam’s Curse publication.
bone shop of the (A) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
heart’ (B) Course in General Linguistics
(C) Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language
(C) ‘So mastered by the III. Sailing to Byzantium
(D) How to Do Things with Words
brute blood of the air’

(D) ‘As weary-hearted as IV. The Circus Animals’
(a) D, B, A, C (b) C, B, A, D
that hollow moon’ Desertion
(c) B, D, A, C (d) B, A, D, C
xxvi NTA 2020 - Shift 1
79. Arrange the following in the chronological order of 84. Arrange the following plays in their chronological
publication. order
(A) Advancement of Learning (A) The Country Wife
(B) The Origin of Species (B) Cymbeline
(C) On Heroes and Hero Worship (C) The Spanish Tragedy
(D) The Lives of the Poets (D) The Rivals

below. below.
(a) D, A, C, B (b) D, A, B, C (a) B, A, C, D (b) B, C, D. A
(c) A, D, C, B (d) A, D, B, C (c) C, B, A, D (d) C, A, B, D
80. Arrange the following 18th-century magazines in the 85. Arrange the following plays in the chronological order
chronological order of publication. of publication.
(A) The Critical Review
(A) All for Love
(B) The Monthly Review
(B) Venice Preserved
(C) The Gentleman’s Magazine
(C) The School for Scandal
(D) The Rambler
(D) The Country Wife

below. Choose the correct answer from the options given

(a) A, D, B, C (b) D, A, B, C below.
(c) B, A, C, D (d) C, B, D, A (a) B, C, A, D (b) D, A, B, C
(c) C, B, D, A (d) A, D, C, B
81. Arrange the following in the chronological order of
publication. 86. Given below are two statements: one is labelled as
(A) Crome Yellow Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R
(B) Sons and Lovers Assertion A: Research methods are a range of tools
(C) Mrs Dalloway that are used for different types of inquiry.
(D) A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Reason R: The tools used in research are products of
the situations in which they are applied. In light of the
below. above statements, choose the correct answer from the
(a) B, A, D, C (b) A, B, D, C options given below.
(c) A, C, B, D (d) B, D, A, C (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explana-
82. Arrange the following women novelists in the chrono- tion of A
logical order (by date of birth). (b) Both A and R are true and R is NOT the correct
(A) Anne Bronte (B) Jane Austen explanation of A
(C) Ann Radcliffe (D) Fanny Burney (c) A is true but R is false
(E) Maria Edgeworth (d) A is false but R is true
87. Given below are two statements: one is labelled as
below. Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R
(a) B, A, D, C, E (b) C, D, B, E, A Assertion A: Signs are never neutral or Innocent.
(c) D, C, E, B, A (d) A, B, C, E, D
Reason R: In all cases signs are organized into systems
83. Arrange the following authors in the chronological that convey some meaning.
order of their birth.
In light of the above statements, choose the correct
(A) Oscar Wilde (B) William Langland
answer from the options given below.
(C) Geoffrey Chaucer (D) John Dryden
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explana-
(E) Alexander Pope
tion of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
below. explanation of A
(a) B, C, D, E, A (b) A, B, C, E, D (c) A is true but R is false
(c) B, C, D, A, E (d) C, B, A, D, E (d) A is false but R is true
NTA 2020 - Shift 1 xxvii
88. Given below are two statements. Swimming with blue through the rose flesh of dawn,
Statement I: Consumption is an outcome of self-inter- From her dew of lips, the drop of one word
est and a maximization of personal pleasure. Fell, from a dawn of fountains, when she murmured
‘Darling,’ — upon my heart the song of the first bird.
Statement II: There are strong correlations between
social status and such things as housing styles, musical ‘My dream glides in my dream,’ she said, ‘come true,
tastes and food preferences. I waken from you to my dream of you.’
In light of the above statements, choose the correct O, then my waking dream dared to assume
answer from the options given below. The audacity of her sleep. Our dreams
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are true Flowed into each other’s arms, like streams.’
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are false —Stephen Spender
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is false 91. Which among the following best describes the lady’s
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true face as ‘At dawn she lay...’ asleep?
89. Given below are two statements. (a) Her face appears to be that of a stone sculpture’s.
Statement I: The Orientalists in British India were not (b) The side-view of her face appears to be that of a
sympathetic towards India’s ancient learning. sculpted angel’s.
Statement II: William Jones thought that in ‘imagina- (c) Her face appears to be that of a stone-angel.
tion’, ‘ratiocination’, and philosophy, Indians were by (d) The side-view of her face appears to be that of an
no means inferior to Europeans. angel’s.
In light of the above statements, choose the correct 92. Match List I with List II
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are true List I (The Item) List II (What it is an
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are false example of)
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is false (A) ‘Her hair’ I. player
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true (B) ‘pillows’ II. ‘a harp’
90. Given below are two statements: one is labelled as (C) ‘breeze’ III. ‘rose’
Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R.
(D) ‘cheeks’ IV. ‘cloud’
Assertion A: The introduction of English in India was pri-
marily for the benefit and consolidation of British power. Choose the correct answer from the options given

Reason R: English catered to the social and economic below.
aspirations of the emerging middle class and urban (a) A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III
elites in India. (b) A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV
In light of the above statements, choose the correct (c) A - II, B - IV, C - I, D - III
answer from the options given below. (d) A - IV, B - III, C - I, D - II
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explana- 93. Match List I with List II
tion of A List I (item) List II (Whet it is an
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct example of)
explanation of A
(A) ‘Her hair a harp’ I. Simile
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true (B) ‘the hand of a breeze’ II. Metaphor
(C) ‘seems the stone face’ III. Oxymoron
Direction for Questions 91–93: Read the given passage and
(D) ‘my waking dream’ IV. Synecdoche
answer the questions that follow Daybreak.

‘At dawn she lay with her profile at that angle below.
Which, sleeping, seems the stone face of an angel; (a) A - ll, B - IV, C - I, D - III
Her hair a harp the hand of a breeze follows (b) A - IV, B - II, C - III, D - I
To play, against the white cloud of the pillows. (c) A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I
Then in a flush of rose she woke, and her eyes were open, (d) A - I, B - IV, C - II, D - III
xxviii NTA 2020 - Shift 1
Direction for Questions 94–95: Read the given passage and Through tatter’d clothes small vices do appear;
answer the questions that follow. Robes and furr’d gowns hide all. Plate sin with gold,
Logic cannot have any empirical part; that is, a part in And the strong lance of justice hurtless breaks;
which the universal and necessary laws of thought should Arm it in rags, a pigmy’s straw doth pierce it.’
rest on grounds taken from experience; otherwise it would —King Lear
not be logic, i.e., a canon for the understanding or the reason, 96. Who speaks these lines and to whom?
valid for all thought, and capable of demonstration. Natural (a) Edgar to Lear
and moral philosophy, on the contrary, can each have their (b) Goneril to Edgar
empirical part since the former has to determine the laws of (c) Lear to Gloucester
nature as an object of experience; the latter, the laws of the (d) Gloucester to Lear
human will, so far as it is affected by nature: the former, how-
97. In the passage, the church officer is asked to whip his
ever, being laws according to which everything does hap-
own back rather than the prostitute’s because
pen; the latter, laws according to which everything ought to
(a) as a religious man he should punish himself for
happen. Ethics, however, must also consider the conditions
others’ sins.
under which what ought to happen frequently does not.
(b) he at one time had lusted after her.
—Immanuel Kant
(c) men like him make them prostitutes.
94. ‘Logic cannot have any empirical part’, because (d) he does not have the authority to whip a woman.
(A) laws of thought are subjective.
98. The two sentences in the lines from ‘Through tatter’d
(B) it propounds laws whose applicability can be
clothes....’ to ‘...straw doth pierce it’ deal with two foi-
shown.
bles, (i) vice and (ii) sin. About these two, the speaker
(C) its laws are valid for all thought
says that
(D) its laws are valid for everyone’s experience.
(a) Vice afflicts all but sin afflicts only the weak.
(b) Sin afflicts all but vice afflicts only the strong.
given below.
(c) Sin and vice are seen in both the weak and the
(a) A and D only
strong.
(b) B and C only
(d) Sin and vice are palpable in the weak and impalpa-
(c) A and C only
ble in the strong.
(d) B and D only
95. Based on the given passage which two of the following Direction for Questions 99–100: Read the given passage
statements are correct? and answer the questions that follow.
(A) For natural philosophy, nature influences the laws. The surgeon deposited it in her arms. She imprinted
(B) For moral philosophy, nature is to be experienced. her cold, white lips passionately on its forehead; passed her
(C) Natural philosophy does not describe how things hands over her face; gazed wildly around; shuddered; fell
actually do happen. back — and died. They chafed her breast, hands, temples;
(D) Moral philosophy accounts for what should be, but the blood had stopped forever. They talked of hope and
comfort. They had been strangers too long. ‘It’s all over, Mrs.

Thingummy!’, said the surgeon at last.
below.
—Dickens, Oliver Twist
(a) A and C only (b) B and D only
(c) C and D only (d) A and D only 99. In the expression, ‘passed her hands over her face’, the
‘face’ is of
Direction for Questions 96–98: Read the given passage and (a) the lady surgeon (b) the child
answer the questions that follow. (c) the nurse (d) the patient
‘And the creature run from the cur? 100. The implication of ‘they had been strangers too long’ is
There thou mightst behold the great image of authority: (a) Those who spoke of ‘hope and comfort’ had been
a dog’s obeyed in office. — strangers too long,
Thou rascal beadle, hold thy bloody hand! (b) ‘Hope’ had been stranger to ‘comfort’ for too long.
Why dost thou lash that where? Strip thine own back; (c) ‘Hope and comfort’ had been stranger to the
Thou hotly lust’st to use her in that kind patient too long.
For which thou whipp’st her. The usurer hangs the (d) ‘Hope and comfort’ had been strangers to the sur-
cozener. geon, nurse and the patient too long.
NTA 2020 - Shift 1 xxix
answer keys
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (b)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (d) 46. (b) 47. (d) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (b)
51. (a) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (a) 55. (c) 56. (c) 57. (b) 58. (c) 59. (d) 60. (d)
61. (c) 62. (d) 63. (d) 64. (b) 65. (b) 66. (a) 67. (b) 68. (c) 69. (c) 70. (b)
71. (a) 72. (b) 73. (b) 74. (c) 75. (b) 76. (c) 77. (c) 78. (c) 79. (c) 80. (d)
81. (d) 82. (c) 83. (a) 84. (c) 85. (b) 86. (b) 87. (a) 88. (a) 89. (d) 90. (b)
91. (b) 92. (c) 93. (a) 94. (b) 95. (d) 96. (c) 97. (c) 98. (d) 99. (d) 100. (c)
NTA UGC NET 2020 Paper II English
Shift 2
1. Inductive method differs from deductive method in (c) neither metaphor nor simile is rooted in
drawing its conclusion from comparison.
(a) Verification (b) Particular instances (d) simile involves superimposition while metaphor
(c) Applications (d) General truths involves comparison.
2. Which of the following information has now been 8. The two broad divisions of reality in Plato’s theory of
excluded while making an entry for a book in the 8th reality are
edition of MLA Hand book for Writers of Research (a) visible and assumable
Papers? (b) intelligible and opinable
(a) Year of publication (c) visible and intelligible
(b) Place of publication (d) intelligible and shadows
(c) Name of the publisher
9. Who among the following called the ‘Poetasters’. ‘The
(d) Omission of subtitle
rhyming friends’?
3. Which of the following journals deals with the analysis (a) Lucan (b) Horace
of only theoretical concepts? (c) Pindar (d) Plato
(a) Granta (b) Manoa
(c) Boundary 2 (d) Arethusa 10. Who among the following refutes Plato’s charge that
poets are liars, by arguing that the poet ‘nothing
4. Which one of the following statements by Roman
affirms, and therefore never lieth’?
Jacobson is true about metaphor and metonymy?
(a) John Dryden (b) Philip Sidney
(a) Metaphor is alien to the continuity disorder
(c) George Puttenham (d) Richard Hooker
whereas metonymy is alien to similarity disorder.
(b) Metaphor is alien to the similarity disorder and 11. Who among the following coined the term, ‘aesthetics’?
metonymy to the continuity disorder. (a) Arthur Danto
(c) Metaphor is alien to both similarity disorder and (b) Alexander Baumgarten
continuity disorder and metonymy is common to (c) Immanuel Kant
both. (d) David Hume
(d) Metaphor is common to both similarity disorder 12. Who among the following drew attention to the role
and continuity disorder but metonymy is alien to of print languages in enabling the rise and spread of
both. nationalism?
5. Who among the following theorists defines novel as (a) Ernest Gellner
‘a phenomenon multiform in style and variform in (b) Charles Jenks
speech and voice’? (c) Benedict Anderson
(a) E. M. Forster (b) Henry James (d) Frederic Jameson
(c) Mikhail Bakhtin (d) Eric Auerbach
13. Which one of the following captures accurately the
6. Who among the following critics is said to have devel- view of Frankfart School of Critical Theory?
oped the notion of ‘interpretive communities’? (a) The culture industries in still in their mass audi-
(a) Terry Eagleton (b) Jane Tompkins ences a capacity to question and transform.
(c) Roland Barthes (d) Stanley Fish (b) The culture industries engender passivity and con-
7. Metaphor differs from simile in that formity among their mass audiences.
(a) a comparison in metaphor is usually explicit (c) Power and culture are two distinct modes of social
whereas in simile it is implicit. articulation, separate from each other.
(b) a comparison in metaphor is usually implicit (d) The analysis of culture should be divorced from
whereas in simile it is explicit. politics and power relations.
F02 UGC NET English Paper 2 XXXX 01_2020 Papers.indd 30 18-Feb-21 5:48:48 PM
NTA 2020 - Shift 2 xxxi
14. Which of the following groups of words correctly states 22. In Advancement of Learning, Francis Bacon divides
the stages of communication as envisioned by Stuart poetry into three divisions
Hall in his essay ‘Encoding, Decoding’? (a) Philosophical, religious, imaginative
(a) Production, transference, circulation, contact, (b) Epic, dramatic, lyrical
reproduction (c) Narrative, representative, allusive
(b) Production, circulation, realisation, consumption, (d) Odes, sonnets, eclogues
reproduction 23. Which one of these essays by Ezra Pound defines an
(c) Production, circulation, distribution, consump- Image as ‘that which presents an intellectual and emo-
tion, reproduction tional complex in an instant of time’?
(d) Production, dissemination, transference, con- (a) A Retrospect (b) The Tradition
sumption, reproduction (c) The Renaissance (d) How to Read
15. Who among the following held that ‘the people of
24. Who wrote the essay Naipaul’s India and Mine (1984)
Hindustan’ are ‘a race of men lamentably degener-
as a reply to V. S. Naipaul’s An Area of Darkness?
ate and base, retaining but a feeble sense of moral
(a) A. K. Ramanujan (b) Nissim Ezekiel
obligation...’?
(c) Nayantara Sahgal (d) Mahesh Dattani
(a) Charles Wilkins (b) Thomas Macaulay
(c) Charles Grant (d) David Hare 25. Which of the following short stories by Jorge Luis Borges
has its epigraph from The Anatomy of Melancholy?
16. Which agency among the following made a distinc-
(a) Borges and I
tion between the teaching of English as a skill and the
(b) Death and the Compass
teaching of English literature?
(c) The Library of Babel
(a) The University Education Commission, 1948–49
(d) The Garden of Forking Paths
(b) The Secondary Education Commission, 1952–53
(c) Indian Universities Commission, 1902 26. How does Christ respond to the Grand Inquisitor’s
(d) The Education Commission, 1964–66 accusations in Brothers Karamazov?
(a) He kneels before the Grand Inquisitor
17. Which agency among the following was of the view that
(b) He kisses the Grand Inquisitor on his lips
‘use of English... divides the people into two nations,
(c) He begins to weep in remorse
the few who govern and the many who are governed’?
(d) He says. ‘Mea culpa, mia culpa, mia maxima culpa’
(a) The Kunzru Committee (1955)
(b) The Education Commission (1948) 27. In which short story does the narrator witness a con-
(c) The Education commission (1964-66) sumptive young man named Mr. Shaynor recreate ‘The
(d) The working Group (UGC) on Regional Languages Eve of St. Agnes’ in a trance?
(1978) (a) E. M. Forster’s The Eternal Moment
18. Who is the author of The Complete Plain Words? (b) Rudyard Kipling’s Wireless
(a) Samuel Jhonson (b) Daniel Jones (c) Somerset Maugham’s The Creative Impulse
(c) Ernest Gowers (d) Michael Everson (d) Aldous Huxley’s The Bookshop
19. Who among the following has coined the term, 28. Mr. Pumblechook is a character in
‘genderlect’? (a) Little Dorret (b) Nicholas Nickleby
(a) Lydia Callis (b) Kate Burridge (c) Hard Times (d) Great Expectations
(c) Deborah Tannen (d) Mary Haas 29. To which of these boarding schools is Jane Eyre sent by
20. ‘Nice day again, isn’t it?’ This sentence is an example of her aunt Mrs. Reed?
(a) Code-switching (a) Lowood School (b) Hailsham school
(b) Multiple negation (c) Abbey Mount (d) Greyfriar’s School
(c) Phatic communication 30. Which of the following short stories by Edgar Allan Poe
(d) Nominalization has a narrator who has a rival with the same name and
21. Language allows us to talk about the things and events uncanny physical resemblance?
not present in immediate environment. Which of the (a) Hop-Frog
following terms describes this property of language? (b) William Wilson
(a) Arbitrariness (b) Displacement (c) The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether
(c) Productivity (d) Discreteness (d) The Imp of the Perverse
xxxii NTA 2020 - Shift 2
31. What does the titular Setebos in Robert Browning’s (c) The Folio edition appeared during his lifetime and
Caliban upon Setebos refer to? the ‘quartos’ appeared posthumously.
(a) The original name of Sycorax, Caliban’s mother (d) The ‘quartos’ refer to works written between 1594
(b) The brutal god in whom Caliban believes and 1599 and the Folio includes works written
(c) The name of the island in which Caliban lives between 1608 and 1613.
(d) The monster whom Caliban is afraid of 40. Who is the author of the short play The Dark Lady of the
32. Which of the following poems by Philip Larkin ends Sonnets?
with the line ‘Never such innocence again’? (a) Ben Jonson
(a) An Arundel Tomb (b) MCMXIV (b) George Bernard Shaw
(c) This Be the Verse (d) Aubade (c) Oscar Wilde
33. Which of the following is true in relation to Edmund (d) Oliver Goldsmith
Spenser’s Faerie Queene? 41. Which two of the following citations conform to the
(a) A letter addressed to Sir Walter Raleigh was pre- documentation format of the eighth edition of the MLA
fixed to the 1590 edition of the poem. Hand book?
(b) A letter addressed to Sir Walter Raleigh was (A) Baron, Naomi S. ‘Redefining Reading: The impact
appended to the 1590 edition of the poem. of Digital Communication Media’. PMLA, vol 128.
(c) A letter addressed to Sir Walter Raleigh was pre- no.1, Jan.2013, PP. 193-200.
fixed to the 1596 edition of the poem. (B) Adichie, Chimamanda Ngosi. ‘On Monday of
(d) A letter addressed to Sir Walter Raleigh was Last Week’, The Thing Around Your Neck. London:
appended to the 1596 edition of the poem. Knopf, 2009. 74-94
34. Who was Milton’s model when he recast the first edi- (C) Baron, Naomi S. ‘Redefining Reading: The impact
tion (1667) of Paradise Lost in 10 books to 12 books of of Digital communication Media’. PMLA 128.1
the second edition (1674)? (2013): 193-200.
(a) Lucan (b) Ovid (D) Adichie, Chimamanda Ngosi ‘On Monday of Last
(c) Virgil (d) Homer Week’. The Thing Around Your Neck, Alfred A.
35. In Harold Pinter’s play The Birthday Party, who sug- Knopf, 2009, PP. 74-94.
gests the idea of having a birthday party? Choose the correct answer from the options given

(a) Meg (b) Goldberg below:
(c) Lulu (d) McCann (a) (A) and (B) only (b) (A) and (D) only
36. Which of the following characters instruct Faustus in (c) (B) and (C) only (d) (C) and (D) only
the dark arts? 42. While assembling a working bibliography which two
(a) Robin and Rafe (b) Cornelius and Valdes of the following reference sources will be particularly
(c) Wagner and Bruno (d) Old Man and Evil Angel useful to a literary researcher?
37. What is the content of the suitcases that Lucky carries (A) MLA International Bibliography
in the second act of Waiting for Godot? (B) New Princeton Encyclopaedia of Poetry and Poetics
(a) Books (b) Pozzo’s Clothing (C) Library of Congress Catalogue
(c) Sand (d) Tiny Skulls (D) Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature
38. In which act of William Congreve’s The Way of the Choose the correct answer from the options given

World does the Proviso scene between Mirabell and below.
Millamant take place? (a) (A) and (B) only (b) (B) and (C) only
(a) Act I (b) Act II (c) (A) and (D) only (d) (C) and (D) only
(c) Act III (d) Act IV 43. Which two of the following periodicals are devoted to
39. Which of the following statements is correct in relation feminist theoretical discussion?
to Shakespeare’s works? (A) Spectrum (B) Signs
(a) The Folio edition appeared in the sixteenth cen- (C) Chrysalis (D) Transition
tury and the ‘quartos’ appeared in the seventeenth Choose the correct answer from the options given

century. below.
(b) The ‘quartos’ appeared during his lifetime and the (a) (B) and (C) only (b) (A) and (C) only
Folio edition appeared posthumously. (c) (B) and (D) only (d) (A) and (D) only
NTA 2020 - Shift 2 xxxiii
44. Which two of the following features shall apply to Choose the most appropriate answer from the options

Roland Barthes’s notion of a ‘writerly text’? given below.
(A) In case of writerly text, the reader accepts the (a) (B) and (C) Only (b) (C) and (D) Only
meaning without too much reading effort. (c) (B) and (A) Only (d) (A) and (C) Only
(B) A writerly text tends to focus attention on what is 49. Which two of the following plays are mentioned in T. S.
written. Eliot’s Tradition and Individual Talent?
(C) A writerly text makes the reader a producer. (A) Agamemnon (B) Antigone
(D) A writerly text tends to be self-conscious. (C) Othello (D) Dr. Faust us

below: below.
(a) (A) and (B) Only (b) (B) and (C) Only (a) (A) and (D) Only (b) (A) and (C) Only
(c) (A) and (C) Only (d) (C) and (D) Only (c) (B) and (C) Only (d) (B) and (D) Only
45. A deconstructive reading of a text shows that 50. Which two of the following essays have proved particu-
(A) a text is to be read always in a context larly productive in the disciplinary practices of Cultural
(B) there is nothing except the text Studies?
(C) a text may betray itself (A) Laura Mulvey, Visual Pleasure and Narrative
(D) a text may possess an ascertainable meaning Cinema
(E) there is an endless postponement of meaning (B) Viktor Shklovsky, Art as Technique
(C) Sigmund Freud, The Uncanny
below. (D) Stuart Hall, Encoding/decoding
(a) (A), (B) and (C) Only Choose the most appropriate answer from the options

(b) (C), (D) and (E) Only given below.
(c) (B), (C) and (E) Only (a) (A) and (B) Only (b) (B) and (C) Only
(d) (B), (C) and (D) Only (c) (A) and (D) Only (d) (A) and (C) Only
46. Which two of the following edited the defining work of 51. Which of these following statements are true about
third-wave feminism, This Bridge Called My Back: Writ- Pidgin and Creole?
ings by Radical Women of Color? (A) Pidgin begins as Creole and eventually becomes
(A) Audre Lorde (B) Barbara Smith the first language of a speech community.
(C) Gloria Anzaldua (D) Cherrie Moraga (B) Creole begins as Pidgin and eventually becomes
the first language of a speech community.

(C) Pidgin is simple but a rule governed language
below:
developed for communication whereas Creole in
(a) (A) and (B) Only (b) (C) and (D) Only
free from grammatical rules.
(c) (A) and (C) Only (d) (B) and (D) Only
(D) Pidgin and Creole evolve successively out of a situ-
47. Which two of the following poets defended poetry ation where speakers of mutually unintelligible
against Plato’s denigration of Poetry? languages develop a shared language for commu-
(A) John Dryden (B) P. B. Shelley nication (often based on one of those languages).
(C) T. S. Eliot (D) Philip Sidney Choose the correct answer from the options given

below.
given below. (a) (A) and (B) Only (b) (B) and (D) Only
(a) (B) and (D) Only (b) (A) and (B) Only (c) (C) and (D) Only (d) (A) and (D) Only
(c) (B) and (C) Only (d) (C) and (A) Only 52. Which two of the following words are borrowed into
48. Which two of the following are Samuel Johnson’s state- English from Czech?
ments about metaphysical poets? (A) pistol (B) robot
(A) They were singular in their thoughts (C) sauna (D) coach
(B) They were careful in their diction Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

(C) They effected combination of dissimilar images (a) (A) and (B) Only (b) (A) and (C) Only
(D) They avoided occult resemblances (c) (B) and (C) Only (d) (A) and (D) Only
xxxiv NTA 2020 - Shift 2
53. Which two of the following meanings are admissible Choose the correct answer from the options given
for the following sentences? below.
‘You do not know how good oysters taste’ (a) (A) and (B) Only (b) (A) and (C) Only
(A) You do not know that oysters taste good as food (c) (B) and (C) Only (d) (B) and (D) Only
(B) You do not know how the oysters taste when 58. Which two of the followings are part of Virginia Woolf’s
cooked collection of autobiographical essays?
(C) You do not know what the oysters taste when they (A) A Will to Word It
eat (B) A Sketch of the Past
(D) You do not know how the good oysters taste when (C) A Faint Hue of the Past
they eat (D) Am I a Snob
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options Choose the correct answer from the options given
given below: below.
(a) (A) and (D) Only (b) (B) and (C) Only (a) (A) and (B) Only (b) (A) and (C) Only
(c) (B) and (D) Only (d) (C) and (D) Only (c) (B) and (C) Only (d) (B) and (D) Only
54. Which two of the following works are Daniel Defoe’s 59. Which two of the following novels are part of Paul Aus-
historical narratives? ter’s New York Trilogy?
(A) History of the Rebellion (A) The Book of Illusions
(B) Meditations on a Broomstick (B) Ghosts
(C) A Journal of the Plague Year (C) The Locked Room
(D) Memories of a Cavalier (D) Winter Journal
Choose the correct answer from the options given Choose the correct answer from the options given
below. below.
(a) (A) and (B) Only (b) (B) and (C) Only (a) (A) and (B) Only (b) (A) and (C) Only
(c) (B) and (D) Only (d) (C) and (D) Only (c) (B) and (C) Only (d) (B) and (D) Only
55. Which two of the following are non-fictional works by 60. Joyce Cary’s The Horse’s Mouth, considered by many to
Peter Ackroyd? be his masterpiece, is part of a trilogy of novels. Which
(A) Escape from Earth two titles from the following list belong to this trilogy?
(B) The Great Fire of London (A) Aissa Saved
(C) The English Ghost (B) To Be a Pilgrim
(D) English Music (C) Herself Surprised
Choose the correct answer from the options given (D) Charley Is My Darling
(a) (A) and (B) Only (b) (A) and (C) Only below.
(c) (B) and (C) Only (d) (B) and (D) Only (a) (A) and (B) Only (b) (B) and (C) Only
56. Which two of the following were published in the year (c) (C) and (D) Only (d) (A) and (D) Only
1859? 61. Which two of the following are the interludes in John
(A) On the Origin of Species Galsworthy’s The Forsyte Saga (1922)?
(B) A Tale of Two Cities (A) To Let
(C) Alice in Wonderland (B) Indian Summer of a Forsyte
(D) Silas Marner (C) Awakening
Choose the correct answer from the options given (D) In Chancery
(a) (A) and (B) Only (b) (A) and (C) Only below.
(c) (B) and (C) Only (d) (B) and (D) Only (a) (A) and (B) Only (b) (A) and (C) Only
57. In his ‘Self-Reliance’ which two qualities does Emerson (c) (B) and (C) Only (d) (B) and (D) Only
refer to as ‘the Chancellors of God’? 62. Which two poems in the following list are odes written
(A) Truth (B) Cause in the Horatian manner?
(C) Spirit (D) Effect
NTA 2020 - Shift 2 xxxv
(A) Ben Jonson, ‘To the Immortal Memory and Choose the correct answer from the options given
Friendship of that Noble Pair, Sir Lucius Cary and below.
Sir H. Morison’ (a) (A)-(iii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(ii), (D)-(i)
(B) Andrew Harwell, Upon Cromwell’s Return from (b) (A)-(iv), (B)-(i), (C)-(ii), (D)-(iii)
Ireland (c) (A)-(iv), (B)-(i), (C)-(iii), (D)-(ii)
(C) Alexander Pope, Ode on Solitude (d) (A)-(i), (B)-(iv), (C)-(iii), (D)-(ii)
(D) Alfred Tennyson, Ode on the Death of the Duke of 67. Match List I with List II
Wellington
List I (Authors) List II (Works)
below. (A) Ferdinand de (i) Two Aspects of Language
(a) (A) and (B) Only (b) (B) and (C) Only Sausme and Two Types of
(c) (C) and (D) Only (d) (A) and (D) Only Aphasic Disturbances
(B) Edward Sapir (ii) Of Grammatology
63. Which two of the following poems by Seamus Heaney
come under his Bog Poems? (C) Jacques Derrida (iii) A Course in General
(A) Personal Helicon (B) Punishment Linguistics
(C) The Early Purges (D) Tollund Man (D) Roman Jakobson (iv) Language
Choose the correct answer from the options given Choose the correct answer from the options given
below. below.
(a) (A) and (B) Only (b) (A) and (C) Only (a) (A)-(iii), (B)-(ii), (C)-(i), (D)-(iv)
(c) (B) and (C) Only (d) (B) and (D) Only (b) (A)-(ii), (B)-(i), (C)-(iii), (D)-(iv)
(c) (A)-(iii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(ii), (D)-(i)
64. In which, two of the following plays does the blind seer
(d) (A)-(iv), (B)-(i), (C)-(iii), (D)-(ii)
Tiresias, appear?
(A) Oedipus the King (B) Agamemnon 68. Match List I with List II
(C) Antigone (D) Oedipus at Colonus List I (Terms) List II (Theorists)
Choose the correct answer from the options given (A) Heteroglossia (i) Michel Foucault
below.
(B) Heterotopia (ii) Louis Althusser
(a) (A) and (B) Only (b) (A) and (C) Only
(c) (B) and (C) Only (d) (C) and (D) Only (C) Grand Narrative (iii) Mikhail Bakhtin
(D) Interpellation (iv) Jean–Francois Lyotard
65. Which two of the following plays were written by John
Osborne?
below.
(A) Look Back in Anger (B) Loot
(a) (A)-(ii), (B)-(i), (C)-(iv), (D)-(iii)
(C) Funeral Games (D) Dejavu
(b) (A)-(iii), (B)-(ii), (C)-(iv), (D)-(i)
(c) (A)-(iii), (B)-(i), (C)-(iv), (D)-(ii)
below.
(d) (A)-(iv), (B)-(i), (C)-(iii), (D)-(ii)
(a) (A) and (B) Only
(b) (A) and (C) Only 69. Match List I with List II
(c) (A) and (D) Only List I (Clitics) List II (Essays)
(d) (B) and (C) Only (A) L.(C) Knights (i) The Study of Poetry
66. Match List I with List II (B) Lionel Trilling (ii) Restoration Comedy
List I (Institutions) List II (Locations) The Reality and the
Myth
(A) The Bhandarkar Oriental (i) Shimla
Research Institute (C) Matthew Arnold (iii) Poetry for Poetry’s Sake
(B) Indian Institute of (ii) New Delhi (D) A.(C) Bradley (iv) The Sense of the Past
Advanced Study Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(a) (A)-(iii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(i), (D)-(ii)
(C) National Library of India (iii) Kolkata
(b) (A)-(iv), (B)-(i), (C)-(ii), (D)-(iii)
(D) Nehru Memorial Museum (iv) Pune
(c) (A)-(ii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(i), (D)-(iii)
and Library
(d) (A)-(iv), (B)-(iii), (C)-(i), (D)-(ii)
xxxvi NTA 2020 - Shift 2
70. Match List I with List II Choose the correct answer from the options given
List I (Text) List II (Author) below.
(a) (A)-(iv), (B)-(iii), (C)-(i), (D)-(ii)
(A) After Amnesia (i) Gauri Viswanathan
(b) (A)-(ii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(iii), (D)-(i)
(B) T
he Indianization of (ii) Harish Trivedi (c) (A)-(iii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(ii), (D)-(i)
English (d) (A)-(iii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(i), (D)-(ii)
(C) Masks of Conquest (iii) G. N. Devy 74. Match List I with List II
(D) Colonial (iv) B.B. Kachru List I (Novel) List II (Character)
Transactions
(A) Barnaby Rudge (i) Miss La Creevy
(a) (A)-(iv), (B)-(iii), (C)-(i), (D)-(ii) (B) Little Dorrit (ii) Miss Dolly
(b) (A)-(ii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(i), (D)-(iii) (C) Nicholas Nickleby (iii) Mrs. Boffin
(c) (A)-(iii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(i), (D)-(ii) (D) Our Mutual Friend (iv) Mrs. Flintwinch
(d) (A)-(iii), (B)-(i), (C)-(iv), (D)-(ii) Choose the correct answer from the options given
71. Match List I with List II below.
List I (Word Borrowed) List II (Source (a) (A)-(i), (B)-(iii), (C)-(ii), (D)-(iv)
Language) (b) (A)-(iii), (B)-(ii), (C)-(iv), (D)-(i)
(c) (A)-(ii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(i), (D)-(iii)
(A) Caste (i) Norse
(d) (A)-(iv), (B)-(i), (C)-(iii), (D)-(ii)
(B) Beef (ii) German
(C) Blunder (iii) Portuguese
List I (Poet) List II (Poem)
(D) Flak (iv) French
(A) John Donne (i) The Retreat
(a) (A)-(iii), (B)-(i), (C)-(iv), (D)-(ii) (B) Andrew Marvell (ii) A Valediction of
(b) (A)- iii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(iii), (D)-(i) Weeping
(c) (A)-(iii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(i), (D)-(ii) (C) George Herbert (iii) The Garden
(d) (A)-(ii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(i), (D)-(iii) (D) Henry Vaugham (iv) The Collar
72. Match List I with List II Choose the correct answer from the options given
List I (Concepts) List II (Theorists) below.
(a) (A)-(iv), (B)-(iii), (C)-(ii), (D)-(i)
(A) Competence/ (i) Noam Chomsky
(b) (A)-(iv), (B)-(i), (C)-(ii), (D)-(iii)
Performance
(c) (A)-(ii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(i), (D)-(iii)
(B) Signifier/Signified (ii) Roman Jakobson (d) (A)-(ii), (B)-(iii), (C)-(iv), (D)-(i)
(C) Metaphor/ (iii) Louis Hjelmslev 76. Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages
Metonomy in empirical research?
(D) Content/Expression (iv) Ferdinand de (A) Data Collection (B) Hypothesis
Saussure (C) Validation (D) Findings
Choose the correct answer from the options given below. (E) Analysis
(a) (A)-(iii), (B)-(ii), (C)-(i), (D)-(iv) Choose the correct answer from the options given
(b) (A)-(ii), (B)-(iii), (C)-(i), (D)-(iv) below.
(c) (A)-(iii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(ii), (D)-(i) (a) (A), (E), (D), (B) and (C)
(d) (A)-(i), (B)-(iv), (C)-(ii), (D)-(iii) (b) (B), (A), (E), (C) and (D)
73. Match List I with List II (c) (B), (C), (A), (D) and (E)
(d) (A), (C), (B), (E) and (D)
List I (Author) List II (Autobiography/
Memoir) 77. Arrange the following critical works in the chronologi-
(A) Pablo Neruda (i) Under My Skin cal order of publication.
(A) Preface to Lyrical Ballads
(B) Graham Greene (ii) Speak, Memory
(B) A Defence of Rhyme
(C) Doris Lessing (iii) Memoirs (C) Life of Cowley
(D) Vladimir Nabakov (iv) A Sort of Life (D) Frontiers of Criticism
NTA 2020 - Shift 2 xxxvii
Choose the correct answer from the options given Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
below. (a) (D), (B), (C), (A) (b) (B), (D), (C), (A)
(a) (A), (C), (B) and (D) (c) (B), (C), (A), (D) (d) (B), (C), (D), (A)
(b) (B), (A), (C) and (D) 83. Arrange the following in their chronological order of
(c) (B), (C), (A) and (D) publication.
(d) (C), (A), (D) and (B) (A) The Pisan Canto
78. Arrange the following in the chronological order of (B) Ballad of Reading Goal
publication. (C) Mourn not for Adonais
(A) Modern English Usage (D) First step up Parnassus
(B) Proposals for Perfecting the English Language (E) The Complaint of Troilus
(C) Usage and Abusage Choose the correct answer from the options given
(D) An American Dictionary of the English Language below.
Choose the correct answer from the options given (a) (E), (D), (B), (C), (A)
below. (b) (B), (C), (A), (E), (D)
(a) (D), (B), (C), (A) (b) (B), (C), (D), (A) (c) (C), (A), (B), (D), (E)
(c) (B), (D), (A), (C) (d) (D), (C), (A), (B) (d) (E), (D), (C), (B), (A)
79. Arrange these autobiographical texts in the chronolog- 84. Arrange in the chronological order of publication.
ical order of publication. (A) The Unfinished Man
(A) Autobiography of an Unknown Indian (B) Gitanjali
(B) My Experiments with Truth (C) Jejuri
(C) Prison and Chocolate Cake (D) The Sceptred Flute
(D) My Story Choose the correct answer from the options given
below. (a) (B), (A), (D), (C) (b) (D), (B), (C), (A)
(a) (D), (A), (C), (B) (b) (C), (B), (A), (D) (c) (B), (D), (A), (C) (d) (B), (D), (C), (A)
(c) (B), (A), (C), (D) (d) (B), (C), (A), (D) 85. Arrange the following plays in their chronological
80. Arrange the following 19th Century magazines in the order.
chronological order of their publication. (A) The Tempest
(A) The London Magazine (B) All For Love
(B) Quarterly Review (C) Volpone
(C) The Spectator (D) The School for Scandal
(D) Edinburgh Review Choose the correct answer from the options given
below. (a) (A), (C), (B), (D) (b) (C), (A), (B), (D)
(a) (A), (D), (C), (B) (b) (B), (A), (D), (C) (c) (C), (B), (A), (D) (d) (A), (D), (B), (C)
(c) (D), (B), (A), (C) (d) (C), (D), (B), (A) 86. Given below are two statements, One is labelled as
81. Arrange the following in the chronological order of Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R.
their publication. Assertion (A): No piece of research will be the first of
(A) Past and Present its kind.
(B) Leviathan Reason (R): The reliability of progress in knowledge is
(C) Unto This Last dependent on the honesty of the researchers.
(D) The Life of Samuel Johnson In the light of the above statements, choose the correct
Choose the correct answer from the options given below. answer from the options given below.
(a) (B), (D), (A), (C) (b) (C), (D), (A), (B) (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
(c) (B), (A), (D), (C) (d) (C), (A), (D), (B) explanation of (A)
82. Arrange the following novels in the chronological order (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the cor-
of their publication. rect, explanation of (A)
(A) The White Tiger (B) A Tiger for Malgudi (c) (A) is true but (R) is false
(C) A Suitable Boy (D) Heat and Dust (d) (A) is false but (R) is true
xxxviii NTA 2020 - Shift 2
87. Given below are two statements. In the light of the above statements, choose the Correct
Statement. I: Cultures and cultural meanings are the answer from the options given below.
same the world over. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
Statement. II: It is impossible to divide the world into (b) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
exclusive cultural blocs. (c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is false
In the light of the above statements, choose the Correct (d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true
Direction for Questions 91–93: Read the following passage
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
and answer the questions that follow.
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is false ‘WHEN I’M ALONE
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true ‘When I’m alone’– the words tripped off his tongue
88. Given below are two statements, One is labelled as As though to be alone were nothing strange.
Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. ‘When I was young’, he said, *when I was young ...’
Assertion (A): Understanding the meaning of any cul- I thought of age, and loneliness, and change,
tural form would not simply locate it within a specific I thought how strange we grow when we re alone,
culture. And how unlike the selves that meet, and talk,
Reason (R): Cultural forms are best studied in terms And blow the candles out, and say good-night,
of how these fit into the intersection between different Alone ...The word is life endured and known.
cultural networks. It is the stillness where our spirits walk
In the light of the above statements, choose the most And all but in most faith is overthrown.]
appropriate answer from the options given below: —Siegfried Sassoon
(a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the cor- 91. For the speaker of the words ‘When I’m alone’, being
rect explanation of (A) alone is
(b) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is NOT the (a) The normal fate of a human being all his life
correct explanation of (A) (b) The normal fate of a human being when he is
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct young
(d) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct (c) Not unlike being with others whom we meet
89. Given below are two statements, One is labelled as (d) Not strange as a person should feel alone
Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. 92. For the poet, ‘Being alone’ is a condition conducive to
Assertion (A): English today is not only the language (a) happiness of the self
we teach but also the subject that enables its learners (b) becoming different from others
to become subtle and tough minded readers (c) growing up in an unexpected way
Reason (R): Students are encouraged to think and (d) thinking in a strange way
analyse the historical and ontological status of the tests 93. Which two of the following statements aptly captures
they read, and how best to read them. the meaning of ‘Alone’ for thinking beings?
In the light of the above statements, choose the most (A) Meeting talking and bidding goodnight
appropriate answer from the options given below. (B) Quietude and calmness of self
(a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct (C) Life lived and understood
explanation of (A) (D) Becoming free from faith
(b) Both (A) and (B) are correct but (R) is NOT the Choose the correct answer from the options given
correct explanation of (A) below.
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct (a) (A) and (B) Only (b) (B) and (C) Only
(d) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct (c) (C) and (A) Only (d) (D) and (B) Only
90. Given below are two statements. Direction for Questions 94–95: Read the following passage
Statement I: The Education Commission (1964-66) and answer questions that follow.
recommended the removal of English as a medium of Poetry, as a mania - one of Plato’s two higher forms of
instruction at the college level. ‘divine’ mania – has, in all its species, a mere insanity inci-
Statement II: English is still largely the language of dental to it, the ‘defect of its quality’, into which it may lapse
administration and jurisprudence in India. in its moment of weakness; and the insanity which follows a
NTA 2020 - Shift 2 xxxix
vivid poetic anthropomorphism like that of Rossetti may be 96. Who is the speaker of the above lines?
noted here and there in his work, in a forced and almost gro- (a) Helena (b) Thisbe
tesque materialising of abstractions, as Dante also became at (c) Peasblossom (d) Hermia
times a mere subject of the scholastic realism of the Middle 97. The above lines are addressed to
Age. (a) Theseus (b) Egeus
—Walter Pater (c) Oberon (d) Plilostrate
94. In the above, passage poetry is described as one of 98. Who was in love with Demetrius?
Plato’s two higher forms of ‘divine’ madness. Which is (a) Hippolyte (b) Helena
the other one? (c) Thisbe (d) Hermia
Choose the correct option?
(a) Beloved (b) Love Direction for Questions 99–100: Read the following and
(c) Jealously (d) Lover then answer the questions that follow.
He went to work in this preparatory lesson, not unlike
95. In Rossetti, the forced personifications may be Morgiana in the Forty Thieves looking into all the vessels
(A) an incidental defect of poetic quality ranged before him, one after another, to see what they con-
(B) examples of a madness of thought tained. Say, good M’Choakumchild. When from thy boiling
(C) an exaggerated concretisation of things store, thou shalt fill each jar brim full by-and-by; dost thou
(D) a divinely inspired poetic expression think that thou wilt always kill outright the robber Fancy lurk-
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options ing within — or sometimes only maim him and distort him.
given below. —Dickens Hard Times
(a) (A) and (B) Only (b) (D) and (C) Only
99. In the expression ‘... looking into all the vessels ranged
(c) (B) and (A) Only (d) (C) and (A) Only
before him...’, which one of the following devices is
Direction for Questions 96–98: Read the following passage used?
and answer questions. (a) Synecdoche (b) Metonymy
‘I do entreat your grace to pardon me. (c) Metaphor (d) Simile
I know not by what power I am made bold, 100. ‘Fancy’ is opposed to which two of the following?
Nor how it may concern my modesty. (A) Emotion (B) Reason
In such a presence here to plead my thoughts: (C) Fact (D) Imagination
But I beseech your grace that I may know Choose the correct answer from the options given
The worst that may be fall me in this case. below.
If I refuse to wed Demetrius.’ (a) (B) and (C) Only (b) (C) and (D) Only
— A Midsummer’s Night Dream (c) (A) and (C) Only (d) (B) and (D) Only
answer keys
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9.∗ (b) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (b) 40. (b)
41.∗ (a) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (d) 49. (b) 50. (c)
51. (b) 52. (a) 53. (a) 54. (d) 55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (d) 58. (d) 59. (c) 60. (b)
61. (c) 62. (b) 63. (d) 64. (b) 65. (c) 66. (c) 67. (c) 68. (c) 69. (c) 70. (c)
71. (c) 72. (d) 73. (d) 74. (c) 75. (d) 76. (b) 77. (c) 78. (c) 79. (c) 80. (c)
81. (a) 82. (a) 83.∗ (d) 84. (c) 85. (b) 86. (b) 87. (d) 88. (a) 89. (a) 90. (d)
91. (a) 92. (c) 93. (b) 94. (b) 95. (d) 96. (d) 97. (a) 98. (b) 99. (c) 100. (a)
* This question has been dropped by NTA.
British Poetry 1.1
CHAPTER
British Poetry 1
IN THIS CHAPTER
➧ Old English Poetry ➧ The Pre-romantic Age
➧ Middle English Poetry ➧ The Romantic Age
➧ The Revival of Learning ➧ Characteristics of English Romantic Poetry
➧ The Renaissance ➧ The Victorian Age
➧ The Poetry of Puritan and ➧ Modernism
The Restoration Age ➧ Postmodernism
Old English Poetry only his Hymn on creation is extant. We don’t know—where,
when, by who, or for whom these poems were produced.
Only some 30,000 lines of Old English Poetry are extant
which roughly is equivalent to the total output of Chaucer. Features of the Old English Poetry
Old English Poetry comes out of four manuscripts—Vercelli,
• Old English poetry was written in continuous lines just
Exeter, Beowulf and Junius manuscripts. Junius’s manu-
like prose. No punctuation marks or capitalisation is pre-
script is coherently planned and carefully written. Poems
sent in the composition of lines.
are divided into 56 numbered sections. An important poem
• Lack of record of authorship for the majority of poems,
in this manuscript is Christ and Satan. Vercelli’s manuscript
since Old English Poetry was transmitted orally and was
contains only religious poetry. From its 23 Homilies and six
collected and written down by scribes of the Church and
poems, The Dream of the Rood is one of the important poems.
not by the real composers. Authors of the poems are
Exeter contains both religious and secular poetry. The manu-
known only in three cases:
script consists of elegiac poems like The Wanderer and The ■9-lines of poem: Hymns attributed to Caedmon.
Seafarer. It contains 95 riddles also. ■5-lines of Bede’s death song attributed to The Venerable
Much of Old English Poetry probably existed in oral
Bede.
form since Beowulf references various heroes from earlier ■4 poems: The fates of the apostles, Elene, Christ and
poetry only and a Latin writer William of Malmesbury said
Juliana—all attributed to Cynewulf.
that the source of Anglo Saxon kings contained in his writ-
• Digressions, alliteration, compounding, enjambment
ings is from the old English songs. The extant body of Old
are chief characteristics of Old English Poetry.
English Poetry is the composition of the Church since only
the Church had a monopoly overwriting. So, this way, reli- Heroic or Historical Poetry
gious poems fared better.
The Angles, Saxons and Jutes (Germanic tribes) brought
Most of the secular poems were never written and the
with them to England, a code of heroic values, i.e., profound
religious poetry also disappeared as it became unintelligi-
loyalty to kin and countrymen, devotion to duty and a mutual
ble to the scribes of that time. The Venerable Bede says that
sense of obligation. These heroic values further translated
Caedmon composed a vast corpus of religious poetry, but
M01 UGC NET English Paper 2 XXXX 01.indd 1 2/15/2021 5:36:47 PM

1.2 Chapter 1
into sharing of war booty, a collective desire of possessing the epic. For example, a northern chronicler Chochilaicus’
honour and glory and a love of oral poetry, which often dealt plundering expedition to the Rhine; his battles with the
with narrating the history of their people. The tradition of Franks, were a great feat achieved by the nephew of Hygelac
adherence to values was taken utmost sincerely. For exam- when he crosses a great distance just by swimming. But some
ple, it was a disgrace for a chief to be surpassed by his fol- scholars assume that all the events which inspired Beowulf
lowers in courage and it was deemed a lifelong shame and took place on English soil.
infamy if the followers returned to their homelands without Beowulf remains the greatest epic in all of English
chief (i.e., returning alive after the chief’s death in a battle). Literature.
With such bravery, it was only natural to remain occupied
with the speculations and aspirations of battles, honour, kin-
The Battle of Maldon
ship and thus borne out the Anglo Saxon heroic poetry. ‘…and that was broken. Then Byrhtnoth
Let’s look at some of the representative Old English commanded his courageous warriors To dismount
Heroic Poetry. quickly and drive off their horses, Move forward
on foot, trusting hands and hearts’
Beowulf
The poem describes the battle fought between Anglo Saxons
swá begnornodon Géata léode
and Vikings in the year 991. Anglo Saxons are portrayed to
hláfordes hryre, heorðgenéatas,
be an advantage. Grand speeches were made in the middle
cwaédon þæt hé waére wyruldcyninga
of violent clashes. Moral judgments were taken when the
manna mildust ond monðwaérust,
arrows were suspended in the air. Though the poem recounts
léodum líðost ond lofgeornost.
actual battle, the reporting is not rather the narration is done
thus be mourned the people of the Geats as done in the heroic poetry. Vikings ask the Anglo Saxon
their lord’s fall, his hearth-companions: representative Byrhtnoth to play a fair battle, so he allows the
they said that he was, of all kings of the world, former a safe passage owing to his overweening pride and
the most generous of men, and the most gracious, the Vikings’ mocking of the English. This decision eventually
the most protective of his people, and the most eager for decided the outcome of the battle.
the honour.
Deor’s Lament
Beowulf is possibly the oldest surviving Old English Poem.
The date of its composition is not certain however, it is sup- ‘A man sits alone in the clutch of sorrow, Separated
posed to be written between the Eighth and the Eleventh from joy, thinking to himself That his share of
Century. This is classified as an epic, which consists of 3182 suffering is endless. The man knows that all
alliterative lines. through middle-earth, Wise God goes, handing out
The poem’s setting is Scandinavia. Beowulf is the hero fortunes, Giving grace to many—power, prosperity,
who belongs to Geatland. He comes to help Hrothgar, the wisdom, wealth—but some a share of woe.’
king of Danes. Hrothgar is terrified by a monster that attacks Deor’s Lament is a special poem in a way that it contains stan-
his mead hall situated in Heorot. Beowulf soon kills the mon- zas that include a refrain (explained below). The poem can
ster, cutting his arm. Grendel’s killing is followed by the mon- be interpreted variously as—a dramatic monologue, a beg-
ster’s mother, which is also defeated the next night. Beowulf ging poem, an elegy, a poem of consolation and a charm
is rewarded for this deed, lands and titles are given to him. for good fortune. Deor, the narrator makes stories out of
Beowulf then returns to his home (Geatland) where he’s pro- the Germanic legends and history and shapes moral reflec-
claimed as the king of Geats (Beowulf was the nephew of for- tions on them. The poem is divided into stanzas in which a
mer Geat King, Hygelac). After around 50 years, his people are different story of misfortune and suffering is narrated. Each
again terrified by a robbed dragon, which the brave Beowulf stanza, however, ends up with a refrain,
also defeats. In this battle, everyone flees except Wiglaf who
‘That passed over–so can this.’
strikes the dragon with a fatal blow, Beowulf then cut the
dragon into two pieces. But he’s fatally wounded in this final The refrain is added to assert that sorrow is a commonplace
battle as his sword failed him. The unselfish hero is then given and a temporary thing, one should be hopeful that it shall
an honourable funeral by his people in the Geatland. pass away soon with time.
The poem is assumed by the northern legends of Beowa, The opening stanza deals with the story of a famous
a half-divine hero and the legends of monster Grendel. smith Weland (also mentioned in the poem Beowulf) who
Various historical events and personages are celebrated in is enslaved and wounded by King Nithhad so that he can

British Poetry 1.3
make beautiful objects for him. To avenge, Weland seduces The Wanderer
the King’s daughter Beadohild, kills his sons and present ‘Often alone at the edge of dawn, I must wake to
him bowls shaped out of his sons’ skulls. In the second the sound of my sorrow,
stanza, Beadohild’s pain surpasses the sorrow of her broth- The mute song of a muffled heart, Sung to no
ers’ death when she discovers that she is conceiving a child. listener, no lord alive.’
According to some legends, however, Weland and Beadohild
reconciled later and their son Widia became a great hero. This is a powerful as well as a puzzling poem that has inspired
The third stanza narrates the story of Mæthhild and Geat poets like W. H. Auden and writers like J. R. R. Tolkien to
who shared ‘bottomless love’. Mæthhild remains anxious such extent that they used the elements of this poem in their
and spends ‘sleepless nights’ for being in unfulfilled love. works. It is a monologue.
The fourth stanza narrates the story of King Theodoric who The speaker of the poem is a wanderer who is in the
ruled a place Mærings for thirty winters (in Anglo Saxon worst possible situation that any Anglo Saxon warrior can
England, years were marked from winters). He is portrayed be in his heroic age. He has lost his lord and comrades and
in various legends, a tyrant at some, while a victim at other therefore he has no place and identity in society. He is alone
places. The fifth stanza deals with the story of a Fourth- physically and mentally. The enemy can seize him anytime.
Century tyrant King Ermanaric. His subjects are so fed up The speaker wants to find a resolution and recovery to his
with him that they wish some outsider attacks the kingdom dilemma. He wants to renew himself into a wiser self and
and dethrone him. seeks a new homeland, ‘philosophical’ or religious. The
In the second part of the poem after the fifth stanza, speaker constantly moves between personal sorrow and gen-
Deor narrates his own story. He tells that he was once a scop eralisations of it to console himself.
or a singer in the court of Heodenings before being replaced First-person and Third-person narrative are used.
by another singer Heorrenda. So Deor shows a transition (Third-person narration is employed to perceive the dis-
from being at a beloved place in a King’s Court to spend- heartening situation of the speaker with balanced, unbiased
ing life in loneliness and exile. His pain is twofold—firstly, and reflective eyes. And to make the speaker realise that it
he misses his comfortable life at the court and secondly, he happens with everyone (pain is universal). The wanderer
cannot recall the songs he once used to sing. He remembers generalises that ‘the wise man who ponders this ruin of a life’
them now only in bits and pieces. will remember his past hall-joys, so on pondering he cries
out, ‘Where has the horse gone? Where is the rider? Where is
Elegies the giver of the gifts?’
While we think of an Elegy as a lamentation on a particu- The Latin motif Ubi Sunt which implies (where are they)
lar person’s death and the celebrations of the subject’s life expresses the lament over the loss and the recognition of
achievements, but the Old English Elegies were different. transience. With this realisation, the speaker says that every-
These Elegies were dramatic monologues in which the thing in life is fleeting—friends, goods, kith and kin. On the
speaker expressed some sense of separation and suffering speaker’s realisation, the poet comments that this is a wise
and then tried to come to terms with the reality by some form man reflecting upon his past.
of consolation. Keeping his faith, the speaker at the end finally sits
These Elegies share some common elements which are in contemplation, not concerned about the pain any-
as follows: more. He must now seek mercy from his Father in heaven,
as that is the only place where transience of the world is
• Contain a lamenting speaker who is isolated or exiled. transcended. The wanderer can ‘perform a cure on his
• Speaker reveals the longing for earlier days and the own heart.’
loved ones.
• The mental states of the speaker keep fluctuating (hal- The Seafarer
lucination, dreams and memories). ‘Let us aspire to arrive in eternal bliss, where life
• Speaker analyses the misfortunes through reason and is attained in the love of the Lord,
rationality.
• Use of proverbial wisdom.
Where hope and joy reside in the heavens. Thanks
• A constant search for consolation (often in religious
be to Holy God, the Lord of Glory, Who honoured
thoughts).
us and made us worthy, Our glorious Creator,
• Depicts bad weather to symbolise the unstable and cha-
eternal through all time. Amen.’
otic mental states.

1.4 Chapter 1
This poem is a bit puzzling to critics due to the different (between us)’ has baffled the critics now and ever. However,
voices it echoes. In the first half of the dramatic monologue, most critics agree that this is a dramatic monologue by a
the speaker comments on his journey to the sea. He contrasts woman who is separated from her lover Wulf and is in an
it with the joys of the hall, songs and communal food to the unhappy marriage with her husband Eadwacer.
tumult of waves of the high seas, preferring the latter happily. The poem is addressed to Wulf, who’s probably her
The journey to the sea is the test of his strength and spirit. lover. Eadwacer is mentioned in line 19, but the problem is
Strangely, the speaker does not mention the sea or land that ‘Eadwacer’ literally means ‘guardian of wealth or for-
again in the middle of the poem. And he turns contemplative tune’. So critics cannot decide exactly whether Eadwacer is a
and religious. This act of forgetting is symbolic of the renun- different person (and probably husband) or Wulf himself, or
ciation of the temporal world and the approval of the quest God. The only certainty is the speaker’s lamentation over the
for eternal bliss. separation and fear for the safety of her lost one.
While the Wanderer was reluctantly pushed to exile and a There is another theory that guesses Wulf as the speak-
lifelong road of suffering, the Seafarer deliberately chooses his er’s child and that the poem is a mother’s lament for her lost
path of loneliness and suffering. Because only through suffer- or separated son.
ing can, he realises the transience of this life and realises the
stability of the eternal afterlife. The poem ends with ‘Amen’. Riddles
The Wife’s Lament There are over 90 Riddles in the Exeter manuscript. These
Riddles are lyrical and largely based on Latin Riddles. They
‘I tell this story from my grasp of sorrow—I tear this
may be the compositions of a single or multiple author(s).
song from a clutch of grief. My stretch of misery
(Cynewulf was once considered the author, but that is
from birth to bed rest has been unending, no more
unlikely due to the difference in stylistics).
than now. My mind wanders—my heart hurts.’
The use of Riddles or Riddlic metaphors served as a rhe-
This poem is variously read like a riddle, an allegory for the torical device in medieval dialogue poetry. It also expanded
longing of Christ, a retainer’s lament for the lost lord and the limits of the perceptive powers of the receiver of Riddles
even as a cry of a soul from beyond the grave. But the critics when they started the guessing game. It helped to move
largely agree on it as a poem of love and lament of a woman beyond the ordinary mode of thought and helped to appreci-
speaker who has lost her husband. ate the otherness of the world, especially the natural world.
It follows the pattern of other Old English Elegies. The Old English Riddles are based upon the techniques of
It begins with a heartfelt cry, shows the struggle for finding metaphors and metamorphosis.
consolation in the middle and ends with a generalised piece J. R. R. Tolkien perceives Riddles to have a connection
of wisdom. The speaker does not know why her husband left with ‘the spirit of poetry’ which sees things, whether famil-
her. She discovers that he was probably plotting a murder. iar or strange, in the light of resemblance to other things
The husband hid his thoughts and remains enigmatic to her. and in comparison illuminates both the thing and the thing
So she constantly moves between the memories of their time observed—a cloud as a bird, smoke, a sail, cattle on a blue
together and the realisation of this enigmatic element and pasture’.
overall loss.
The uncertainty and enigma on the part of the husband Gnomic or Wisdom Poems
confuse her. She cannot decide whether to pity or curse him. This category includes a diversity of genres like Charms,
She is not sure of anything, the only surety in her elegiac Maxims or Gnomes, Proverbs, Advice Poems and Homiletic
song. Longing and anger are beautifully mixed in this elegy. Poems.
Wulf and Eadwacer The Gnomic Poems are didactic and moralistic. The
writers of these poems impart life advice or chant them to
‘Wulf, my Wulf, my old longings, My hopes, and
cure illness or tell them how to act in various situations.
fears, have made me ill; You’re seldom coming
These poems beautifully mix mystery, ambiguity and gaps in
and my worrying heart Have made me sick, not
meaning.
lack of food.’
Examples: Maxims II (Cotton Maxims), Charm for Wens
The language of this Elegy is deliberately obscure. The (or Tumours), Charms for a Swarm of Bees, Charm for a
enigmatic half-line refrain, ‘It’s different (unlike) for us Sudden Stitch, The Fortunes of Men, etc.

British Poetry 1.5
Religious Poems is described as ‘The Measurer’, ‘The Glory-Father’, ‘Eternal

Lord’, ‘Holy Creator’. The ‘Holy Creator’ first created heaven
Christianity was introduced to the Germanic pagan invader’s
as a ‘roof’ for the ‘men’s sons’. After the sky, the earth is cre-
Anglo Saxons when they settled permanently in England.
ated (middle earth) by the ‘Master Almighty’.
The Anglo Saxon King Edwin asks his counsellors about the
The poem contains various figures of speech like Simile,
new faith. His chief priest admits that the old religion now
Alliteration, Caesura, Kenning and Metaphors. The theme is
seems powerless and bereft of any value.
Religion and Time.
The Religious Poetry in Old English includes the nar-
rative treatment of Old Testament Stories, Stories of Saint’s
lives, Depictions of Christ as a hero and Homiletic Poems. The KEY POINTS
Dream of the Rood and Caedmon’s Hymn are included as reli-
• On 26 November 1882, Gerard Manley Hopkins wrote to
gious poems.
his fellow poet and friend Robert Bridges: ‘I am learning
Below are the famous Old English Religious Poems
Anglo Saxon and it is a vastly superior thing to what we
Caedmon’s Hymn have now.’
• W. H. Auden too was inspired by his first experience of
‘Now let us praise the Creator and Guardian Old English Literature: ‘I was spellbound. This poetry, I
Of the heavenly kingdom, his power, and knew, was going to be my dish. . . I learned enough to
purpose, His mind and might, his wondrous read it, and Anglo Saxon and Middle English Poetry have
works. He shaped each miraculous beginning, been one of my strongest, most lasting influences.’
each living creature, each earthly kind.’ • The list of modern poets who have been influenced by
Caedmon’s Hymn is a milestone in Anglo Saxon history. It is Old English Literature (that term is now generally pre-
the first poem that sets down the new Christian teachings, ferred to ‘Anglo Saxon’ when referring to the language
newly accepted by the Germanic settlers. Caedmon is con- and vernacular writings of Pre-Conquest England)
sidered as the first English poet who wrote the first English could be extended to include Pound, Graves, Wilbur and
poem. His poems contained new forms and new imageries many others.
and were treated as the product of a Christian miracle. • ‘Beowulf’ was translated by Irish poet Seamus Heaney
Caedmon’s Hymn is extant due to the writings of and ‘The Seafarer’ by Ezra Pound.
Venerable. The Venerable Bede, as Caedmon himself was an • W. H. Auden reintroduced Anglo Saxon accentual meter
illiterate farmer. According to The Venerable Bede’s story, (fixed number of stresses per line or stanza regardless
Caedmon was a local peasant turned poet turned monk. of the number of syllables that are present) to English
Caedmon drank mead (an alcoholic beverage), was illiterate, poetry.
tone-deaf and shy. During feasts, people used to sing turn by
turn. He was so shy that when his turn came to sing and the
harp (a musical instrument) came near him, he gave up his Middle English Poetry
food in the middle and used to leave the feast. But one such
night as he left, he saw in a dream someone who is inspiring
Norman Conquest/Battle of Hastings
him to sing some song. When he woke up, he sang that song (1066–1340)
often and after. Caedmon’s words became a rage, when The Norman Conquest was the military conquest of England by
Venerable Bede came across those words he recorded it as William, Duke of Normandy, primarily effected by his deci-
Caedmon’s Hymn in a line by a line Latin translation. sive victory at the Battle of Hastings (1066) and resulting
This nine-line poem beautifully describes the creation of ultimately in profound political, administrative and social
everything—the establishment of the Universe, the creation changes in the British Isles. There was an overthrow of the
of the Earth, the inauguration of Time and the origination Government of England in 1066 by forces of Normandy, a
of Humans. Caedmon praises God for the creation of every- province of northern France, under the leadership of William
thing. It is spoken in the first person plural (‘Now we must the Conqueror. William proclaimed himself King of England
praise Heaven-Kingdom’s Guardian’) where God is described after defeating the English King Harold at the Battle of
as the ‘Heaven-kingdom’s Guardian’. The poem contains the Hastings. Before the Normans, the Saxons ruled England for
technique of Kenning and Caesura. In the next few lines, God 600 years since Roman times.

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so infinitely superior. The way by Sienna may answer very well to do
penance upon, and I know no other sentimental consideration which
would induce a man to undertake it a second time. It is true, by
Perrugia, the distance is more than fifty miles greater, but
notwithstanding, the journey maybe completed in quite as short a
space of time.
CHAP. XXIII.
FLORENCE—AND JOURNEY TO MILAN.
Madame Hembert of the Pension de Suisse, is a most pleasant

and attentive woman, and so well calculated for her situation, that
her house has been, for some time, a favourite resort of the visitors
to this city. Finding it too small to accommodate her friends, she had,
just before our arrival, taken a magnificent palace, called the
Maladura, delightfully situated on the banks of the Arno, which she
was now busily occupied in removing to. As it was not the most
agreeable thing in the world, to reside in the midst of so confused a
scene, we determined to take lodgings for the week of our proposed
stay in Florence. While we were meditating this arrangement, who
should we meet but Mr. F⸺, a gentleman to whom I was greatly
indebted for various kind attentions at Rome, and who instantly
proposed that we should place ourselves in the same house, where
he himself lodged. This was so agreeable to our inclinations, that we
requested him immediately to make the necessary arrangements,
and on the following morning took possession of our rooms, situated
in the Strada Mal-Aurange.
After this, my friend wished to see a race contested by horses

without riders, but we found the ground so wet and uncomfortable,
that we returned without waiting for the exhibition; which I was far
from regretting, as I know no species of amusement, that, in my
present situation, would have less interested me; nor was it novel to
my friend.
We dined at a trattoria’s, after which I had the pleasure of

accidentally meeting, at the library, with Mr. F⸺, with whom I had
sailed in the felucca, from Nice, and was also introduced to Mr. H
⸺, the gentleman whom I before mentioned, as having travelled
with the French merchant, who threw himself into the crater of
Vesuvius.
Florence is said to owe its origin to a Roman colony, composed of

selected veterans from Cæsar’s legions; but in its modern state, you
would scarcely imagine it the offspring of the camp; for its whole
appearance bespeaks gentility, and its inhabitants are possessed of
so courteous an air, that we cannot wonder it should be selected by
our countrymen, as a residence preferable to every other in Italy.
The society, both among the natives and foreigners is excellent; and
the city abounds with literary institutions, and museums of natural
history, and the fine arts. Good houses are easily procured, and
provisions and necessaries of all kinds abundant and cheap.
The town itself, both as relates to its public and private buildings,
is not only handsome, but in many respects magnificent, and the
streets spacious and well paved. It is justly entitled to its appellation
of La bella Fiorenza. The only fault attached to it, in my opinion, is its
climate; beyond this nothing is wanting.
The week which we passed in this delightful capital flew away with
rapidity, and left behind it the impressions of a magic dream; indeed
we found ourselves under a state something similar to fascination,
so that the longer we remained, the more agreeable its pleasures
and society became; and the more enjoyment we partook of, the
more appeared to remain unenjoyed. The most prudent plan which
suggested itself, was to engage places in a voiture beforehand, for a
fixed day, by which means we should find ourselves compelled to
depart.
I can scarcely particularize all our employment in the interim,

which was devoted to utility as well as amusement. We spent our
mornings at the studios, museums, churches, &c.; the afternoon, in
the society of the many friends whom we found here. On the
Tuesday evening there was a grand procession in the piazza del
duomo, or square of the cathedral, a large open place well paved
with flag-stones; after which we attempted to visit the large theatre,
called the Pergola, but were disappointed, as the house was full in
every part, in consequence of the performance being for the benefit
of their principal actor David, whose father, an old man of seventy-
five, and long since retired from the stage, came forward to sing on
the occasion. We were the more concerned at the disappointment,
as it was certain that we should have no future night to appropriate
to the same purpose.
Friday was St. Peter’s day, and observed as a grand fête, although
with nothing like the magnificence displayed at Rome, where it is
considered, next to Easter, the grandest festival of the year: the
church of St. Peter’s is at the latter place illuminated on this
occasion, and an old bronze figure of the saint dressed up in papal
robes, decorated with immense numbers of diamonds; they are
obliged, however, to protect him with soldiers, lest some of his
worshippers should carry their zeal so far, as to endeavour to
appropriate these ornaments for their private devotions.
On Saturday we paid our last visit to the celebrated gallery of

Florence; but it must not be expected, that I can detail the various
statues, and other curiosities, which this museum of the fine arts
contains: was I to make the attempt, it would only embrace a
repetition of what former travellers have largely, and perhaps many
of them tediously, detailed.
Of course the Venus di Medici was the first object of our attention;
but I must candidly confess, that I would prefer the possession of a
plain amiable countrywoman of my own, whose mind I could admire,
to this paragon of beauty, or all the Venuses, animate or inanimate,
which Italy possesses. Not but that I am willing to profess myself fully
sensible to the magic of beauty, and to admit that Italy possesses its
share, as well as many amiable and estimable women;
notwithstanding the manners, habits, and system of education, of the
country is generally unpropitious to their production.
After the Venus, we were introduced to the Whetter, the Wrestler,

the Dancing Fawn, the little Apollo, the flying Mercury, and the
unhappy family of Niobe; as well as various others, whose names I
cannot remember.
Before leaving Florence, I found it necessary to get a new
passport from our ambassador; the old one having been filled up at
every point with signs and countersigns, until the original writing was
nearly lost in the midst of marginal additions, as well as unintelligible
from the length of service it had undergone. After getting the new
passport from our ambassador, it was necessary to procure the
signatures of two departments of the police, the pope’s legate (to
pass through a part of the Roman states,) the Austrian, Piedmontese
ambassadors, and also the agent of the Swiss cantons, in
expectation of getting through all these states without farther trouble;
but our expectations in this respect were not realized; for they
always contrive, in large towns, to create some necessity or other for
additional signatures.
At length the day arrived for our departure for Milan, and, on
Tuesday the 3rd of July, we took a final leave of Florence. In the
early part of the day, before we began to ascend the Apennines, it
was warm and pleasant, but after we reached these more elevated
regions, it became so cold and cloudy, that we expected a fall of
snow. In the afternoon we quitted the Tuscan territory with little
trouble, but on arriving within the Roman states, were detained for
some time, and all our baggage examined and leaded: this they
made us pay for; but it had the good effect of enabling us to pass
through Bologna, and out of the pope’s territories, without farther
interruption. We stopped for the night at a solitary house in the
Apennines, thirty-eight miles from Florence, which as we had five
successive days to travel, although our horses and the roads were
particularly good, was too long a day’s journey in so mountainous a
country.
At noon, on the following day, we reached Bologna, where two of

our passengers left us for Ferrara. Our remaining companions were
an old gentleman with a young wife, returning home to Piacenza; he
was a captain in the army of the Dutchess of Parma. Bologna
impressed us as a dull, although a fine, city. We ascended to the top
of a brick tower, from whence there is a commanding view of the
country, with the Apennines forming a fine bold feature on one side,
and the plains of Lombardy on the other. This tower, built by the
family of Givelli, and said to be three hundred and sixty-five feet in
height, is mounted by a wooden staircase of four hundred and fifty
steps; the whole in so ruinous a state, that it was scarcely safe to
ascend it. One would almost wonder that so large a structure should
not have been thought worthy of a stone, or even marble, staircase,
in a country where the latter material is so plentiful.
Within the entrance we found a shoemaker at work, who said he

had the care of the building; an office, however, of which it seemed
difficult to conceive the duties, unless, indeed, it was to prevent
persons from attempting to ascend the tower. We had not time to
visit the churches and paintings in this fine town.
On quitting Bologna, we travelled along a nearly level road shaded

with rows of trees, and which convinced us that we had entered
upon the plains of Lombardy.
In the evening, we arrived at Salmogie, a solitary house, where

they regaled us with an excellent supper and wines; amongst other
dainties, we were treated with Bologna sausages, and certainly
thought them very fine, although, in general, I am not partial to
salmagundi messes. It occurred to me, whether salmagundi might
not be a corruption of the name of this house, which is famous for
these sausages, and which are nothing more than salmagundi
enclosed in a skin; great quantities of them are purchased by
travellers, as well as sent to Bologna, and other neighbouring towns.
After leaving Salmogie, we passed from the popes territories into

those of the Duke of Modena. We only stopped at the city of Modena
long enough to shew them our passports and natural faces, nor did
we purchase any masks to conceal them in, notwithstanding the
place is very famous for the manufacture of such articles. We
breakfasted at Reggio, after a journey of twenty miles from
Salmogie. This city was once of importance, and still of considerable
size, although it appeared partly deserted. Towards noon, the
weather gave indications of an approaching storm, which came on
shortly after three o’clock, with heavy rain, thunder, and lightning; but
it was not of long duration, and was succeeded by a very fine
evening.
At six o’clock, we entered the states of the unfortunate Maria

Louisa, dutchess of Parma, where the custom-house officers
accepted a small fee, to exempt us from the trouble of examining our
baggage.
In little more than an hour after this, we arrived at the city of

Parma, where, during the preparation for our supper, we visited the
cathedral, at this time under repair; the evening was too far
advanced to enable my friend to see the paintings of the cupola
executed by Correggio, who was a native of this place; from thence,
we bent our steps to the palace of the dutchess, a large mean
looking structure, with nothing like the magnificence of a royal
residence about it. It was much surpassed in respectability of
appearance by some of the neighbouring buildings. The unhappy
Maria Louisa had been a leading subject of our thoughts and
conversation since we left Florence, and every thing we are able to
glean from our companions, and other sources, contributed to inspire
a more than ordinary degree of sympathy and commiseration for her
misfortunes. The lines of Lord Byron did not fail to recur to our
imagination.
“And she proud Austria’s mournful flower,

Thy still imperial bride,
How bears her breast the torturing hour?
Still clings she to thy side?
Must she too bend, must she too share
Thy late repentance, long despair,
Thou throneless Homicide!
If still she loves thee, hoard that gem,
’Tis worth thy vanish’d diadem!”
A gentleman of the dutchess’s household, a friend of our

companions, supped with us, and expressed himself in the highest
terms respecting her affability and kindness to her subjects, to whom
she was in the habit of giving balls twice every week. She has placed
about her, either as a nurse or a keeper, an old Austrian general,
who watches all her movements. Had we arrived somewhat earlier,
we should have had the gratification of seeing, or, I should rather
say, as relates to myself, examining many of the presents made to
her by Bonaparte; as, for instance, her bed, the king of Rome’s
cradle, and dressing-table; jewellery, and various other articles.
Provisions are said to be good and cheap at Parma, which we had

no reason to call in question; we did not, however, much admire the
cheese they gave us, although that produced by this country is so
celebrated amongst all gourmands; possibly here, as in other places,
the best is sent abroad: the land is rich, and, without doubt, excellent
cheese is made in abundance from it.
Proceeding on our journey, we crossed the next day, at five miles

from Parma, the bed of the river Carro, now entirely destitute of
water; immediately above the place of passing, was a very fine
bridge of twenty arches, commenced under the auspices of Maria
Louisa, and now nearly completed. After breakfast, it turned out very
cold and rainy: throughout our progress over the plains of Lombardy,
we had anticipated much inconvenience from heat; we, however,
found more reason to complain of cold. We fancied the peasantry
also in expectation of warmer weather, as they were in general very
lightly clad; the more common costume being black small-clothes,
without either shoes or stockings.
At an early hour, we arrived at Placentia, where our companion

and his lady left us, having arrived at their own residence; their
characters appeared to be of a negative kind: he, a quiet, good sort
of an old man; she, a pleasant and amiable young woman,
sufficiently silent and reserved, probably from the laudable motive of
not wishing to give rise to any unpleasant feeling in his mind; and,
actuated by such motives, they might be, and probably were, as
happy as if no disparity of years had existed: for it is in the qualities
of the mind, and not of the person, that conjugal felicity is dependant.
“It is the secret sympathy,

The silver link, the silken tie;
Which heart to heart, and mind to mind,
In body and in soul doth bind.”
We arrived at the inn amidst a heavy fall of rain, and every thing
felt cold and dismal; our horses and driver were apparently wearied
out, although we had only travelled thirty-two miles, and this over a
good level road.
Placentia, or Piacenza, is a fine city on the banks of the Po, but

the state of the weather prevented us from exploring it.
On the following morning, our driver did not call us until six o’clock,
and then it was accompanied by an intimation, that we should have
plenty of time to breakfast, whence we inferred, that he was looking
out for passengers to fill his now vacant places; but the real cause
soon appeared, for in an hour after he apprized us, with great
concern, that one of his horses was quite lame, and, totally unable to
proceed; but that he had found another voiture, which would carry us
to Milan; and for our fare in which, he would arrange with its driver,
so that it would make no manner of difference to us. We were glad to
comply with this proposal, although we regretted changing our driver,
whom we had found a very civil and attentive man: this inability to
proceed, was, undoubtedly, to be attributed to his having driven us
too far on the first day, in order to oblige two gentlemen of Ferrara,
by getting on the second day to Bologna for breakfast instead of
supper.
Our new voiture was a much lighter carriage, than the one we had
parted from. Before we left the town, we took up an Italian lady and
gentleman, who proved very pleasant and respectable people:—the
lady about twenty-two, with a pair of such bewitching black eyes, that
my friend C⸺ was scarcely able to sustain their glances. The
gentleman, who appeared to be her relative, was about thirty, and
conversed in a very sensible, but free manner, on the political state
of his country, and patriotically anticipated the time when she would
be enabled to throw off the yoke of foreign despotism, and assert her
liberty and independence: we had, however, only the pleasure of
their company as far as Padoglia,—about ten miles.
On leaving Placentia, we crossed the Po, on a bridge of pontoons.
The stream was rapid, and the breadth of the river much the same
as that of the Thames at London-bridge. We were strongly reminded
of Addison’s poetical description of this noble river, whose banks,
both in ancient and modern history, have been the scene of so many
sanguinary contests.
“Fir’d with a thousand raptures, I survey

Eridanus, thro’ flowery meadows stray,
The king of floods! that, rolling o’er their plains,
The towering Alps of half their moisture drains,
And proudly swoll’n with a whole winter’s snows,
Distributes wealth and plenty where it flows.”
Soon after this we entered the Milanese territories, and were

impressed with the propriety of manner in which our baggage was
inspected by the Austrian troops; there was no disposition to neglect
their public duty for private interest, no sneaking after bribes; they
maintained the necessity of examination, but it was effected, without
reward, in an unvexatious manner, and with a proper consideration
and respect for the feelings of the proprietors. The only charge made
was a regular government fee for the attachment of stamped leads,
to enable our luggage to pass throughout all other stations belonging
to this government without farther interruption.
I am happy in being able to concur with a number of my

countrymen, in doing justice to the integrity of the Austrians in their
various transactions with English travellers: that the natives should
inveigh against them is not surprising; since it could scarcely be
expected, under their relative political situation, and amidst the great
distinction of character and habits, that the two nations should
assimilate cordially together. Although the Milanese now profess to
give the preference to the French government, the time was, during
the superior influence of that nation, that they were as averse to its
domination, as they are now to that of Austria. Such is the versatility
of human nature!
When we were within four miles of Lodi, one of the wheels of our
carriage flew off, in consequence of the linchpin becoming
disengaged; we spent some time in looking for it, but in vain, and
were obliged to substitute a piece of wood, which, however, carried
us safely to Lodi. We immediately, on our arrival, proceeded to visit
the celebrated bridge, immortalized by the victory of Bonaparte over
the Austrians, and which was mainly gained by his own bravery and
personal exertions. We found it nearly two miles distant from where
our carriage stopped; but to have left it unnoticed, would have been
as unpardonable as to have gone to Loretto, without seeing the casa
santa of the blessed Virgin.
I cannot do better than give the following concise account of this

day, so important to the destinies of the future ruler of France.
“Beaulieu had drawn up his forces behind the Adda, and fortified,
with thirty pieces of cannon, a long bridge, in front of which was the
town of Lodi, defended by his advanced posts: these Bonaparte
attacked, and, after a sharp contest, drove into the town; from
whence they passed the bridge, and joined the main body of their
army. A battalion of French grenadiers, who had hitherto borne down
all before them, now reached the bridge, shouting, “Vive la
Republique,” but the dreadful fire kept up by the enemy having
stopped their progress, Generals Berthier, Massena, Cervoni, &c.
rushed forward: still, however, even their presence might have
proved ineffectual, if it had not been for the gallantry of Bonaparte,
who, snatching a standard from the hand of a subaltern, placing
himself in front, animating his soldiers by his actions and
gesticulations, for his voice was drowned by the noise of musquetry
and cannon; till these intrepid fellows, led on by their beloved
commander, passed the bridge, amidst showers of cannon balls,
silencing the artillery, and throwing the main body of Beaulieu’s army
in such disorder, that he fled with haste towards Mantua; having lost
in this action twenty field pieces, and in killed, wounded, and
prisoners, above two thousand men.”
Although pressed for time, we could not deny ourselves the
pleasure of passing over this renowned bridge; on arriving at the
opposite side, we had the additional gratification of meeting with a
beautiful maid of Lodi, at the wash-tub; and who appeared to interest
my friend greatly, although he remarked that he had already seen
several handsome females at Lodi.
After a hasty dinner at the Gambero, or sign of the Lobster, our

vittureno came to inform us, that he was unable to get his coach
repaired in time, but that another was waiting, which would take us
on to Milan. Thus we were transferred to a third coach; we had some
suspicion that this last was a convenient arrangement between the
two drivers, to enable the one who had brought us from Placentia to
avoid going on with two passengers only; while, at the same time, it
gave the other a full complement. However, we had no reason to
complain, the road was good, and our new driver ran us into Milan, a
distance of twenty miles, in three hours, and with a single pair of
horses only.
CHAP. XXIV.
MILAN.
On arriving at Milan, we took up our residence at the Croci di

Malta, which is one of the most convenient houses in this place for
foreigners, as it has an excellent table d’hôte. The next day, Sunday,
was exceedingly cold, notwithstanding which, we commenced our
examination of this fine old city.
We first visited the magnificent cathedral, built entirely of white

marble; to the very top of which we ascended, by a flight of five
hundred and twelve steps. But it is better that I should borrow a
description of this most noble edifice, than attempt an imperfect one
of my own.
“It is situated almost in the centre of the city, and occupies part of
the great square; it is of Gothic architecture, and its materials are
white marble. In magnitude, this edifice yields to few in the universe.
Inferior only to St. Peter’s of Rome; it equals in length, and in
breadth surpasses the cathedrals of Florence and St. Paul’s: in the
interior elevation, it yields to both; but in its exterior, it exceeds both;
in its fretwork, carving, and statues, it goes beyond all churches in
the world, St. Peter’s itself not even excepted. Its double aisles, its
lofty arches, the lustre of its walls, its numerous niches all filled with
marble figures, give it an appearance novel, even in Italy, and
singularly majestic. In the front of the chancel, and almost
immediately above the steps, rises on four additional steps the altar,
and behind it the choir, in a semicircular form. The pillars of the
cathedral of Milan are more than ninety feet in height, and about
eighty in diameter. The dimensions of the church at large are as
follow: in length, four hundred and ninety feet, in breadth, two
hundred and ninety-eight, in interior elevation under the dome, two
hundred and fifty-eight, and four hundred in exterior, that is, to the
summit of the tower. The pavement is formed of marble of different
colours, disposed in various patterns and figures. The number of
niches are very great, and every niche has its statue, which, together
with those placed on the ballustrade of the roof, are reported to
amount to more than four thousand; and many among them are said
to be of great merit.
“Over the dome rises a tower or spire; in ascending this, the

traveller will observe that the roof of the church is covered with solid
blocks of marble, which are connected together by a powerful
cement, which possesses not only the durability and hardness, but
the colour also of the marble itself; so that the eye of the observer
scarcely perceives the points and lines in which the joinings are
made, and the whole roof appears to be composed of one immense
sheet of the finest white, and polished marble. The singularity and
uncommon splendour of this roof, cannot perhaps be adequately
described. The prospect of the surrounding country, and objects from
the summit of this tower, is grand and very extensive; it includes the
whole city, and the luxuriant plain of Milan; shews its intersection in
every part, with rivers and canals, its beautiful display of gardens,
orchards, vineyards, and groves; and its numerous and interesting
villages and towns; and extends to the neighbouring Alps, which
unite their bleak ridges with the milder, and more distant Appennines,
and seem to compose a grand and natural frame, to this picture of
beauty and interest. In its materials, the cathedral of Milan certainly
surpasses all the churches in the universe, the noblest of which are
only lined and coated with marble, while this is entirely built, paved,
vaulted, and roofed, with the same substance, and that of the
whitest, and most resplendent kind.”
After examining the cathedral, we visited the gardens in the

neighbourhood of the Porta Orientale, where there are frequently
dancing and a variety of other entertainments, on a Sunday evening,
but the day was unfavourable for these diversions. From hence, we
extended our walk to Porta Roma along the new boulevards, formed
by the Austrians within the last two years, and which are become the
fashionable promenade, and drive, of Milan.
The next day was also an unpropitious one; indeed it appears, that
the neighbourhood of the Alps has a most unfavourable influence on
the climate; and in winter must make it extremely cold and damp. We
visited this morning the theatre of La Scala, at the time under repair.
Walking over the pit and stage, we took the opportunity of comparing
its size, with that of St. Carlos at Naples; at first my friend imagined it
smaller, but before we left, he was inclined to think the point doubtful;
but it must be recollected, that the estimate was made under very
different circumstances, the latter being lighted up and full of
company, while the present one was empty, and en dishabille.
We met with many friends at Milan, and spent our time agreeably
enough, but from circumstances, were induced to hasten our
departure sooner than we intended; in consequence we were
prevented from visiting some of the most interesting parts of the city,
as the various churches, the coliseum of Napoleon, and the
triumphal arch, erected in honour of him, over one of the gates; the
lazaretto, the mint, the museum, the minor theatres, and various
other places. The city itself, is one of the most intricate I ever met
with, the streets so numerous, short, and narrow, that we had never
been more perplexed to find our way.
We were induced to leave Milan, as I before remarked, sooner

than at first intended; this was in consequence of the difficulty
experienced in procuring a satisfactory conveyance to Geneva.
We had flattered ourselves, that we could have made

arrangements to accompany some Swiss gentlemen in their voiture,
which would have afforded us an opportunity of gaining much
agreeable information from them, but in this we were disappointed.
As a preparatory measure, a day or two before we proposed to
depart, we entered into various negotiations with different vitturenos,
all of which we were obliged to conduct with the greatest caution,
and which became abortive, from some determination or other to
impose upon us.
We had actually engaged one to convey us to Geneva, for a

considerable sum, under the full explanation of its being intended to
cover the usual expenses of supper, &c. but when he was desired to
sign the agreement, he pretended that these necessaries were not to
be included.
At length, on Tuesday the 10th, we met a vittureno, who was

departing in the morning, with the intention of taking the route of
Turin; when viewing the little chance we had of getting any
conveyance, which would take the passage of the Simplon for some
days, we determined to embrace the opportunity, and immediately
entered into an arrangement with him, to convey us to Geneva,
resting two days at Turin, bearing our expenses for supper and beds
each night, while actually travelling, for which we agreed to pay him
four Napoleons and a half each; this as the journey would occupy
nine days, we thought a reasonable bargain. The expense of
travelling is considered to increase on leaving Italy, and passing
through Switzerland, particularly by the way of the Simplon, in
consequence of the great number of barriers on that road; but I
became convinced from experience, that the real difference of
expense, is nothing equal to what the proprietors of the voitures
would wish one to suppose. The Swiss drivers appear far more
acute than the French or the Italians, for the cunning of the latter is
easily detected; while the manners of the former are more sagacious
and collected. One in particular, impressed me so strongly with his
archness of expression, that my imagination leads me to suppose, if
my powers of sight would admit of a use of the pencil, I could at this
instant depict his portrait, as correctly as if I had actually seen him.
CHAP. XXV.
JOURNEY FROM MILAN BY TURIN, AND OVER
MOUNT CENIS TO GENEVA.
We left Milan on Tuesday, July the 11th, early in the morning of a

very fine day, in the largest, and most elegant voiture which I had
met with in France or Italy, having only two companions; one, a lady
with her lap-dog, who, although she was not very young, was witty
and amusing; the other, a singular character of a Frenchman, an ex-
colonel of the army of Bonaparte, and who amused us by his
eccentricities. He had fought in the battle of Waterloo, and
afterwards, been deprived of his pension and half pay, as well as for
a time banished the kingdom. He had received a variety of wounds
in Egypt, and other parts of the world. My friend informed me that his
appearance was shabby, although he talked of having a very rich
wife at Lyons. According to his own account, he was at this time
carrying on, in a large way, the business of a horse-dealer; and
boasted of supplying various princes, and noblemen, with Arabian
and other fine horses. Soon after leaving Milan, we passed a voiture,
from the outside of which, a trunk had just been stolen. Fifteen miles
from Milan, we crossed the Tesseno, which cost us eight centimes
per head. This river takes its rise from Mount St. Gothard, and falls
into the Po. Soon afterwards, we entered the Piedmontese states,
and after the customary examinations, reached Novara for breakfast,
having travelled thirty-five miles from Milan. Novara is an ancient
city, but of no great note. After breakfast, we proceeded on our
journey, and in the afternoon, crossed two small rivers, where they
took a toll, not only for our carriage and horses, but ourselves also.
About six o’clock, we arrived at Verceil, a very ancient city, with
narrow, ill-paved streets, and a scanty population. A number of
Austrian troops, who had occupied Piedmont in support of the
royalist party, were quartered at this place, and sacrilegiously using
the cathedral as stables. We understood that all the principal towns,
with the exception of Turin itself, probably in consequence of a
particular request, or as a point of delicacy, were at this time under
the charge of the Austrians.
On the following morning, we breakfasted at St. Germano, and

passed several rivers, with good modern bridges over them.
Whenever we inquired how they came by such fine roads and
bridges, the reply always attributed them to Bonaparte, so that if he
had robbed their churches and monasteries, he had left them many
a recompense; and they were willing to admit, that he usefully
employed the poor in improving their country, and liberally patronized
the arts.
Between seven and eight in the evening, we entered Turin, and in

the morning directed our first attention to getting our passports
properly arranged for our future journey; with this view we attended
the police; and afterwards the Sardinian minister, where they
demanded four francs from each of us for his signature. After this we
walked about the town, where my friend expressed himself
uncommonly pleased with the grandeur, beauty, and regularity of the
buildings, streets, squares, and shops. The inhabitants generally
addressed us in French, which gave us much the impression of a
French town. After dinner we visited the queen’s villa, situated on the
top of a hill, half a mile out of the town, in our way to which we
crossed the Po (which has its source twenty-five miles above Turin,
in the recesses of Monte Viso), over a magnificent bridge of five
arches, built by the French, the approach to which was through a
noble street, bearing the name of the river, with arcades on either
side of it. The villa possesses a most commanding view of the city,
river, and country around it, but contains nothing particularly good,
except that the gardens are well laid out. After this we returned to the
city, and promenaded the bank of the river, but were obliged to desist
from extending our ramble by the coming on of a rainy evening. After
breakfast the next day, we renewed our examination of the city,
visiting the boulevards, and other parts, but were again compelled to
return by the weather. On this account we took shelter in a caffé,
where we observed in the papers, the first official account of the
death of Napoleon, a rumour of which had reached us before we left
Florence.
“If thou had’st died as honour dies,

Some new Napoleon might arise
To shame the world again—
But who would soar the solar height,
To set in such a starless night?”
It continued raining the remainder of the day, and we employed

ourselves in writing letters, and making preparations for our
departure on the morrow, being obliged to forego visiting the
churches, palaces, theatres, and other interesting objects of the
place. It is true, we looked into two or three churches, but they
seemed to possess nothing out of the ordinary way. The streets of
Turin, particularly the new part, being laid out at right angles, makes
it easy to traverse the town; we could not but notice the thinness of
population, notwithstanding we knew the city was proportionally
thickly inhabited—this was no doubt to be partly accounted for, from
numbers having, during the summer season, retired to their country-
seats, and partly to the late political occurrences, which have created
a great distrust, and suspicion of those who remained, many of
whom were at this time apprehensive of arrest and imprisonment, on
account of their conduct or opinions, so that they were afraid to stir
from out of their houses—nay, many had actually absconded on
these accounts. But I do not profess to detail the political history of
the countries I visited.
On Sunday, the 15th of July, we took our leave of Turin, with six
new passengers in our voiture. We passed through Rivoli, which has
a royal palace, to Ambrogia, where we breakfasted; we now entered
defiles of mountains, the road becoming heavy; the rain, however,
which had been before incessant through the morning, began to
clear off, and we had a fine afternoon, which in some respects
compensated for the badness of the roads. A new road from Turin to
Susa, has lately been laid out by the Sardinian government, part of
which we traversed, but found it at present very uncomfortable,
consisting of a mere bed of stones. We reached Susa, about seven
o’clock, an ancient town, situated amidst rocky eminences, on the
banks of the Dura, here a small stream, but before it reaches Turin,
increased into a considerable river.
The town of Susa is more respectable than we had expected to

find it, but thinly inhabited, as notwithstanding it was a fine Sunday’s
evening, very few people were walking about. My friend remarked,
both here and in the places we had passed through this day, that the
men were of diminutive stature, and ludicrously dressed, wearing
cocked-hats, very long tails, and black breeches, and frequently
without either shoes or stockings.
In the morning we set out from Susa at three o’clock, with the
voiture drawn by five mules, our driver reserving his horses until we
had ascended Mount Cenis. Soon after leaving Susa, we travelled
over an alternation of moderate acclivity and level ground, until we
passed Novalese, when the road became steep, notwithstanding it
was sound and good, and occasionally took a winding direction to
diminish the labour of ascent. About half-way up, we passed a
miserable village, named Ferrieres. At this point we rested a while,
that my friend might contemplate the stupendous and sublime
scenery, amidst which we had been for some time making our
progress.
“⸺pleas’d at first, the towering Alps we try,

Mount o’er the vales, and seem to tread the sky,
Th’ eternal snows appear already past,
And the first clouds and mountains seem the last,
But those attain’d, we tremble to survey
The growing labours of the lengthened way,
Th’ increasing prospect tires our wand’ring eyes,
Hills peep o’er hills, and alps on alps arise.”
From hence to the summit, we observed several detached

habitations at short distances from each other, intended for the
residences of the people stationed here by government, to keep
open the road during the winter, by clearing away the falls of snow,
and rocks which might shelve down from the surrounding mountains;
or to give shelter to the way-worn or benighted traveller. These men
are thought to be well paid, receiving three francs a day, but they
fully deserve it, for their situation is, in my opinion, most unenviable.
My friend observed a gallery cut out of the solid rock, which had
formerly been used as a road, but which from apprehension of
danger in that direction, had fallen into disuse.
At the top of this mountain is situated a plain termed San Nicolo, a

stone terminus placed on which, by its inscription, informs the
traveller that he is now quitting Italy, and entering Savoy. Then
farewell Italy! we exclaimed;—but I shall leave to the reader’s
imagination, the feelings with which we quitted this highly favoured
country; nor shall I, for good reasons, attempt to depict the
magnificent scene which is to be witnessed from this commanding
elevation of six thousand feet above the level of the sea, over the
beautiful plains of Piedmont in the distance, with the sublime Alpine
features, which were extended around us, and beneath our feet; but
in lieu of this, I shall beg leave to introduce the spirited description of
Lord Byron, in his translation of Dante’s prophecy.
“Thou, Italy! so fair, that Paradise,

Revived in thee, blooms forth to man restored;
Ah! must the sons of Adam lose it twice?
Thou, Italy I whose ever-golden fields,
Plough’d by the sunbeams solely, would suffice
For the world’s granary; thou, whose sky heaven gilds
With brighter stars, and robes with deeper blue;
Thou, in whose pleasant places summer builds
Her palace, in whose cradle empire grew,
And form’d the eternal city’s ornaments
From spoils of kings whom freemen overthrew;
Birth-place of heroes, sanctuary of saints,
Where, earthly first, then heavenly glory made
Her home; thou, all which fondest fancy paints,
And finds her prior vision but pourtray’d
In feeble colours, when the eye—from the Alp
Of horrid snow, rock, and shaggy shade
Of desert-loving pine, whose emerald scalp
Nods to the storm—dilates, and dotes o’er thee.”
We found the air on Mount Cenis particularly keen, and it failed not
to produce a corresponding effect upon our appetites, nor was this to
be wondered at, as we had now been travelling seven hours without
breakfast. Our driver was, however, quite unwilling to indulge us with
a quarter of an hour for the purpose of quieting these sensations; nor
did we carry the point, until we insisted upon it peremptorily. After all,
we could only get a hasty repast of tea and bread and butter;
whereas we were strongly tempted by some beautiful trout, which
had just arrived from out of a neighbouring lake of considerable size
and unfathomable depth, situated in the centre of the plain.
The plain of San Nicolo is about six miles in length, and four
broad; and notwithstanding its great elevation, was at this time free
from snow, and covered with flowers and verdure. It is encompassed
on all sides by the Alpine ridges, the highest of which rises three
thousand feet still above it, and is clothed with eternal snow. It was
from the top of this plain that Hannibal is said to have pointed out the
rich fields of Italy to his wearied army.
At the distance of about a mile from the inn where we had taken
refreshment, we arrived at a fort, within the walls of which stands the
convent of Saint Bernard. We were detained here to have our
passports examined. On the plain a considerable quantity of stone
was lying on the road side, which was white as snow; my
companions fancied it marble; it felt, however, to me of closer
texture, and both heavier and harder than any marble I had ever met
with; I carried off a piece, as a specimen, which proves to be a
peculiarly hard sulphate of lime.
At length we began to descend the north side of the mountain, and

at the foot of it entered the town of Lanslebourg, where we had our
regular breakfast. At this place our party were imposed upon by an
old woman, who pretended to be a hundred and seven years of age,
and which she professed to prove by a certificate of her
grandmother’s baptism, which she passed off as her own; before we
left, our landlady exposed the imposition, informing us, that she
obtrudes this certificate upon all travellers who pass that way.
The road, this afternoon, was hilly, narrow, and rough; we made,
however, only a short stage, stopping to sleep at Modane. The inn at
this place was full of Sardinian troops, on which account we took the
precaution to have our baggage removed into our bed-rooms, for my
friend C⸺ had the cord whipped from off his trunk before he could
look around him. We found a peculiar difficulty in explaining our
wishes to have this arrangement effected, to the female who waited
upon us; my friend, who was a very superior linguist, essayed in vain
to make her comprehend our intentions, until at length we
discovered that she was both deaf and dumb; she possessed,
however, extraordinary acuteness, and could be made to understand
almost any thing by signs; she afterwards waited upon us well at
supper, and in conveying our luggage to the coach on the following
morning.
We breakfasted the next day at St. Jean de Maurienne, a small

town, with narrow streets, situated in the middle of the Alps. On our
way from hence to Aigue Bella, where we rested for the night, we
passed an unfinished fort, which his Sardinian majesty is by treaty
compelled to erect at this spot.
Wednesday the 18th was a fine warm day. We breakfasted at

Montmelian, famous for its wines, both white and red, and
particularly the latter.
Since descending Mount Cenis, the roads have been very

indifferent, but the country highly romantic; to-day we passed a
number of waterfalls, and repeatedly crossed the river R⸺; at half
after one we arrived at Chambery, the capital of Savoy, where we
dined, and staid all night. This town is delightfully situated, and has
many pleasant walks about it; the streets are, however, narrow, and
the pavements bad. We were informed that it abounded with the
necessaries of life, which were to be purchased at a reasonable rate.
The whole of our journey from Mount Cenis had impressed us with
the feeling of being in France, as we heard nothing but that
language, and the patois of the country.
Our companions from Turin all quitted us at Chambery; but in the

morning we took up two young gentlemen from Lyons, who were
going to the baths of Aix; one of them, however, when we had
proceeded five miles, found out that he had left his portmanteau
behind him at Chambery, and returned to look after it.
We arrived at Aix les Baignes for breakfast, after which we took a

cursory view of the town and baths, which were built by the Emperor
Gratian, and with both of which we were much pleased. I attempted
in vain, to ascertain the nature of the waters; they referred me to a
book-seller, who shewed me a treatise in praise of their virtues, but
all the information I could gain respecting the point in question, was,
that they contained sulphur; which we had previously detected by the
test of our noses.
After leaving Aix, we proceeded to Ramilly; about midway between

these places is a waterfall on the right, but at a distance from the
road, which is visited by most of the strangers who take the waters at
Aix.
In the evening we reached Frangy, where, notwithstanding we had

travelled by ourselves in the voiture, we were not without a supper
party, for we were favoured with the company of no less than four
vitturenos. They were so far pleasant company, that they treated us
with respect, and amused us with their conversation respecting the
number of their passengers, fares, &c.
On Friday, the 20th of July, we set off in great spirits, in the

prospect of reaching Geneva for breakfast; soon after leaving
Frangy, which lies in a deep galley, we began to ascend a steep
mountain, the top of which, it took us four hours to arrive at; this
accomplished, we descended again, and shortly afterwards entered
Switzerland, that country—
“Where rougher climes a nobler race display;

Where the bleak Swiss their stormy mansion tread,
And force a churlish soil for scanty bread.”
At eleven o’clock we made our entry into the city of Geneva.

CHAP. XXVI.
GENEVA.—LAUSANNE.
On arriving at Geneva, we took up our residence at the Hotel de

Corona, and discharged our vittureno, a little dark-looking Savoyard,
but with a great oddity of temper, being either in the extreme of
sulkiness, or good humour; he was, however, so quietly disposed,
that he slept the greater part of the way, either on his horses or in the
cabriolet. The manner in which he took his leave of us was singular
enough; after inquiring whether we were satisfied with his attentions,
and being answered in the affirmative, he proceeded to say that he
did not ask for a buona-mana, as he knew such a donative was
excluded by our agreement, but that he hoped we would give
something, no matter whether a franc or a Napoleon, to prove that
we were satisfied with him.
When at Edinburgh, I had formed an acquaintance with a

gentleman of this place, Dr. P⸺; one of my first objects was to find
him out, and I had the pleasure of succeeding: after expressing
much surprise, he kindly offered me his services during our stay at
Geneva.
The short time we remained at this interesting place, made it

impossible that we could enjoy all the gratifications which it was
capable of affording; we determined, however, to make the most of
the little time which we could afford.
Amongst the incidents which I reflect upon with the greatest

pleasure, I must place the very interesting visit we paid to M. Huber,
so well known in the literary world for his acute observations in
Natural History, and, particularly, his patient and extraordinary
investigation of the habits and economy of that valuable insect, the
common honey-gathering bee. There existed a sympathy and fellow-
feeling, between this amiable man and myself, of no common kind,
for we had both of us long been excluded from all enjoyment of the
“visual ray;” forty years before, and in the prime of life, M. Huber had
the misfortune to lose his sight. Besides his superior acquaintance
with natural history, M. Huber is a deep mathematician, and
accomplished musician.
Before the present personal introduction, we were, however, not

entirely unknown to each other, as through the medium of Dr. P⸺,
when at Edinburgh, we had exchanged mutual compliments.
At this time he was residing at his country house, about a mile and
a half from Geneva. We here found him walking alone in his garden,
for which purpose, he has a string extended along a particular walk,
which assists in guiding his steps with confidence, when engaged in
deep mental research.
But, notwithstanding the public and literary character of M. Huber

is so highly estimated, it is in the bosom of his family that his worth is
most to be appreciated: his integrity, benevolence, and urbanity,
have secured the respect and affection of all around him. He has
been particularly fortunate in the companion of his domestic
happiness. We had the pleasure of being introduced to Madame H
⸺, the following traits of whose character cannot fail to do her the
highest honour. M. H⸺ and herself had formed an attachment for
each other, before his loss of sight; after this misfortune, her friends
urged her to think no more of him; but neither her affection nor
magnanimity would allow her to desert in adversity that being whom
she had loved in prosperity; they were married, and she has had the
exalted gratification of having bestowed a comfortable independence
upon a worthy man, with whom she has now most happily
descended far into the vale of life.
One of the sons of M. H⸺, emulating the literary character of his

father, has distinguished himself by an Essay on the Economy of the
Ant; a work which has been thought worthy of translation into foreign
languages.
M. Huber’s reception of me was cordial and flattering; and, after
too short a visit for the full gratification of my feelings, I was obliged
to tear myself away, impressed with indelible sentiments of respect
and veneration for this truly amiable man, and indefatigable
philosopher.
The town of Geneva, which contains twenty-three thousand

inhabitants, is by no means highly impressive in its appearance and
buildings; it derives its interest, chiefly, from the beauty and grandeur
of the surrounding scenery, and the energies of its inhabitants,
having been the favoured residence of some of the most celebrated
characters that have existed.
The inhabitants are, almost to an individual, possessed of superior

intellectual powers; no doubt the result of the extended system of
education which prevails, and which is supported by various
charities, both public and private, so that the poorest native has
opportunities of acquiring, what may almost be termed, a liberal
education. I could not be otherwise than forcibly impressed, with the
similarity of character and pursuits, between the inhabitants of this
town and those of Edinburgh.
There is a celebrated academy at Geneva, which possesses

twelve professors, and no less than six hundred students, and is
adorned by an immense and valuable library, to which the pupils
have free access.
The female part of the community also shew a superiority of

intellect, of which I experienced various instances. We found the
ladies whom we had the pleasure of being acquainted with, almost
universally well versed in polite literature, and frequently acquainted
with the English and German languages. I was much amused with
the acuteness displayed by the young woman of a shop, which I
entered to purchase a straw hat; and which was, at the same time,
combined with great simplicity and naiveté. I can scarcely express
the quickness and readiness of manner with which she attended to
my wants, and the determination she shewed that I should be suited.
She was both young and pretty, and I could not forbear venturing an
inquiry, whether she was married, by asking her, if I was correct in
addressing her as Mademoiselle, to which she frankly replied, with
an air of evident satisfaction, almost amounting to exultation, “Non
Monsieur, Je ne suis pas marié encore, mais je serai dans un mois.”
And I believe the favoured swain was not far distant, for my friend
observed a handsome young man on the qui vive about the door,
with his eyes frequently directed towards her.
On Sunday, we were favoured with an invitation to breakfast with

Dr. P⸺, whose father is a banker of this city; our entertainment
was of a splendid kind, à la fourchette. Breakfast being concluded,
we left the ladies, and went to hear divine service, with the manner
of performing which we were highly pleased. After this we walked
upon the ramparts. Geneva, however, is only partially fortified, and
not capable of sustaining an energetic siege; as it was found, in the
revolutionary war, to be commanded by the high grounds around it.
The town, as is well known, is situated on the banks of the Rhone,

and near to the magnificent lake which now bears its name. It was
formerly termed Lake Leman, or Lacus Lemanus, and is formed by
the waters of the Rhone, which discharge themselves into this
expanded form near Villeneuve; it is said to lie eleven or twelve
hundred feet above the level of the sea, surrounded by the Alps;
amongst which Mont Blanc, with its two remarkable ridges on each
side, or epaules as they are termed, towers conspicuously.
At length we were compelled, with much reluctance, to prosecute

our journey. We had hoped to have found conveyances to Lausanne
by water, along the beautiful lake, but were disappointed, as the
passage is considered dangerous, in consequence of the sudden
gusts of wind which come down the valleys. The only vessels which
are used on the lake, are for the purposes of fishing and conveying
wood, &c. I suggested the advantages of the steam-boat, which the
smoothness of the water seemed particularly adapted for; but it was
objected that the intercourse between the two places, was not
sufficient to compensate the measure. They seemed unaware that
the establishment of such a conveyance, would be the means of
forming the necessary intercourse. In short the Swiss have not the
principles of a maritime nation amongst them.
We engaged our places for Lausanne in the post diligence, which

cost us each five francs Swiss, equal to seven francs and a half
French; before, however, we entered the coach, they made an
additional and heavy charge for the baggage, which, after in vain
remonstrating against, we were compelled to pay. We might have
travelled to Lausanne, not only without this expense, but even for a
minor fare, had we looked out for one of the voitures which are
constantly running between these places.
We left Geneva, in company with three ladies, one of whom was of

a certain age, and appeared to have the other two, who were much
younger, under her protection; the elder of the young ladies spoke
English fluently, and undoubtedly had had a superior education; the
youngest, who was more reserved, was a languishing beauty, with a
pair of such expressive and brilliant black eyes, that my friend, who
unfortunately sat directly opposed to their effects, was completely
dazzled and confused. I was myself unfortunately unconscious of a
proximity to such attractive orbs.
Our conversation was chiefly carried on in English, which was not

using the elderly lady fairly, as she was totally unacquainted with that
language. Amongst other inquiries, we requested the explanation of
a circumstance which had much impressed us at Geneva; namely,
why the ladies are generally seen on the public walks in large
groupes, without any gentleman in company with them. This we
were told was to be attributed to the gentlemen, being almost
universally members of some learned society or other; the
intercourse with which they prefer, to the more sentimental
conversation of the ladies. In revenge for this neglect, however, the
ladies have also their exclusive associations, which, they maintain,
afford them more pleasure and independence, than they could
derive from converse with the other sex. I must confess myself
sceptical as to the actual indifference of the ladies; and pity most

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NTA UGC NET/SET/JRF: Paper II -

English 2021 | First Edition| By Pearson

NET I SET I JRF

Published by Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128.

Compositor: SRS Global, Puducherry

Future of English in India 6.10 Reader-response Theory/Reader

Why I Chose to Write This Book?

How to prepare for UGC NET examination?

Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

* This question has been dropped by NTA.

M01 UGC NET English Paper 2 XXXX 01.indd 1 2/15/2021 5:36:47 PM

M01 UGC NET English Paper 2 XXXX 01.indd 2 2/15/2021 5:36:48 PM

M01 UGC NET English Paper 2 XXXX 01.indd 3 2/15/2021 5:36:48 PM

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Religious Poems is described as ‘The Measurer’, ‘The Glory-Father’, ‘Eternal

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Madame Hembert of the Pension de Suisse, is a most pleasant

After this, my friend wished to see a race contested by horses

We dined at a trattoria’s, after which I had the pleasure of

Florence is said to owe its origin to a Roman colony, composed of

I can scarcely particularize all our employment in the interim,

On Saturday we paid our last visit to the celebrated gallery of

After the Venus, we were introduced to the Whetter, the Wrestler,

At noon, on the following day, we reached Bologna, where two of

Within the entrance we found a shoemaker at work, who said he

On quitting Bologna, we travelled along a nearly level road shaded

In the evening, we arrived at Salmogie, a solitary house, where

After leaving Salmogie, we passed from the popes territories into

At six o’clock, we entered the states of the unfortunate Maria

In little more than an hour after this, we arrived at the city of

“And she proud Austria’s mournful flower,

A gentleman of the dutchess’s household, a friend of our

Provisions are said to be good and cheap at Parma, which we had

Proceeding on our journey, we crossed the next day, at five miles

At an early hour, we arrived at Placentia, where our companion

“It is the secret sympathy,

Placentia, or Piacenza, is a fine city on the banks of the Po, but

“Fir’d with a thousand raptures, I survey

Soon after this we entered the Milanese territories, and were

I am happy in being able to concur with a number of my

I cannot do better than give the following concise account of this

After a hasty dinner at the Gambero, or sign of the Lobster, our

On arriving at Milan, we took up our residence at the Croci di

We first visited the magnificent cathedral, built entirely of white

“Over the dome rises a tower or spire; in ascending this, the

After examining the cathedral, we visited the gardens in the

We were induced to leave Milan, as I before remarked, sooner

We had flattered ourselves, that we could have made

We had actually engaged one to convey us to Geneva, for a

At length, on Tuesday the 10th, we met a vittureno, who was

We left Milan on Tuesday, July the 11th, early in the morning of a

On the following morning, we breakfasted at St. Germano, and

Between seven and eight in the evening, we entered Turin, and in

“If thou had’st died as honour dies,

It continued raining the remainder of the day, and we employed

The town of Susa is more respectable than we had expected to

“⸺pleas’d at first, the towering Alps we try,

From hence to the summit, we observed several detached

At the top of this mountain is situated a plain termed San Nicolo, a

“Thou, Italy! so fair, that Paradise,

At length we began to descend the north side of the mountain, and

We breakfasted the next day at St. Jean de Maurienne, a small

Wednesday the 18th was a fine warm day. We breakfasted at

Future of English in India 6.10 Reader-response Theory/Reader