HV MV and LV Network Development Technical Criteria-Ex GUI-E&C-ND-2022-0083-ex PL 28 - 2.0

INTERNAL
Guideline code: GRI-GRI-GUI-E&C-0005

ex GUI-E&C-ND-2022-0083-GIN - ex PL 28
Version no. 2 dated 18/11/2022
Subject: HV, MV and LV network development technical criteria

Application Areas
Perimeter: Global
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Business Line: Enel Grids
CONTENTS
1 DOCUMENT AIMS AND APPLICATION AREA ............................................................................................... 4
1.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS TO BE IMPLEMENTED AT COUNTRY LEVEL ............................................... 4
2 DOCUMENT VERSION MANAGEMENT ......................................................................................................... 4
3 UNITS IN CHARGE OF THE DOCUMENT ...................................................................................................... 4
4 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 5
5 ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESS POSITION IN THE PROCESS TAXONMY ................................................. 10
6 DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................. 10
7 GENERAL RELIABILITY AND NETWORK DEVELOPMENT CRITERIA ...................................................... 13
SECTION I: HV NETWORK ................................................................................................................................... 15
8 STANDARD VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY LEVELS ................................................................................... 15
9 RELIABILITY CRITERIA ................................................................................................................................ 15
9.1 CURRENT ................................................................................................................................................. 16
9.1.1 Current limits .................................................................................................................................. 16
9.1.1.1 Overhead lines ........................................................................................................................................ 16
9.1.1.2 Underground lines ................................................................................................................................... 16
9.1.2 Short circuit current ........................................................................................................................ 16
9.2 VOLTAGE LEVELS ...................................................................................................................................... 17
10 NETWORK STRUCTURE .............................................................................................................................. 17
10.1 MESHING RULES – NODAL SUBSTATIONS ..................................................................................................... 18
10.2 BASE STATE OF THE HV NETWORK ............................................................................................................. 18
SECTION IB: HV/HV SUBSTATION ...................................................................................................................... 20
11 STANDARDIZED VOLTAGE LEVELS ........................................................................................................... 20
12.1 MAXIMUM LOAD OF THE HV/HV TRANSFORMERS .......................................................................................... 20
13 HV/HV SUBSTATION STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................. 20
13.1 CONNECTION TO THE HV1 NETWORK .......................................................................................................... 22
13.2 HV1 BUSBAR ............................................................................................................................................ 22
13.3 HV1/HV2 TRANSFORMATION ..................................................................................................................... 22
13.4 HV2 BUSBAR ............................................................................................................................................ 22
13.5 HV NEUTRAL STATUS ................................................................................................................................ 22
SECTION IC: HV/MV SUBSTATION...................................................................................................................... 23
15.1 MAXIMUM HV/MV SUBSTATION LOAD .......................................................................................................... 23
15.1.1 N scenario ...................................................................................................................................... 24
15.1.2 N-1 scenario ................................................................................................................................... 24
15.1.2.1 Maximum overload factor s of HV/MV transformer .................................................................................. 25
15.1.2.2 Supply restoration level RMT .................................................................................................................... 26
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15.1.2.3 Maximum utilization level k rate for substations equipped with n HV/MV transformers with the
same power. ........................................................................................................................................... 28
16 HV/MV SUBSTATION STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................. 29

16.1 STANDARD SCHEME .................................................................................................................................. 30
16.2 SIMPLIFIED SCHEME ................................................................................................................................... 31
16.3 HV NETWORK CONNECTION SCHEMES ......................................................................................................... 32
16.4 SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT ON MV NETWORKS ............................................................................................... 33
16.5 MV NEUTRAL STATUS ................................................................................................................................ 34
SECTION II: MV NETWORK.................................................................................................................................. 35
18.1 CURRENT ................................................................................................................................................. 36
18.1.1 Current limits .................................................................................................................................. 36
18.2 VOLTAGE LEVELS ...................................................................................................................................... 39
18.3 SUPPLY RESTORATION LEVEL ..................................................................................................................... 40
19.1 NETWORK SCHEMES .................................................................................................................................. 41
19.1.1 Radial Back up (I scheme) ............................................................................................................. 41
19.1.2 Ring back up (O scheme) ............................................................................................................... 42
19.1.3 Mesh branch line back up (H or double H scheme)........................................................................ 43
19.1.4 Mixed back up (Y scheme) ............................................................................................................. 44
19.1.5 Switching substation back up (Ψ scheme) ..................................................................................... 45
19.1.5.1 Advantages linked to the introduction of a new switching substation ....................................................... 48
19.2 PARAMETERS FOR THE NETWORK STRUCTURE EVALUATION ........................................................................... 49
19.2.1 Customer distribution synthetic parameter (“Biprodotto”) ............................................................... 50
19.2.2 Structural criticality parameter (PCSLV e PCSMV) ........................................................................... 50
19.3 MV NODES ............................................................................................................................................... 52
19.3.1 Insertion scheme ............................................................................................................................ 52
19.3.2 MV/LV transformation nodes .......................................................................................................... 54
19.3.2.1 General instructions on choosing nominal power MV/LV transformer ...................................................... 56
19.3.3 MV/MV transformation node ........................................................................................................... 57
19.3.4 Interfacing node for networks with different voltage levels ............................................................. 58
19.3.5 MV booster nodes .......................................................................................................................... 58
19.3.6 Switching nodes ............................................................................................................................. 59
19.4 REMOTE CONTROL AND AUTOMATION OF THE MV NETWORK .......................................................................... 59
19.4.1 MV network remote control............................................................................................................. 59
19.4.2 MV network automation .................................................................................................................. 61
19.4.3 Circuit breakers on MV nodes ........................................................................................................ 62
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19.5 DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS ......................................................................................................... 63

19.5.1 MV lines.......................................................................................................................................... 63
19.5.2 Reactive energy compensation on the MV networks ...................................................................... 64
19.5.3 Protection and switching elements ................................................................................................. 65
SECTION III: LV NETWORK.................................................................................................................................. 66
20 STANDARDIZED VOLTAGE LEVELS AND MV/LV CONNECTION .............................................................. 66
21.1 CURRENT ................................................................................................................................................. 68
21.1.1 Current limits .................................................................................................................................. 68
21.2 VOLTAGE LEVELS ...................................................................................................................................... 69
21.3 SUPPLY RESTORATION LEVEL ..................................................................................................................... 69
22.1 NETWORK SCHEMES .................................................................................................................................. 70
22.1.1 Meshed network ............................................................................................................................. 71
22.1.1.1 Radial Back up (I scheme) ...................................................................................................................... 72
22.1.1.2 Ring Back up (O scheme) ....................................................................................................................... 73
22.1.2 Radial scheme................................................................................................................................ 74
22.2 PARAMETERS FOR THE LV NETWORK STRUCTURE EVALUATION ...................................................................... 75
22.3 LV NODES ................................................................................................................................................ 75
22.3.1 Insertion scheme ............................................................................................................................ 75
22.3.2 LV booster nodes ........................................................................................................................... 77
22.4 REMOTE CONTROL AND AUTOMATION OF THE LV NETWORK ........................................................................... 77
22.5 DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS ......................................................................................................... 77
22.5.1 LV lines........................................................................................................................................... 77
22.5.2 Protection and switching elements ................................................................................................. 79
22.6 PHASES LOAD BALANCING .......................................................................................................................... 81
ANNEX 1 – SIMPLIFIED ALGORITHM FOR THE RMT CALCULATION ................................................................ 82
ANNEX 2 - MAXIMUM LENGTH OF TAPPED BRANCH LINE.............................................................................. 88
THE HEAD OF GLOBAL NETWORK DESIGN

Giovanni Battista Franzone
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1 DOCUMENT AIMS AND APPLICATION AREA

This document defines the general criteria for the development and the reliability limits needed for the
identification of criticalities on high, medium and low voltage distribution networks.
Homogeneous reliability criteria will allow the distribution companies to adopt a common language and a
unique method for the network state evaluation.
Unified network models and plant designs will allow Enel to produce common technical specification and bring
benefits, in terms of economies of scale, mainly related to global orders.
The document describes the network reliability criteria and general development criteria. Reliability criteria are
used to identify network criticalities, thus they can be applied to both planned network and existing network
structures; on the other hand development criteria, which indicate the network development general
characteristics (network schemes), are adopted for the new construction projects.
The reliability limit values reported in the document concern the network planning and design criteria and not
the operating limits.
This document shall be implemented and applied to the extent possible within the Enel Grids Business Line
and in compliance with any applicable laws, regulations and governance rules, including any stock exchange
and unbundling-relevant provisions, which in any case prevail over the provisions contained in this document.
1.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS TO BE IMPLEMENTED AT COUNTRY LEVEL

Within the corresponding geographical perimeter, each Enel Grids Company shall issue, under the supervision
of Enel Grids Global Network Design, a detailed document in accordance with the provisions of this document.
2 DOCUMENT VERSION MANAGEMENT

Version Date Main change description
First issuing of “Global Infrastructure and Networks HV and MV network
development technical criteria” Guideline.
1 30/03/2022
It replaces the Policy n.28 of the same object
Update of Company Name in Enel Grids

2 18/11/2022
Alignment to the new format
3 UNITS IN CHARGE OF THE DOCUMENT

Responsible for drawing up the document:
• Enel Grids: Engineering and Construction / Network Design;
Responsible for authorizing the document:

• Enel Grids: Head of Network Design unit;
• Enel Grids: Head of Quality Unit.
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4 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
• Code of Ethics of Enel Group;
• Enel Human Right Policy;
• The Enel Group Zero Tolerance of Corruption (ZTC) Plan;
• Organization and management model as per Legislative Decree No. 231/2001;
• Enel Global Compliance Program (EGCP);
• Integrated Policy for Quality, Health and Safety, Environment, Anti-Bribery and Information Security;
• ISO 9001:2015 - Quality Management System – Requirements;
• ISO 14001:2015 - Environmental Management System - Requirements with guidance for use;
• ISO 45001:2018 - Occupational Health and Safety Management System - Requirements with
guidance for use;
• ISO 37001:2016 - Anti-bribery Management System - Requirements with guidance for use;
• ISO 27001:2017 - Information Security Management System – Requirements;
• Organizational Procedure n. 551 - Process-related organizational documents governance;
• Organizational Procedure n. 1708 - Management of technical/operative documents and Glossary;
• Guideline GRI-GRI-GUI-E&C-0006 HV, MV, LV Technical Connections Criteria - ex GUI-E&C-ND-

2022-0084-GIN - ex Policy 86;
• Policy 74 - HV, MV and LV Network Planning Criteria.
IEC International standards
IEC 60076-7 “Loading guide for oil-immersed power transformers”
IEC 60038 “IEC standard voltages”
IEC 60909 Short-circuit currents in three-phase a c. Systems
EN European standards
EN 50160 “Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems”
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National laws, norms and standards.
Argentina
Reglamentación para estaciones transformadoras, Asociación Electrotécnica Argentina (AEA)
Para materiales del IRAM
De diseño AEA y Ley N°19587 de Higiene y Seguridad
Legales ENRE
Brazil
ANEEL - Módulo 8 – Qualidade da Energia Elétrica - Procedimentos de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica

no Sistema Elétrico Nacional (PRODIST)
ONS - Submódulo 3.6 - Requisitos técnicos mínimos para a conexão às instalações de transmissão
Chile
Norma Técnica de Seguridad y Calidad de Servicio (Noviembre de 2014)
Colombia
Resolución CREG 025 de 1995 (Código de Redes – Código de Planeamiento).
Resolución CREG 070 de 1998 – Reglamento Distribución.
Resolución MME 182148 de 2007 – Criterios de seguridad y confiabilidad para los Sistemas de
Transmisión Regional, STR
Resolución CREG 097 de 2008 – Metodología Cargos por Uso STR y SDL.
Resolución CREG 119 de 2010 – Definición Índices de Referencia IRGP Calidad de servicio para
CODENSA.
Resolución CREG 024 de 2013 – Expansión STR.
Resolución CREG 044 de 2013 – Criterio Confiabilidad N-1 y N-k.
Resolución MME 9 0708 de 2013 – Reglamento Técnico de Instalaciones Eléctricas RETIE
Resolución CREG 077 de 2014 – Proyectos urgentes STN y STR.
Italy
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Norma CEI 11–4, “Esecuzione delle linee elettriche aeree esterne”.
Perù
Código Nacional de Electricidad Suministro 2011
Romania
ANRE 28.1.013.0.00.30.08.2007 Standardul de performanţă pentru serviciul de distribuţie a energiei electrice
Legea 265/29.06.2006
Legea 123/2012 Legea energiei şi gazelor naturale
ORDIN 49 /2007 Normei tehnice privind delimitarea zonelor de protecţie şi de siguranţă aferente
capacităţilor energetice - Revizia I” aprobată prin Ordinul ANRE nr. 4/2007
Ordin 59/2013 Regulament privind racordarea utilizatorilor la reţelele electrice de interes public
ORDIN 129 / 2008 Regulamentului privind stabilirea soluţiilor de racordare a utilizatorilor la reţelele
electrice de interes public
NTE 001/03/00 Normativ privind alegerea izolaţiei, coordonarea izolaţiei şi protecţia instalaţiilor
electroenergetice împotriva supratensiunilor
NTE 003/04/00 Normativ pentru construcţia liniilor electrice aeriene de energie electrică cu tensiuni
peste 1000 V
NTE 004/05/00 Normativ pt. analiza şi evidenţa evenimentelor accidentale din instalaţiile de producere,
transport si distribuţie a energiei electrice si termice
NTE 005/06/00 Normativ privind metodele şi elementele de calcul al siguranţei în funcţionare a

instalaţiilor energetice
NTE 006/06/00 Normativ privind metodologia de calcul al curenţilor de scurtcircuit în reţele electrice cu
tensiunea sub 1 kV
NTE 007/08/00 Normativ pentru proiectarea şi execuţia reţelelor de cabluri electrice
NTE 401/03/00 Metodologie privind determinarea secţiunii economice a conductoarelor în instalaţii

electrice de distribuţie de 1-110 kV
NTE 011/12/00 Normativ pentru proiectarea sistemelor de circuite secundare ale staţiilor electrice
NTE 012/14/00 Normei tehnice energetice pentru limitarea fluctuațiilor de tensiune, inclusiv a efectului
de flicker, în rețelele electrice de transport și de distribuție
PE 003 / 79 Nomenclator de verificări, încercări şi probe privind montajul, punerea în funcţiune şi

darea în exploatare a instalaţiilor energetice, inclusiv modificarea 1 (1984)
PE 011/82 Normativ privind calculele comparative tehnico-economice la instalaţiile de producere,

transport şi distribuţie a energiei electrice şi termice
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PE 022-3 /87 Prescripţii generale de proiectare a reţelelor electrice (republicate în 1993) Modificarea
1 (1990)
PE 026 /92 Normativ privind proiectarea Sistemului Energetic Naţional
PE 101 /85 Normativ pentru construcţia instalaţiilor electrice de conexiuni şi transformare cu

tensiuni peste 1 kV (republicat în 1993)
PE 101 A /85 Instrucţiuni privind stabilirea distanţelor normate de amplasare a instalaţiilor electrice cu
tensiuni peste 1kV, în raport cu alte construcţii (republicate în 1993)
PE 102 /86 Normativ pentru proiectarea şi executarea instalaţiilor de conexiuni şi distribuţie cu

tensiuni până la 1000V c.a. în unităţi energetice (republicat în 1993)
PE 103 /92 Instrucţiuni pentru dimensionarea şi verificarea instalaţiilor electroenergetice la solicitări

mecanice şi termice în condiţiile curenţilor de scurtcircuit
PE 105 /90 Metodologie pentru dimensionarea stâlpilor metalici ai LEA
PE 106 / 2003 Normativ pentru proiectarea LEA de joasă tensiune
PE 111-1 /92 Instrucţiuni pentru proiectarea staţiilor de conexiuni şi transformare. Întreruptoare de

înaltă tensiune.
PE 111-2 /92 Instrucţiuni pentru proiectarea staţiilor de conexiuni şi transformare. Transformatoare

de tensiune.
PE 111-4 /93 Instrucţiuni pentru proiectarea staţiilor de conexiuni şi transformare. Conductoare

neizolate rigide.
PE 111-5 / 92 Instrucţiuni pentru proiectarea staţiilor de conexiuni şi transformare. Separatoare de

înaltă tensiune.
PE 111-6 /75 Instrucţiuni pentru proiectarea staţiilor de conexiuni şi transformare. Conductoare

neizolate flexibile.
PE 111-7 /85 Instrucţiuni pt. proiectarea staţiilor de conexiuni şi transformare. Reprezentarea şi

marcarea instalaţiilor electrice.
PE 111-8 /88 Instrucţiuni pentru proiectarea staţiilor de conexiuni şi transformare. Servicii proprii de
curent alternativ.
PE 111-9 /96 Instrucţiuni pentru proiectarea staţiilor de conexiuni şi transformare. Elemente de

construcţii din staţiile exterioare.
PE 111-10 /78 Instrucţiuni pentru proiectarea staţiilor de conexiuni şi transformare. Staţii electrice de
distribuţie de 6-20kV.
PE 111-11 /94 Instrucţiuni pentru proiectarea staţiilor de conexiuni şi transformare. Baterii de

condensatoare cu şunt.
PE 111-12 /78 Instrucţiuni pentru proiectarea staţiilor de conexiuni şi transformare. Bobine de

reactanţă.
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PE 112 /93 Normativ pentru proiectarea instalaţiilor de curent continuu din centrale şi staţii electrice.
PE 116 /94 Normativ de încercări şi măsurători la echipamente şi instalaţii electrice.
PE 134 /95 Normativ privind metodologia de calcul al curenţilor de scurtcircuit în reţelele electrice
cu tensiunea peste 1 kV.
PE 143/94 Normativ privind limitarea regimului nesimetric şi deformant în reţelele electrice
PE 152 /90 Metodologie de proiectare a fundaţiilor LEA peste 1 kV.
PE 155 /92 Normativ privind proiectarea şi executarea branşamentelor electrice pentru clădiri civile.
PE 501 /85 Normativ privind proiectarea protecţiilor prin relee şi automatizărilor electrice ale
centralelor şi staţiilor Modificarea 1 (1985)
PE 503 /87 Normativ de proiectare a instalaţiilor de automatizare a părţii electrice a centralelor şi

staţiilor (republicat în 1995)
Spain
RD 337/2014 Instalaciones eléctricas de alta tensión
RD 1955/2000 por el que se regulan las actividades de transporte, distribución, comercialización,

suministro y procedimientos de autorización de instalaciones de energía eléctrica
RD 223/2008 por el que se aprueban el reglamento sobre condiciones técnicas y garantías de

seguridad en líneas eléctricas de alta tensión y sus instrucciones técnicas
complementarias
Ley 24/2013 del Sector Eléctrico
RD 1048/2013 por el que se establece la metodología para el cálculo de la retribución de la actividad

de distribución de energía eléctrica
RD 337/2014 por el que se aprueban el reglamento sobre condiciones técnicas y garantía de

seguridad en instalaciones eléctricas de alta tensión y sus instrucciones técnicas
complementarias
Procedimientos Operativos del Transporte y la Distribución que sean de aplicación.
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5 ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESS POSITION IN THE PROCESS TAXONMY

Value Chain: Engineering and Construction
Macro Process: Network Engineering
Process: Network Design
6 DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS

Acronyms and keywords Description
Adjacent substations Substations that can transfer load between each other by switching on and off
lines outgoing from the substation themselves.
Branch line Part of an electric line outgoing from a point of the feeder (switching node or tee
point). It is a secondary conductor with a lower rated capacity with respect to the
feeder. Depending on its characteristics of supply restoration, the branch line can
be classified in:
• Ring branch (line): a branch line that can be re-energized by a different
node of the feeder to which is normally connected. This circuit is normally
open in an open-loop node of the feeder. In case of fault on the branch line,
the open-loop closing consents part of the ring branch to be re-energized.
• Radial branch (line): a branch line that cannot be re-energized in case of
fault or reconfiguration.
• Mesh branch (line): a circuit that can connect two different feeders through
a branch line. In case of radial operation, the circuit is normally open in an
adjacent switching node. Closing this node allows one of the two lines to
re-energize the one affected by the fault.
Disconnector An electro-mechanical OdM installed on an electric circuit in order to disconnect,
in other words a device that can open physically and evidently the circuit assuring
a specific isolating distance.
Distribution Network HV, MV or LV Electric network by which private or public connected customer
can be supplied.
Double Busbar HV or MV busbar made by two different elements (bars). The transfer busbar
flanks the main one with or without a coupler switch.
This configuration allows the connection of each single line of the substation to
the main or to the transfer busbar in the N scenario too.
Voltage variation % (∆V%) Difference between the r.m.s. of the voltage in a certain node and the nominal
voltage of the network, as a percentage of the nominal voltage.
Extra High Voltage (EHV) Nominal voltage levels higher than 230kV.
EHV/HV substation Electric power substation supplied in EHV equipped with at least one EHV/HV
power transformer dedicated to the transmission network.
Feeder (Tapped line) Group of adjacent line-segments outgoing from a protection device connected to
a busbar (HV, MV or LV circuit breaker, LV fuse, etc.). It is the main conductor
with the higher rated capacity.
FNC Automatic fault detection and restoration function on network with the neutral
earthed with Petersen coil. This configuration allows the power restoration with
temporized reclosures in SSs, keeping the breaker in the feeder bay closed, in
case of a phase-to-earth fault.
FRG Automatic fault detection and restoration function, using fault and voltage
absence detectors.
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High Voltage (HV) Electrical system with 230kV to 35kV nominal operative voltage between the
phases
HV or MV Bay Equipment for the connection of an element (line or transformer) to the related
busbar (or busbar section).
HV or MV breaker Motorized switch able to connect or disconnect an HV or MV line affected by
short-circuit current.
HV or MV busbar Substation element to which outgoing or ingoing line bays are connected.
HV or MV busbar section A busbar element (on the HV or MV side) to which only a part of the ingoing or
outgoing feeders is connected. Busbar sections can be connected each other by
means of a coupler switch.
HV/MV substation Electric power substation supplied in HV equipped with at least one HV/MV
power transformer dedicated to the distribution network.
Ilt Thermal limit current.
Imax,N Maximum acceptable value of line current such that no criticality arises according
to reliability criteria with a Normal Network Configuration and N scenario.
Imax,N-1 Maximum acceptable value of line current such that no criticality arises according
to reliability criteria in an N-1 scenario.
IMS Interruttore di Manovra Sezionatore (Switch-disconnector): a manual or
motorized switch able to connect or disconnect an energized MV line, with the
same isolation requirements of a disconnector in open position.
Islanded Grid Energized part of a network disconnected by the public distribution network.
LILO Line in Line out
Low Voltage (LV ) Any set of nominal voltage levels exceeding 50 V and up to 1 kV a.c. or 1,5 kV
d.c.
Main Switching Fastest switching operation sequence, manual or automatic, to detect and isolate
Operations the faulted line segment.
Mesh Branch Line See “Branch line”
Meshed Circuit Electrical link that connect two breakers installed in different substations through
the line segments of two feeders; in this case, a single substation can be supplied
by the HV network or by the feeder coming from the other substation.
MNC Modified Network Configuration.
Medium Voltage (MV) System with a nominal operative voltage between the phases higher than 1 kV
to 35 kV included. NOTE: The boundary value between medium voltage and high
voltage depends on local and historical circumstances or on common usage.
Nevertheless for internal standardization purposes, medium voltage is defined
as a system with a nominal operative voltage between the phases higher than 1
kV to 35 kV included
MV cable line MV line made by cables for minimum 90% of its length.
MV line Group of line-segment outgoing from an operative MV breaker, composed by a
feeder and possible branch lines.
MV Recloser MV circuit breaker, installed in a SS or pole mounted, integrated by fault passage
indicators and logical handler, selectively coordinated with the feeder bay
breaker in the HV/MV Substation. After a phase-to-earth or a three-phase fault
an automatic mechanism close and open the breakers at different time intervals
(slow or high-speed reclosing) as the protection devices in HV/MV Substation
bays.
MV/MV substation Electric substation supplied in MV equipped with at least one MV/MV transformer
dedicated to the distribution network.
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N Scenario Permanent state of the network, in the standard configuration, with all the
elements available.
N-1 Scenario It is a temporary state of the network, in a modified configuration, due to one
element unavailability.
NSP Nodo di Sezionamento Principale: Main Switching Node. An SS or a pole
mounted switch involved in the Main Switching operations.
OdM Organo di manovra, Switch.
PCSBT Structural Criticality Parameter referred to LV customers.
PCSMT Structural Criticality Parameter referred to MV power installed.
Potenza Firme (Pf) Maximum power that can be supplied by a Substation in an N-1 scenario
(unavailability of the transformer with the highest nominal power) according to
the overload factor of the power transformers and the re-energizing contribution
of the MV network.
PTP Pole mounted Transformer.
QoS Quality of Service
Radial Network Unmeshed network configuration. It is Purely Radial if no additional supply point
can re-energize it.
RGDAT Fault passage indicator.
RGDM–I New fault passage indicator and measurement device.
Ring branch line See “Branch line”
Secondary Substation Electrical substation (concreted or pre-fabricated) housing in general line-
(SS) switches, MV/LV power transformer, protection and control devices and/or points
of supply for passive or active customers.
Sn It is the conventional value of apparent power assigned to a transformer which
can be supplied continuously at the ambient temperature defined by relevant
standards (e.g. for an ONAF transformer with two cooling levels, Sn is equal to
the Power with the max ventilation level).
Supply Restoration Level Percentage of an MV line maximum load that can be supplied by another MV
line, keeping the ∆V% within the defined thresholds and the load of the re-
energizing line above its Utilization level.
Switching Substation Switching node in which one or more MV feeders converge and from which
originate many MV lines connected to a circuit breaker. From the equipment,
protections and construction points of view, it is equivalent to the MV side of a
HV/MV substation.
Supply service line A branch line from the distribution system to supply a consumer's installation
connection (SSLC)
UP It is the Remote Terminal Unit for the remote control and automation functions
installed in SSs.
Utilization Level Percentage of the load of a line or a transformer with respect to the rated values
(thermal limit or nominal power).
Voltage Drop % (VD) Difference between the voltage in the reference point of the network (i.e. the
electrically farthest point) and the voltage on the distribution board (LV) or on the
busbar (HV or MV), as a percentage of the nominal voltage. It can be split in
feeder and branch line voltage drop. It can be also distinguished in Voltage drop
in normal (operative conditions) and modified (emergency or maintenance
conditions) network configuration.
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7 GENERAL RELIABILITY AND NETWORK DEVELOPMENT CRITERIA

General reliability criteria
This document presents the reliability limits. They are necessary to identify the criticalities that will be detected
by means of a deterministic analysis based on different critical scenarios through which extreme network
conditions are tested.
These analyses highlight the main network elements (e.g. transformers, conductors, cables, breakers) on
which overloads, voltage variations or re-energizing condition out of the limits defined in this document occur,
both in N and N-1 scenarios.
All the other elements in the plants (e.g. busbars or measurement transformers) must be dimensioned in order
not to limit the max performance of the plants (e.g. cable connections of the HV/MV transformer must withstand
the related overloads).
Current
Network state
Technical risk
Criticality Stressing
criteria
identification Scenarios
(reliability)
Network Development
Development Plan
Criteria
Figure 1 Flow diagram
The Reliability criteria described are based on the paradigm of the current and future demand fulfilment,
according to the technical and economic efficiency criteria ensuring quality indicators compatible with the
regulatory requirements.
So the criteria to be respected are outlined in order to ensure an adequate reliability of the operating
parameters of the network (i.e. saturations, voltage limits, short-circuit currents, supply restoration levels) both
in N and N-1 scenarios.
These criteria must be applied to the networks of each distribution company considering homogeneous
network behaviours.
Risk Quantification
Risk in general can be defined as a combination of the probability of occurrence (fault) and its impact (the
extent of the damage in terms of supply loss, bad visibility, social consequences).
A risk occurrence can compromise the demand fulfilment, at least partially, according to the regulatory supply
conditions.
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In the reliability criteria, the double equipment unavailability (N-2 scenario) is not taken into account since the
occurrence probability of this event is very low.
In some specific cases, when the double fault is likely or its risk has an high impact on components and/or
customers, targeted studies for the operation in N-2 scenarios can be undertaken. In this context, the limits to
be adopted must be the same described for the N-1 scenario.
Anyway, it is important that the higher the required reliability level of a network the greater the investments
needed to achieve it; for this reason a compromise between the economic resources and realistic reliability
levels is needed.
Network Development
The technical development criteria shown in this document are the constraints (in terms of technical solution)
to be respected and adopted in order to achieve an optimal network development aiming at the solutions
standardization for structures and plants (thanks to the adoption of standardized equipment), the schemes to
be used for the network reinforcement and the optimal technical and economical solution.
The wiring diagrams in this document are not a design or an executive indication but they represent the
concepts described in the text.
Work proposals required to solve the criticalities must be drafted in conformity with the following network
development criteria and they must ensure the criticality removal for at least 10 years on the HV network (i.e.
HV/HV substations, HV lines, HV/MV substations) and 5 years on the MV network (i.e. MV lines, MV/MV
substations, etc.).
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SECTION I: HV NETWORK
8 STANDARD VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY LEVELS

The HV lines operating voltage nominal values for each company are summarized in
Frequency
Unified voltage values [kV]
Organizational [Hz]
Reference
50 60 220 150 138 132 115 110 69 66 60 57,5 50 45
Enel Grids Argentina x x x
Enel Grids Brazil x

x
Ceara Area
Enel Grids Brazil Rio x

x x
Area
Enel Grids Chile x x x x
Enel Grids Colombia x x x
Enel Grids Iberia x x x x x x
Enel Grids Italy x x x
Enel Grids Peru x x x x
Enel Grids Romania x x
Table 1 HV voltage and frequency levels
9 RELIABILITY CRITERIA
The HV network must meet the overall power demand and receive the connected generation, without any
element overloading and maintaining the voltages at the nodes within given thresholds, both in full availability
operating conditions (absence of faults, or N Scenario) and under unavailability conditions (fault occurrence,
or N - 1 Scenario) .
HV network must meet these requirements even excluding the contribution of distributed and non-dispatchable
generation (the verification must be exploited under maximum load and minimum generation conditions, or
maximum load and null generation).
At the same time it is recommended to consider multiple fault occurrences (N - 2 Scenario) for specific
contingencies such as faults on long stretches of double circuit conductors or in other peculiar cases to be
evaluated from time to time ( e.g. Failures of relevant generation units or faults on interconnection lines
between the plant and a substation) .
The acceptance limits are enlisted in the following paragraphs.
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9.1 Current
9.1.1 Current limits
The maximum load that a HV line can transport is defined in the following paragraph and can be considerably
lower than the rated current according to the installations characteristics and network configuration.
9.1.1.1 Overhead lines

The rated current (at thermal limit) of an HV overhead line is strictly related to environmental condition, in order
to respect the safety distance from the underlying buildings.
If in the course of the year the ambient temperature changes significantly, it is appropriate to characterize each
HV line with two rated values, for summer and winter, in order to allow the maximum exploitation in compliance
with the safety distances mentioned above.
The maximum utilization levels for the overhead line conductors are the following:
Scenario Utilization level (%)
N 100%
N-1 100%
Table 2 Utilization levels for overhead HV lines
9.1.1.2 Underground lines

The maximum Utilization levels for the underground line conductors are the following:
Scenario Utilization level (%)
N 100%
N-1 100%
Table 3 Utilization levels for underground HV lines
It is important to point out that the rated current of a conductor can be reduced depending on the deployment
and building conditions (e.g. laying a double circuit underground line).
9.1.2 Short circuit current

The stress due to the short-circuit current in the equipment to be placed in new installations must be within the
acceptable limits defined in the equipment standardization phase.
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Furthermore, it should be noted that the more the HV network is meshed and generators are connected, the
higher are short circuit current values.
In order to obtain from the analysis short circuit current values comparable to the real ones, the HV network
scheme adopted for the simulation must be updated and as real as possible; especially for the connection
point shared with other distribution company networks, using real data or an equivalent circuit, minimizing the
points with infinite short circuit current in the model.
9.2 Voltage levels

Maximum voltage variation rates for each country are evaluated on the HV nodes and represent the acceptable
interval on the nominal network voltage.
These values are given by each national regulatory authority and must be recognised as constraints within the
Network Reliability Criteria.
∆V max
Country
(N and N-1 Scenarios)
Argentina +5% / -5%
Brazil +5% / -5%
+5% / -5% (220 kV)

Chile
+6% / -6% (110 kV)
+10% / -10% (115 kV)

Colombia
+5% / -10% (500 kV)
Peru +5% / -5%
Romania +10% / -10%
Spain +7% / -7%
Table 4 Acceptable voltage variations
10 NETWORK STRUCTURE
HV network regularly extends between two HV/HV substations and along the HV/MV substations lines and/or
HV customers are connected in three different ways:
• LILO (Line-in line-out) on an HV line

• Tap from an existing Substation
Tap connections (Tee points) from a HV line will be allowed only in special supply conditions of Simplified
Scheme Substations (Chapter 16.2); in these cases, a complete supply restoration from the MV network is
required.
New HV/HV substations must be connected exclusively with LILO configuration on existing HV lines or with
double radial feeders from an existing HV/HV substation.
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HV network are conceived for meshed operation, ensuring a better operating condition and a higher Utilization
level of the conductors, as well as the supply continuity also in the N-1 scenario.
10.1 Meshing rules – Nodal substations

The Connection point to the HV network of a new Substation must be identified keeping the network safety
and reliability as high as possible.
The location of the new HV/MV substations must be identified as a compromise between the substation
placement close to the load centre and the maximization of the whole HV network efficiency minimizing its
expansion.
A Nodal Substation is a HV/HV or HV/MV substation meshed in the network; namely it is a substation supplied
by at least 3 HV lines not purely radial and it is a node with high reliability and flexibility, very important for the
overall structure.
The adoption of a Nodal Substation can derive from the reliability analysis on the HV network only in the N-1
scenario. Furthermore, the Nodal Substation can contain the impact on the QoS of a double unavailability of
network equipment (N-2 Scenario), even if it is not designed for this condition.
10.2 Base State of the HV Network

The Base State of the HV network is defined as the configuration linked to a load and generation scenario with
two scopes:
• Increase the system reliability

• Minimize the network losses.
Both objectives must be pursued in respect of the safety standards (short-circuit currents) and the reliability
model (load and voltage values on the equipment).
For this purpose, the following aspects must be evaluated in relation to their list of priority:
1. Respect the short-circuit current limits of the installed equipment

2. Respect power and voltage reliability criteria
3. Ensure the re-energizing of loads
4. Implement the reliability of networks that were built with criteria different from the following ones.
5. Minimize the network losses.
The observance of this methodology entails a meshed structure of the HV network, with the minimum number
of loops that supply the maximum number of customers.
Starting from the current network configuration, with all interconnections closed, an analysis of the short circuit
current values on the whole network is carried out; these values must be beneath the maximum performance
levels of the HV network equipment.
In case this analysis highlights short circuit currents beyond the limits, by the opening some mesh, a new
network configuration must be achieved. The configuration should be aimed at keeping a compromise between
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a sufficient number of meshes and a lower short circuit current level. In any case, load distribution on all the
HV line segments should be optimized.
If this network arrangement, or others that comply with the short circuit current limits, can’t assure the re-
energizing in N-1 scenario, it is necessary to propose a new network work plan, dividing the grid in sub-loops
that allow a complete meshed configuration for HV network operation.
Only in special cases, in which short circuit current can’t be reduced, it is necessary to replace the equipment
with new higher-performance one.
The existing equipment replacement with new standardized equipment with better performances is possible
only in case no base state of the network can be reached.
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SECTION Ib: HV/HV SUBSTATION
11 STANDARDIZED VOLTAGE LEVELS

The unified standard voltage levels of the EHV/HV and HV/HV substations are the following:
Organizational
Reference HV1 [kV] HV2 [kV]
Enel Grids Argentina 500/220 220/132
Enel Grids Rio Area 138 69
Enel Grids Chile 220 110
Enel Grids Colombia 500/230 115/57,5
Enel Grids Iberia 400/220/132 132/110/66/45
Enel Grids Peru 220 66/60
Table 5 – standardized voltage levels for HV/HV transformers
12.1 Maximum load of the HV/HV transformers
Both in N and N-1 scenarios HV/HV substations must fulfil the power demand with no substation element
overloaded, as showed in Table 6.
Maximum utilization
Scenario level for HV/HV
transformers (%)
N 100%
N-1 100%
Table 6 overload limits for HV/HV transformers
13 HV/HV SUBSTATION STRUCTURE

HV/HV substations can be classified basing on:
1. Interface function, with transmission network in EHV and distribution network in HV.
2. Transformation function, between two HV voltage levels on the distribution network.
The first type usually has a very complex plant design and a high installed power value. The layout must ensure
good reliability and availability both in case of fault and maintenance conditions; for this reason, a redundancy
is required in the installed equipment (see Figure 2).
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HV1 Busbar
HV2 Busbar
Figure 2 - HV/HV Substation scheme with double busbars both on HV1 and HV2 level
The second substation type instead is less complex and can be built following a simplified scheme (see Figure
3).
HV1 Busbar
HV2 Busbar
Figure 3 – HV/HV substation simplified scheme
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13.1 Connection to the HV1 network

The connection of the HV/HV substation can be made with two or more HV lines. In case of two lines,
connection can be achieved exclusively:
• With a LILO model from a HV1 line meshed with others.

• Double radial feeders from another HV/HV substation.
13.2 HV1 busbar

In order to guarantee the maximum availability in case of protection equipment inspection or in case of
maintenance activities, the HV1 busbar must be built with a double busbar and a coupler switch.
13.3 HV1/HV2 transformation

Usually in HV/HV substation two three-phase auto transformers with the same power are installed.
Since the transformer units in the substation have a substantial power, it is possible to install three single-
phase transformer banks. This solution has both advantages (i.e. simplified transportation, substitution cost
reduced to a third in case of a faulted transformer) and disadvantages (i.e. slightly higher initial investment,
higher space required). The choice between the two solutions should be made according to the specific
characteristics of the country and the company.
13.4 HV2 busbar

It is necessary to guarantee the maximum substation availability in case of maintenance activities on the
busbar and the maximum flexibility on the outgoing feeders. So, if the nominal HV2 voltage is higher than
100kV or the lines supplied by the HV2 busbar are more than 4, the HV2 side must be built with two busbars
with a coupler switch.
When the nominal voltage is lower than 100kV, in case of substations supplying up to 4 HV lines and if no
further improvement is foreseen, it is possible to use simply two busbar sections with a coupler switch.
13.5 HV Neutral status

HV network is operated with a solidly earthed neutral in order to avoid additional stress on the insulation in
case of an earth fault.
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SECTION Ic: HV/MV SUBSTATION

The standardized operative voltage levels are the following:
Organizational
Reference HV [kV] MV [kV]
Enel Grids Argentina 132 33/27,5/13,2
Enel Grids Brazil

Ceara Area 69 13,8
Enel Grids Brazil Rio

Area 138/69 34,5/13,8/11,4
Enel Grids Chile 220/110 23/12
Enel Grids Colombia 230/115/57,5 34,5/13,8/13,2/11,4
Enel Grids Iberia 220/132/110/66/50/45 25/20/15/11/10
Enel Grids Italy 150/132 20/15
Enel Grids Peru 66/60 20/10
Enel Grids Romania 110 20/10
Table 7 – standardized operative voltage levels of the HV/MV transformers
The HV/MV substation must be able to fulfil the entire demand in N scenario with no element overloaded.
In case of a substation contingency (N-1 scenario, e.g. a transformer or a HV breaker unavailability for fault or
maintenance) all the power demand must be re-energized through the overload capacity of the other
transformers in the substation and the re-energizing contribution of the MV network.
The Reliability criteria of a HV/MV substation in N-1 scenario are referred to the unavailability of the transformer
with the maximum nominal power in the substation.
During the criticalities identification several operative conditions must be simulated both in N and N-1
scenarios.
15.1 Maximum HV/MV substation load

In order to identify the critical transformers it is necessary to define the value of the maximum power that can
be supplied by each HV/MV substation and by each transformer installed in it.
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The maximum Utilization level of a HV/MV transformer must consist of:
• The maximum load in N scenario

• The need to re-energize the demand supplied by the substation even in case the transformer with the
maximum nominal power is faulted (N-1 scenario).
So the maximum power that can be supplied by the whole HV/MV substation is called Potenza Firme (Pf) and
it depends on:
• The rated power of the installed transformers Sn

• The maximum Utilization level of the installed transformers in N scenario SN
• The maximum Utilization level of the installed transformers in N-1 scenario SN-1
• The possible Supply restoration level of the connected MV network
Generally the maximum percentage load for each transformer to be respected in N scenario is the ratio
between Pf and the total installed power in the HV/MV substation Stot 1.
𝑷𝑷𝒇𝒇 𝑷𝑷𝒇𝒇
𝒌𝒌 = = 𝒏𝒏
𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 ∑𝟏𝟏 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝒊𝒊
15.1.1 N scenario
In N scenario no equipment overload is allowed; so the maximum HV/MV transformer load in N scenario can’t
exceed 100% 2 of the rated apparent power Sn of the machine.
𝑺𝑺𝑵𝑵 ≤ 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺
So the Pf of a HV/MV substation with n transformers can’t be higher than the total installed apparent power:
𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ≤ 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = � 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖
1
Obviously in this case the maximum percentage load for each transformer (k), to be respected in N scenario,
is equal to the 100% of its rated apparent power Sn.
15.1.2 N-1 scenario

In N-1 scenario the HV/MV transformer can be overloaded, depending on the machine condition and the
national standards. Thus the maximum HV/MV transformer load in N-1 scenario is equal to the rated apparent
power Sn increased by an overload factor s.
𝑺𝑺𝑵𝑵−𝟏𝟏 ≤ 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺(𝟏𝟏 + 𝒔𝒔)
1 The formula is valid also for transformers with different rated powers. For example: substation with two transformers TR1 = 40 MVA
and TR2 = 20 MVA both with no overload and MV restoration allowed; the Pf is 20 MVA (the sum of the TRs rated powers, the one
with maximum rated power excluded). The value of k is 20/60 = 0,33. The maximum load of TR1 is 40*0,33 = 13 MVA and the
maximum load for TR2 is about 7 MVA. If the TR1 is faulted the entire load must be entirely supported by the TR2:13 + 7 = 20 MVA.
2 Except for the countries in which the National standards impose a value lower than 100%.
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So in N-1 scenario for a HV/MV substation with n transformers, the Pf value is equal to the maximum load that
can be supplied in case of a fault on the max size transformer:
𝑛𝑛−1 𝑛𝑛−1
𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓 = �� 𝑆𝑆𝑁𝑁−1,𝑖𝑖 � + 𝑅𝑅𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = �� 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 (1 + 𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑖 )� + 𝑅𝑅𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
1 1
where:
Sni , si are the rated apparent power and the overload factor of the i-th transformer, excluding the
max size one;
RMT is the supply restoration level, equal to the sum of the loads that can be re-energized by
the MV lines outgoing from adjacent HV/MV substations 3, as defined in 15.1.2.2
Supposing a homogeneous distribution 4 of loads between the installed transformers, the maximum utilization
level, to be respected in N scenario, is:
𝑷𝑷𝒇𝒇 �∑𝒏𝒏−𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝒊𝒊 (𝟏𝟏 + 𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒊 )� + 𝑹𝑹𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝒌𝒌 = =
𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 ∑𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝒊𝒊
The parameters influencing the Pf calculation and the k trend depending on the same parameters, in the
recurring case of transformers with the same rated power, will be analysed in the next paragraphs.
15.1.2.1 Maximum overload factor s of HV/MV transformer

Each HV/MV transformer is characterized by a rated apparent power Sn. If the machine operates with this
value, the maximum operating temperatures will not be overtaken (starting from a defined ambient
temperature).
However, the HV/MV distribution transformers, usually insulated with oil, have a great thermal inertia that
consent them to withstand higher overloads during lower overload time.
For these reasons the maximum power that can be supplied by a HV/MV oil-insulated transformer in N-1
scenario is equal to 120% of its rated apparent power; this simplification it is sufficient for network planning
analysis.
The overload factor s was calculated according to the international standard IEC 60076-7, related to a
transformer in perfect conditions. So s should be reduced basing on the real state of the analysed machine,
following the classification in Table 8:
OVERLOAD IN
CATEGORY TRANSFORMER STATE
N-1 SCENARIO
RESULTS OF THE ELECTRICAL TEST AND OIL ANALYSIS ARE STABLE

A AND CONFORMING TO STANDARD LIMITS
AND 20%
(GOOD CONDITION)
TRANSFORMER AGE LESS THAN 20 YEARS
3 In case of HV/MV substation with a significant connected power from distributed generation respect to the passive load, MV supply
restoration level must be calculated as the power production that can be connected to other lines supplied by other substations.
4 A distribution of loads proportional to the rated power of each transformer.
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RESULTS OF THE ELECTRICAL TEST AND OIL ANALYSIS ARE

B UNSTABLE AND VERY CLOSE TO STANDARD LIMITS
(UNDER OR 10%
OBSERVATION )
TRANSFORMER AGE BETWEEN 20 AND 40 YEARS
RESULTS OF THE ELECTRICAL TEST AND OIL ANALYSIS ARE LOWER

THAN STANDARD LIMITS
OR
C TRANSFORMER AGE HIGHER THAN 40 YEARS

OR 0%
(BAD STATE)
MAINTENANCE WORKS ARE NEEDED
OR
FAULTS YET OCCURRED ON THAT TRANSFORMER TYPE
Table 8 maximum load factor of HV/MV transformer in N-1 Scenario.
For special cases, conveniently justified, the values above can anyway be customized, according to the
mentioned IEC standard.
15.1.2.2 Supply restoration level R MT

It is mandatory to guarantee the supply restoration of all the loads connected to a HV/MV substation in N-1
scenario. For this purpose it is possible to also re-energize the loads through the MV network, thanks to the
MV lines outgoing from adjacent HV/MV substations (from here below “re-energizing MV lines”).
The substitution of a faulted HV/MV transformer can take a relatively long time (from few days if another
transformer is available as a cold-backup, up to few months in case a new transformer must be purchased or
the old one must be repaired); thus during this operation it is important, in case of a substation with 2
transformers at least, to limit the contribution of the re-energizing MV lines because simultaneous faults can
occur and so:
• The deterioration of the QoS on the re-energizing lines in case of faults on them should be limited;
• The possibility to re-energize the MV network in case of permanent fault on a MV line must be ensured;
• Lines, adjacent substation transformers and the HV electrical network that supplies them must not be
overloaded.
So it is necessary:
1. To limit the increase of length and loads on each re-energizing MV line (to limit its risk of QoS
deterioration). For this purpose, each re-energizing MV line must not re-energize more than a third of
the maximum load of a MV line outgoing from the examined substation.
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< 1/3 Standard line border switch

New line border switch
Figure 4 – maximum length of re-energizing line in case of a changed arrangement
The possible contribution to the energy restoration level by feeders dedicated to re-energizing a
substation MV busbar and/or to the lines aimed at re-energizing preferred loads must be calculated
for 100% of its total capacity.
2. To evaluate the increase of the examined substation load that can occur in case of fault at the top of
the re-energizing MV feeders. For this purpose, the MV feeder that mainly affects the load increase in
case of a complete supply restoration of another facing MV feeder (faulted at its own line-head) must
be identified. Instead of the contribution to the supply restoration, the need to re-energize all the loads
connected to that feeder in case of the most severe fault on it must be taken into account.
Additional Load
Figure 5 – load to be added to the examined substation total load in case of a fault on a feeder outgoing from an
adjacent substation
3. To respect the rated current and voltage limits of the re-energizing MV lines, foreseen in N scenario
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4. To respect the maximum load of the transformer (and the maximum load of the HV lines that supply
them) installed in the adjacent substations in N scenario
100% Sn
100% Sn
Figure 6 – maximum load of the re-energizing transformers
Furthermore, the MV supply restoration level RMT must be calculated according to the possibility to carry out
the network arrangement in short time 5.
In case of single transformer substations, the supply restoration level must be calculated, considering even
the time required for changing the arrangement, taking into account the whole contribution of the MV network.
The rigorous calculation of the RMT is very complex; however, a simplified algorithm, shown in Annex 1, is
sufficient in the planning step. In this algorithm, it is assumed to use, in case of lines on which prevails a
passive load 6, one remote-controlled re-energizing line for each line outgoing from the substation with the
faulted transformer.
15.1.2.3 Maximum utilization level k rate for substations equipped with n HV/MV transformers
with the same power.
In order to fulfil the complete power restoration of a HV/MV substation in N-1 scenario, it is necessary to keep
the maximum utilization level of the transformer k in N scenario below 100%. This value depends on the
maximum overload factor s and on the MV supply restoration level RMT.
In order to better describe this method, the recurring case of HV/MV substation with n transformers having the
same rated power Sn and similar characteristics (and so the same overload factor s) will be considered.
Expressing also the value of the RMT as a percentage of the apparent rated power of a transformer (𝐑𝐑 𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌 =
𝒓𝒓 ∙ 𝐒𝐒𝐧𝐧 ), the value of the maximum power that can be supplied by the substation Pf is:
𝒏𝒏−𝟏𝟏
𝑷𝑷𝒇𝒇 = �� 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝒊𝒊 (𝟏𝟏 + 𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒊 )� + 𝑹𝑹𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 = 𝑺𝑺𝒏𝒏 (𝟏𝟏 + 𝒔𝒔)(𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏) + 𝒓𝒓 ∙ 𝑺𝑺𝒏𝒏
𝟏𝟏
5 Switching times cannot be defined in advance. They depend on manual or automatic operations, on the intervention times of the
workers that may be needed, etc. Planning function of each company should take in account these constraints.
6 In case of HV/MV substation with a connected power from distributed generation significant respect to the passive load, only for RMT
calculation purposes no new network-arrangement changes can be admitted, because the estimation of the value of the distributed
power shifted in the new arrangement is too much complicated.
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Supposing a homogenous distribution of loads between the installed transformers, the maximum utilization
level of the transformer k is:
𝑷𝑷𝒇𝒇 𝑺𝑺𝒏𝒏 (𝟏𝟏 + 𝒔𝒔)(𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏) + 𝒓𝒓𝑺𝑺𝒏𝒏 (𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏) 𝟏𝟏

𝒌𝒌 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = (𝟏𝟏 + 𝒔𝒔) 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 + 𝒓𝒓 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒏𝒏 ∙ 𝑺𝑺𝒏𝒏 𝒏𝒏 𝒏𝒏
The diagrams shown in the following figure can be created with the expression above for substation with 2 or
3 transformers with the same rated power.
100% 100%
k k
90% 90%
80% 80%
70% 70%
60% 60%
50% 2 transformers 50% 3 transformers
40% r=RMT/Sn 40% r=RMT/Sn

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Figure 7 - Utilization level of the transformers k in N scenario as a function of the overload factor s and the MV
supply restoration level r.
Obviously, In case of single transformer HV/MV substation the maximum value of k for the transformer is equal
to the MV supply restoration level r.
16 HV/MV SUBSTATION STRUCTURE

Choosing the scheme for a new HV/MV substation, it is appropriate to limit the total installed power (i.e. the
number of transformers inside the HV/MV substation) in order to ensure many energy supply points in the MV
network.
This solution gives the possibility to reduce the average length of the MV lines and the extension of the MV
network originating from the substation busbar with the following advantages:
• QoS improvement
• MV network losses reduction
• Earthed fault current reduction (for MV network operated with isolated neutral or neutral earthed with
Petersen Coil).
New HV/MV substation must be built following the scheme described below:
• Standard scheme
• Simplified scheme
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16.1 Standard Scheme

The standard scheme envisages a LILO connection to the HV network and the main elements installed are:
• 2 HV bays e 2 HV busbar sections with a coupler switch;

• 2 HV/MV transformer bays;
• 2 MV busbar sections with a coupler switch.
The standard scheme usually includes two transformers with a single secondary winding; it ensures the best
compromise between costs and performance in terms of quality and continuity of service. For these reasons,
it represents the default design solution for all the new HV/MV substations.
The complete standard scheme can be achieved gradually thanks to the adoption of standardized and modular
design solutions.
In addition to bays for the supplying HV LILO, it is possible to connect to the HV busbar other bays for radial
lines to supply customers or bays for the lines linking other substations.
Each HV/MV transformer is connected to a MV busbar section separated from the other ones to which other
transformers are connected.
The scheme with 3 transformers doesn’t represent a standard and common solution; so it should be adopted
only in particular cases (e.g. for substations supplying areas with high population or power density).
Generally, the three transformer scheme will include:
• 2 line bays and three HV busbar sections with two coupler switches;
• 3 bays for the HV/MV transformers,
• 4 busbar sections (two for the central transformer) with the related coupler switches.
The following figures show the schemes described above.
HV busbar
HV busbar
MV busbar
MV busbar
FIGURE 8 - HV/MV substation with 2 TR FIGURE 9 - HV/MV substation with 3 TR
If the HV/MV substation is a Nodal substation, as defined before, a double busbar scheme with a coupler
switch can be chosen.
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HV busbar
MV busbar
Figure 10 – HV/MV nodal substation with 2 TR and a double busbar on the HV side.
16.2 Simplified scheme

The simplified scheme is characterized by a radial or a LILO connection on the HV side and it includes:
• 1 or 2 HV bays
• 1 bay for the HV/MV transformer
• 1 MV busbar
The simplified scheme can be implemented only in case the substation is not necessary for load needs but it
will be built only for QoS needs.
The use of this scheme requires that the MV network is able to re-energize all the loads supplied by the
substation in case of N-1 scenario (unavailability of the single transformer installed). Thus, the single
transformer is normally limited in the rated power (25MVA).
The following figures show the simplified schemes with one or more HV.
HV busbar
HV busbar
MV busbar
MV busbar
Figure 11 – simplified scheme with 1 HV bay Figure 12 – simplified scheme with 2 HV bays
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While a simplified substation is designed, it is necessary to consider further extension updating to the standard
scheme.
16.3 HV network connection schemes

New HV/MV substations can be connected to the HV network integrating them in an existing HV line or
connecting them to another HV/HV or HV/MV existing substation.
In case of a connection to a HV line the following scheme can be adopted:
- LILO (Figure 13)

- Tap connection (Figure 14).
current current current current

substation substation substation substation
new new
substation substation
Figure 13 – LILO connection Figure 14 - Tap connection
In case of connection with current HV/MV or HV/MV substations, the following schemes can be adopted:
- LILO from different substation (Figure 15)

- Radial connection (Figure 16);
- Double radial connection 7 (Figure 17);
- Adjacent to the existing substation (Figure 18).

new new
substation substation
Figure 15 – LILO connection from different Figure 16 - Radial connection from existing
substations substation
7 In this case, the two lines must be connected to different busbars.
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new
new substation
substation
Figure 17 – Double radial connection from existing Figure 18 – Next to an existing substation
substation
Among the proposed solutions for a new substation, the schemes to be preferred are classified below in order
of reliability:
1. LILO connection on an existing HV lines or from two different existing substations;

2. Connection with double radial feeders or next to existing substations;
3. Single radial feeder connection to an existing substation;
4. Tap connection to an existing HV line.
Solutions 3 and 4 can be evaluated only for connections of simplified HV/MV substations, in case of design,
environmental and regulatory needs that imply it.
However possible implementation that would bring to more reliable schemes should be considered (i.e. from
tap to LILIO or from single to double radial connection).
Furthermore in case of a Tap connection, the distance protection settings must be verified respect to the length
of the tapped branch line (see Annex 2 examples).
16.4 Short circuit current on MV networks

The short circuit current on MV network is strictly related to the HV/MV transformer characteristics and it
represents, because of its thermal and electromagnetic effects, a limit to the minimum dimensioning of:
• Cross-sectional area of conductors and cable screens;

• Operating equipment (breakers and switches).
Another aspect to be stressed is the energy released in arc flashes due to faults; the number of faults is
proportional to the value of the short circuit current, so the consequences of faults are more severe and less
limitable for high values of short circuit current.
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For these reasons, the substation standard scheme is designed with the coupler switch between MV busbar
sections normally open: this precaution consents minor short circuit current values preventing the HV/MV
transformer to operate in parallel.
16.5 MV neutral status

Many possible operative solutions for the MV network neutral are considered, each one with its own
advantages and disadvantages:
• Isolated neutral;
• Neutral earthed with reactance or resistance;
• Solidly earthed neutral.
In general, the neutral state derives from historical technical choices linked to the type of MV networks (i.e.
aerial, underground, etc.), its implementation and the regulatory conditions.
Neutral status
Organizational Reference Earthed Earthed

Compensated Solidly
Isolated with with
Network earthed
resistance reactance
Enel Grids Argentina x
Enel Grids Brazil Ceara Area x
Enel Grids Brazil Rio Area x
Enel Grids Chile x
Enel Grids Colombia x
Enel Grids Iberia x x x
Enel Grids Italy x x
Enel Grids Peru x x
Enel Grids Romania x x x
Table 9 – Neutral systems within Enel group MV networks
Different neutral systems in different part of the network can create, in case of modified network configurations,
single-phase earthed fault currents higher than the ones that occur in the standard network configuration.
Considering the advantages on the QoS by means of the earthed neutral with impedance (inductance and/or
resistance), all the new HV/MV substations must have enough space to install (possibly later) the impedance
itself and all the necessary equipment for this solution.
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SECTION II: MV NETWORK

The rated values of the standardized voltages in operation for the MV distribution are the following:
Organizational Standardized voltage levels [kV]
Reference 34,5 33 27,5 25 23 20 15 13,8 13,2 12 11,4 11 10
Enel Grids Argentina x x x
Enel Grids Brazil Ceara Area x
Enel Grids Brazil Rio Area x x x
Enel Grids Chile x x
Enel Grids Colombia x x x
Enel Grids Iberia x x x x x
Enel Grids Peru x x
Table 10 – MV standardized voltage levels
The levels represent the design standard for the majority of the MV networks and for all the new installations.
In some parts of the distribution networks, other peculiar voltage levels are in use. In these cases, it is possible
to build new installations with the existing voltage level if it’s not affordable for technical and economical reason
to adopt standard voltage values. Anyway, standardized equipment with higher performances must be
adopted.
If an area is supplied by different standardized voltage levels, new installations should be connected at the
highest voltage level.
In N scenario the network must be able to ensure the energy supply, fulfilling the whole power demand with
no network element overloaded and voltage values within the regulatory limits.
In N-1 scenario, some supply shortages are tolerated only for customers connected to the faulted network
sections.
Thus the network must be able to fulfil the remaining demand, with no element overloaded and with no
unacceptable voltage changes respect to the values defined in the document.
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Regarding the MV feeders, N-1 scenario consists of a fault on the initial segment while for the branch lines it
consists of a fault on the node connecting to the feeder.
The MV acceptable limits of the electric parameters are reported in following sections of the document.
18.1 Current
MV Lines
The line current maximum acceptable value, as percentage of the thermal limit current, is shown in Table 11.
MAXIMUM UTILIZATION LEVEL (%) 8

SCENARIO AERIAL OR UNDERGROUND
BARE CONDUCTOR
CABLE
N 100% 100%
N-1 110% 100%
Table 11 – maximum relative load of the MV lines
So the admissible overload factor s in N-1 scenario is:
MAXIMUM OVERLOAD FACTOR (%)

SCENARIO AERIAL OR UNDERGROUND
BARE CONDUCTOR
CABLE
N-1 10% 0%
Table 12 – maximum overload factor for MV lines in N-1 scenario
Network analysis must be executed for both scenarios; a reduction of the maximum acceptable load of a MV
line in N scenario could be needed in order to ensure the complete supply restoration in N-1 scenario (see the
following chapters).
It must be highlighted that a conductor thermal limit current can be reduced according to the design and
executive characteristics (e.g. a double circuit underground line).
MV/LV Transformer
The load limit for a non-critic MV/LV transformer in the N scenario is listed below:
8 Except for different National regulatory limits.
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SCENARIO MAXIMUM LOAD (%) 9

N 100%
Table 13 – maximum relative load of the MV/LV transformers
In normal operating condition of the LV network, the transformer should not exceed the nominal current.
However, the oil-isolated MV/LV transformers as used for energy distribution have a good thermal inertia. This
allows the transformers to be overloaded; the higher the overload, the shorter the duration.
Thus in the N-1 scenario (just for I scheme see 22.1.1.1) it is possible to assign to the oil-isolated transformer
a peak power higher than the rated power. The N-1 scenario will not be verified in the planning phase. The
monitoring of the correct operation of the overloaded transformer, in case of a change in the configuration of
the supplied LV lines, will be devolved to the Operation.
For the transformers not oil-isolated (e.g. cast resin transformers) the overload is not allowed.
MV/MV Transformer
The load limit for a MV/MV transformer are the same as those of the HV/MV transformers and, for the N
scenario, is listed below:
SCENARIO MAXIMUM LOAD (%) 10

N 100%
Table 14 – maximum relative load of the MV/MV transformers
In normal operating condition of the MV network, the transformer should not exceed the nominal current.
However, the MV/MV distribution transformers, usually insulated with oil, have a great thermal inertia that
consent them to withstand higher overloads during lower overload time.
For these reasons the maximum power that can be supplied by a MV/MV oil-insulated transformer in N-1
scenario is equal to 120% of its rated apparent power; this simplification it is sufficient for network planning
analysis.
The overload factor s are the same of the HV/MV transformers show in Table 8:

In the planning phase of a new MV network section, it is necessary to check that the components are compliant
with the electro-dynamical stresses and the pass-through energy (I2t) that can be borne with no damage.
The MV network must sustain the maximum short circuit current calculated in the worst operating scenario
(however with no HV/MV transformer parallel operation) considering both the existing and the planned part of
the network.
9 Except for different National regulatory limits

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Attention must be paid to generation power plants connected on the MV lines. In fact power plants contribute
to increase the short-circuit currents for the whole network portion connected to the same busbar of the HV/MV
substation.
The equipment stress levels due to short circuit current are established by the Standardization Unit. At the
same time the bay protections must be set so that short circuit current can be interrupted quickly. In this way:
• the mechanic performances of the conductor will not be affected; so the conductor doesn’t lengthen
(the minimum distance from the ground is maintained).
• The cable lines (aerial or underground) insulation doesn’t deteriorate (material premature ageing)
because of the temperature increase.
Since the intervention time of the protections is low (≤ 2 s), the thermal transient of the MV over-current can
be assumed adiabatic. So the simplified expression for the thermal transient is:
𝐼𝐼2 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝐾𝐾 2 𝑆𝑆 2
where
• I: permanent short circuit current [A];

• t: duration of the short circuit [s];
𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠 0,5
• K: thermal capacity factor of the conductor � �;
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
• S: cross section area of the conductor [mm2].
So for a correct line protection, it must be verified that the Joule integral (I2t) of each line segment is always
lower than the rated thermal capacity of the conductor (K2S2).
Specific Energy (I2t)

In case a MV line on which generators are connected, the specific energy associated to a fault is given by the
sum of three different contributions:
2
𝐸𝐸 = ��𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 + 𝐼𝐼𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷_𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 � + 𝐼𝐼𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷_𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � 𝑡𝑡
Where:
Inet: the contribution of the HV/MV transformer and of the upstream network to the short-circuit current.
IDg_bb: the contribution of distributed generators connected to the MV busbar through the healthy MV lines
(not affected by the fault) to the short-circuit current.
IDg_line: the contribution of distributed generators connected to the faulted MV line to the short-circuit current.
t: fault clearance time.
To evaluate the fault clearance time t, it must be taken into account that the MV bay protection on the faulted
line cannot detect the IDg_line contribution of generators connected to it.
So the protection panel will be activated by a current equal to Inet + IDg_bb.
Fault clearance time (t)

This parameter depends on the maximum current setting of the protections installed on the MV feeder bay; it
is the sum of the intentional time-delay (variable according to activation threshold) and the tripping time of the
device.
𝑡𝑡 = �𝑡𝑡𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 �
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If the protection is set with an automatic reclosing equipment, the clearance time must be summed because
the conductor doesn’t have enough time to cool down:
𝑡𝑡 = �𝑡𝑡𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑,1 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,1 � + �𝑡𝑡𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑,2 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,2 �
Thermal capacity factor (K)

The value of K depends on the physical characteristics of the conductor, the operating temperature and the
maximum acceptable temperature of the conductor. The following relation describes the parameter:
c 1 + α ∙ �𝜃𝜃𝑓𝑓 − 𝜃𝜃𝑎𝑎 �
K2 = ln
α ∙ ρa 1 + α ∙ (𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 − 𝜃𝜃𝑎𝑎 )
K values are given by the manufacturer
18.2 Voltage levels

The MV network development is made considering also the observance of the standards for voltage levels
provided to the customers, defined by national and international standards.
The maximum voltage variations with respect to the rated voltage Vn must not exceed the following values 11:
∆VMAX AT THE DELIVERY POINT

COUNTRY
(RESPECT TO VN)
+5% / -5% UNDERGROUND CABLE
ARGENTINA +8% / -8% URBAN AERIAL LINE
+10% / -10% RURAL AERIAL LINE
BRAZIL +5% / -7%
+5% / -10% (11,4 E 13,2 KV)
COLOMBIA
+5% / -5% (34,5 KV)
CHILE +6% / -6%
ITALIA +10% / -10%
ROMANIA +10% / -10%
PERU +5% / -5%
SPAIN +7% / -7% 12
Table 15 – Maximum voltage variations

In N-1 scenario moderate deviations from the values above are tolerated, since the contingency situations
occur for limited time intervals.
A simplified evaluation of voltage deviations in N-1 scenario consist of testing in N scenario, adopting voltage
variations equal to the 80% of the values in Table 15. This method doesn’t ensure the respect of standard
voltage variations in N-1 scenario but it is an estimation that can help simplifying the evaluation.
11 In any case the National standards of each country must be respected

12 In case of connections with other distributors the values become +5,6% / -5,6%
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18.3 Supply restoration level

According to the indications of the national regulatory system, the MV network must ensure the energy supply
also in N-1 scenario.
The complete supply restoration of the MV feeders must be guaranteed by means of design solutions. On the
other hand, operative solutions can be undertaken for the MV purely radial branch lines, instead of planned
works on the network, in order to ensure the supply restoration time to customers in line with the requirements
of the National Authorities.
The risk related to the non-re-energizing of a network section is evaluated through the Structural Criticality
Parameter (PCS, see 19.2.2)
In case of bare conductors for branch lines, the repair times are generally short, so other works are not
necessary. Instead in case of cable branch lines, repair times are usually incompatible with the Authority’s
rules; so it may be appropriate/necessary to use mobile electric generators in order to supply all the connected
customers.
MT networks are designed for radial operation; however they must be structured with meshes so as to ensure
the maximum supply restoration to end-customers. This need must be fulfilled in accordance with contractual
parameters and QoS standards, ensuring the best technical and economic compromise between the following
requirements:
- To respect the environment and exploit the orography;

- To use materials and components able to withstand the aggression of environmental agents;
- To make the network implementations compliant with the demand evolution;
- To minimize the number of system components;
- To predispose the supply restoration of the feeders and the main branch lines in case of failure;
- To ensure the installations withstand to short-circuit currents;
- To minimize operating and maintenance costs throughout the life of the system.
A radial MV network, which does not allow the supply restoration in N-1 scenario, allows (unless voltage
variation problems occur) the maximum utilization level of the conductors.
The meshed structure, besides allowing the supply restoration in the condition N-1, consents a utilization level
that grows with the increase of meshes within the network. On the other hand, networks with high number of
meshes present a greater operation complexity; that is however acceptable thanks to the use of remote control
systems in primary and secondary substations.
A distribution MV network can be divided in the following elements:
feeders, directly outgoing from a HV/MV, MV/MV substation or a Switching substation;
- branch lines, classified in:

- mesh branch lines, linking two feeders;
- Ring branch lines, closing a loop on a feeder ;
- Purely radial branch lines.
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Ring Branch HV/MV substation
MV Transformer node
Mesh Branch Switching/disconnecting MV node
Standard line border switch
Feeder
Radial Branch
Branch
Figure 19 – main MV line elements
19.1 Network schemes

In order to re-energize MV lines in N-1 scenario, the following schemes can be adopted
- Radial back up (I scheme),

- Ring back up (O scheme),
- Mesh branch line back up (H or Double H schemes),
- Mixed back up (Y scheme)
- Switching substation back up (Ψ scheme),
When defining the scheme to be adopted, it is necessary to reach the best compromise between the reliability
of each scheme, the utilization level of the conductors and the minimization of the MV network width.
The following paragraphs describe the different characteristics of each scheme, indicating the maximum
theoretical utilization level for each of them, that will represent an approximate value that will not be mandatory.
19.1.1 Radial Back up (I scheme)

The radial back up scheme is made by a feeder, outgoing from a HV/MV substation, which can be supplied by
a second feeder outgoing from an adjacent HV/MV substation (see Figure 20).
The two feeders can have outgoing ring or radial branch lines.
HV/MV substation
MV Transformer node
Feeder A
Switching/disconnecting MV node

Feeder B
Feeder
Branch
Figure 20 – Radial back up scheme
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The feeder sizing must ensure the complete supply restoration of both of them, even in case of a fault in the
first outgoing line segments. Thus the conductors of each segment must be able to supply the entire maximum
load in case of the re-energizing condition of the whole feeders.
Taking into account the temporary overload factor for each feeder, it will be:
𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵−𝟏𝟏 ≤ (𝟏𝟏 + 𝒔𝒔)𝑰𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
where s is the maximum overload factor of the conductor in N-1 scenario as in Table 12.
Supposing an evenly-distributed load on the feeders:
𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵−𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐 ∙ 𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵
So the maximum current in N scenario will be:
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵 = 𝑰𝑰 ≤ (𝟏𝟏 + 𝒔𝒔)𝑰𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵−𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
In case of new buildings, aiming at the supply restoration of the two feeders, it is appropriate that only a few
parts of the lines share the same blueprint, especially in case of underground cables.
For this scheme it is not generally possible to ensure the supply restoration in case of double faults (N - 2
scenario); in the most critical case, namely each fault located in the first segment of each feeder, all the loads
powered by the two feeders would be unsupplied.
19.1.2 Ring back up (O scheme)

The O scheme is made by two feeders outgoing from the same HV/MV substation that can be linked. Both of
the feeders can have outgoing ring or radial branch lines
HV/MV substation
Feeder A MV Transformer node
Feeder
Feeder B Branch
Figure 21 - O scheme – ring back up
This scheme is used in cases there are not HV/MV substations close enough to which a feeder can be
connected or in case there are particularly high loads concentrated in the vicinity of a HV/MV substation
(Industrial Zones, Urban Areas).
As for the previous scheme the maximum current in N scenario is:
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𝟏𝟏
𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵 ≤ (𝟏𝟏 + 𝒔𝒔)𝑰𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
𝟐𝟐
For the purposes of supply restoration of the two lines, they should be supplied by two different MV busbars.
Furthermore a unique blueprint for many parts of the two lines should be avoided, especially in case of
underground cables.
The O scheme, in addition to the same limits of the previous diagram, can’t ensure the supply restoration in
case of the HV/MV substation unavailability; for this reason it must not be adopted in case of supply by a HV
radial line or in case of simplified HV/MV substations.
19.1.3 Mesh branch line back up (H or double H scheme)

The mesh branch line back up scheme is made by two feeders linked by one or more mesh branch lines.
H scheme
HV/MV substation
Feeder A Feeder C MV Transformer node
Feeder D
Feeder B
Feeder
Branch
Figure 22 – H scheme - mesh branch line back up

With this scheme, each line is divided into two parts, each one with the same load. Each line must be able to
re-energize up to 50 % of the load of one of the adjacent others. In the case of an evenly distributed load, the
maximum current in the modified network configuration will therefore be 50 % more than the current in N
scenario:
𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑
𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵−𝟏𝟏 = �𝟏𝟏 + � 𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵 = 𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
∗
Taking into account the temporary overload factors of conductors (Imax, N−1 ≤ (1 + s)Ilt ), the maximum current
in N scenario is:
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵−𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑
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Double H scheme
HV/MV substation
MV Transformer node
Feeder A Feeder C
Feeder D Standard line border switch
Feeder B Feeder
Branch
Figure 23 – Double H scheme – power back up with two mesh branch lines
This scheme is an evolution of the previous one. Each line is divided into three parts with similar load and it
must be able to re-energize at least one third of the load of the adjacent lines.
In case of evenly-distributed load, the maximum current for the modified configuration will be a third higher
than the current in the normal configuration:
𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒
𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵−𝟏𝟏 = �𝟏𝟏 + � 𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵 = 𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
∗
Taking into account the temporary overload factor of the conductors (Imax, N−1 ≤ (1 + s)Ilt ), the maximum
current in normal configuration must be lower than:
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵−𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒
Here below an example of supply restoration in case of fault on the first segment of a line in a double H scheme.
Figure 24 – double H scheme – example of supply restoration
Thus the utilization level of the conductors in normal operation can be 33% and 50% higher respect to the
previous schemes for H and double H schemes respectively.
Generally regarding the connection schemes, the more supply points they have, the higher is the utilization
level of the conductors.
It is appropriate that two outgoing feeders from the same HV/MV substation are connected to different MV
busbars.
19.1.4 Mixed back up (Y scheme)

This scheme is made by one radial back up and one or more ring back up (see Figure 25)
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Service Function: -
HV/MV substation
Feeder A
MV Transformer node
Feeder C
Feeder B Switching/disconnecting MV node
Feeder
Branch
Figure 25 – Y scheme – mixed back up
This scheme is recommended where significant loads are concentrated close to one of the two HV/MV
substations (i.e. industrial areas).
Maximum current in N scenario must be at the most:
• For line A, as the I scheme
𝟏𝟏
𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵 = (𝟏𝟏 + 𝒔𝒔)𝑰𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
𝟐𝟐
• Per B and C lines an intermediate value between the values for the I and the H schemes, depending
on the interface point between line A and C
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
(𝟏𝟏 + 𝒔𝒔)𝑰𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 ≤ 𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵 ≤ (𝟏𝟏 + 𝒔𝒔)𝑰𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑
For the Y scheme, as for the O one, the two lines outgoing from the same HV / MV substation should be
connected to two different MV busbars; furthermore it is appropriate that only a few parts of the lines share the
same blueprint, especially in case of underground cables.
By analogy with the O scheme, the HV/MV substation supplying the two outgoing feeders must not be
connected to the HV network by a single radial feeder and it must have at least two transformers. In fact in
case of unavailability of that substation, the complete supply of all loads on the two lines can’t be ensured by
the other feeder from the adjacent HV/MV substation.
19.1.5 Switching substation back up (Ψ scheme)

A switching substation is an MV node where all the outgoing feeders are protected by a breaker in their own
bays. So it looks like a shifted MV side of a HV/MV substation
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Service Function: -
HV/MV substation
MV Transformer node
Switching /disconnecting MV node
Feeder
Branch
Feeder Feeder
Switching
substation
Figure 26 – Ψ scheme – Switching substation with feeders
The main advantage originated by the presence of a Switching substation is the service quality improvement.
In that respect, the best solution is the one with two MV busbars supplied by two dedicated feeders outgoing
from two different HV/MV substations 13. However, switching substations in an area with low customer density
can also be equipped with one busbar and supplied by only one feeder.
MV Feeder MV Feeder
MV busbar MV busbar
Figure 27 – Switching substation, standard integration scheme with one or two supplying feeders
The insertion of a switching substation in a MV line divides it in one supplying feeder (the line section from the
HV/MV substation and the switching substation) and N outgoing lines, each one with its own protection device.
Two MV circuit breakers in series (at the top of the supplying feeder and at the top of the N lines) require a
test on the selectivity of the protections; in particular the operating curves of the breakers must be set in order
to ensure that a fault on one of the N lines doesn’t entail the trip of the protection device in the supplying feeder
bay.
Generally this selectivity is obtained changing the protection setting in the HV/MV substation and configuring
an intentional time-delay on the circuit breaker at the top of the supplying feeder. This solution increases the
duration of the fault current in case of a failure on the feeder; so, in case of an installations on a current network,
13 The feeders can also derive from the same substation but that entails a minor reliability.
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it must be verified that the conductors ingoing to the switching substation are adequate for the new value of
the through fault current.
The installation of switching substations ensures the reduction of the number of interruptions (momentary +
sustained) for each customer; it also contributes to reduce the average durations of the interruptions
(facilitating the fault detection and isolation). In fact a fault on one of the N outgoing lines causes the trip of the
circuit breaker at the top of the same line and so it involves only the LV customers downstream of the
protection, while all the other customers are not subjected to the interruption.
A switching substation can be supplied by a new-built feeder or by a feeder obtained from an existing MV line.
In the first case the new-built feeders must be “plain” or “dedicated”, namely without connected nodes, while a
limited number of branch lines/users with a limited power is tolerated in the second case. In both cases after
the construction of the Switching Substation, no other customers/substations must be connected to the
incoming feeder
Anyway it is important that the feeders supplying the switching substations, even if they are not dedicated,
have at least the same reliability characteristics of the N outgoing lines.
The diagram below represents the integration of a switching substation on an existing MV line.
Switching
substation
FIGURE 28 – switching substation built on an existing MV line
The possibility to build a switching substation can be evaluated in the following cases:
Where it is necessary, for QoS needs, to reduce the average length of the MV lines decreasing the criticality
indexes.
In urban areas, in case HV/MV substations with a sufficient power reserve are currently installed and they
supply areas not too far from the construction site.
In rural areas, or low power density areas, where new developments are not foreseen, or anyhow in areas
where voltage drops and losses on the supplying feeders are low.
Where it is not possible to construct a new HV/MV substation with the related HV connections for executive
complexity, city plan or environmental limitations.
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Into developing areas, where the construction of a new HV/MV substation and the related HV connections are
planned and the anticipated construction of the MV section is economically convenient 14. In this case the
necessary infrastructures for the further completion of the substation must be planned.
In areas, already served by MV networks, where an increase of load is foreseen, if the construction of a new
feeder and switching substation proves to be less expensive than the general improvement of the existing
network.
In case current, disused or declassed (e.g. former HV lines) but still efficient infrastructures can be used as
supplying feeders.
19.1.5.1 Advantages linked to the introduction of a new switching substation

The construction of a switching substation on a MV line is strictly related to the structure of the line itself. For
a quality evaluation of the benefits, the probability of fault occurrences on a MV line section is proportional to
its length.
With the hypothesis above and considering the number of customer connected to the supplying feeder
negligible, the percentage reduction of the number of interruptions for each LV customer after the construction
of the switching substation ∆N% 15 can be expressed as:
𝑳𝑳𝒐𝒐 ∑𝑵𝑵
𝟏𝟏 (𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝒊𝒊 ∙ 𝑳𝑳𝒊𝒊 )
∆𝑵𝑵% = ��𝟏𝟏 − � �𝟏𝟏 − �� ∙ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝑳𝑳 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 ∙ 𝑳𝑳𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
where:
N the number of MV lines outgoing from the switching substation;
𝑳𝑳𝟎𝟎 the length of the feeder supplying the switching substation;
𝑳𝑳𝒊𝒊 the length of the i-th line outgoing from the switching substation;
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝒊𝒊 the number of LV customers on the i-th MV line outgoing from the switching substation;
𝑳𝑳𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = ∑𝑵𝑵
𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳𝒊𝒊 total length of the lines outgoing from the switching substation;
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = ∑𝑵𝑵
𝟏𝟏 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝒊𝒊 the total number of the LV customers downstream of the switching substation;
𝑳𝑳 = 𝑳𝑳𝒐𝒐 + 𝑳𝑳𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 the total length of the MV network in which the switching substation is installed.
Assuming in addition a uniform partition of the LV customer between the N MV lines outgoing from the
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
switching substation (𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝒊𝒊 = ), the former relation can be simplified as:
𝑵𝑵
𝑳𝑳𝒐𝒐 1
∆𝑵𝑵% = ��𝟏𝟏 − � �𝟏𝟏 − �� ∙ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝑳𝑳 𝑵𝑵
14 Namely it is possible to achieve a good compromise between the installation costs and the reduction of losses and voltage drops.
15 According to the existing standards the benefit can be calculated using the installed power instead of the number of customers. The
results shown in Table 16 are still valid.
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So the percentage reduction of the LV customers interruptions (∆N%) depends on the relative position of the
switching substation (namely the length of the incoming MV line L0 in the switching substation) and of the
number of outgoing lines N.
Referring to Table 16, in which the ∆N% values are reported, according to the previous parameters, it is evident
that most benefits are obtained for lower values of L0/L specifically the switching substation must divide the
MV line so that the outgoing part is longer than the incoming one.
E.g. taking into account a number of outgoing N included between 2 and 4, the reduction of the interruption
number for each LV customer that can be obtained with an L0/L <= 0,5 for the whole MV line can vary between
25% and 68%.
N
1 2 3 4 5 6
Lo/L
0,1 0% 45% 60% 68% 72% 75%
0,2 0% 40% 53% 60% 64% 67%
0,3 0% 35% 47% 53% 56% 58%
0,4 0% 30% 40% 45% 48% 50%
0,5 0% 25% 33% 38% 40% 42%
0,6 0% 20% 27% 30% 32% 33%
0,7 0% 15% 20% 23% 24% 25%
0,8 0% 10% 13% 15% 16% 17%
0,9 0% 5% 7% 8% 8% 8%
1 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Table 16 – percentage reduction of the number of interruptions for a LV customer
19.2 Parameters for the network structure evaluation

The structure of the MV distribution network strongly affects the QoS results.
In particular, the switching and supply restoration capabilities and the distribution of MV and LV customers of
the MV lines influence the main indexes: number and duration of the interruptions for each customer and/or
the amount of interrupted power.
The exact evaluation of the criticalities of each line requires focused analysis on its constructional
characteristics and on the external conditions (i.e. vegetation, environmental agents, wildlife); however some
synthetic parameters, representing the QoS of the network, can be determined, basing on the distribution of
LV customer or the power of the MV lines and on their switching and supply restoration characteristics.
The following paragraphs describe the mentioned parameters and their calculation methods.
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19.2.1 Customer distribution synthetic parameter (“Biprodotto”)

With the aim of evaluating the network structure the “biprodotto” of a MV line or of a part of it can be useful
and can be related either to LV connected customers or to the power supplied in MV. This parameter is defined
as:
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 ∙ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 ∙ 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖
Where:
Li is the length of the line or of a part of it measured in km;
Cli is the number of LV customer supplied by the MV line or by a part of it;
Pi is the total power supplied by the line (i.e. MV/LV transformers and MV customers), measured
in KVA.
The higher is the biprodotto of a line and the more attention should be paid to the increase of fault probability
(proportional to the length of the line) or to the consequences of the faults (according to the number of
connected customers or the supplied power).
19.2.2 Structural criticality parameter (PCS LV e PCS MV )

A synthetic evaluation of the PCS for each MV line can be carried out starting from the analysis of the
elementary line portions, called “islands”.
An island is a circuit of the MV network that cannot be further isolated by line switches (except for the switch
on a pole mounted transformer).
For example in Figure 29 island in which line A can be partitioned are highlighted with different colours.
Isle 6 Isle 8 Isle 10

Isle 12
Isle 5 Isle 7 Isle 9 Isle 11
500 1500 300 220

Line A
Line B
Isola
Isle 11
5 30
150 Isle 2
Isola 2
10
Isle 3
Isola 3
Isle 4
4
Isola 4
Figure 29 - Island partition of a MV line
The Structural criticality of the line can be calculated referring to number of LV customers or to the power
supplied along the line.
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For each island, it can be defined:
The PCS structural criticality parameter for LV, o PCSLV, referred to the number of connected LV
customers:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
(𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 )𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_𝑖𝑖 = 𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_𝑖𝑖 � 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛=1
the PCS structural criticality parameter MV, o PCSMV, referred to the supplied power:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
(𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 )𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_𝑖𝑖 = 𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_𝑖𝑖 � 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛=1
where:
Lisland_i is the consistency of the MV network within the i-th island;
∑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑛𝑛=1
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_𝑛𝑛 is the sum of all the LV customer, inside or outside the i-th island, that
are disconnected in case the island i-th is isolated;
∑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑛𝑛=1
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_𝑛𝑛 is the sum of the rated power, in kVA, of the MV/LV transformer and the
MV customers, that are disconnected in case the island i-th is isolated;
In case the customers within an island can be re-energized the PCS is null.
Basically the PCS of an island shows the probability that a fault occurs in the island multiplied by the number
of LV consumers (or the MV power) unsupplied after the fault detection and isolation (operated by means of
switches).
With reference to the previous figure, the only island with a non-zero PCS are the 1, 3 and 4; they are part of
the radial branch line highlighted (island 2 has a null length of the line). For example the PCSLV of these islands
is:
(𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 )𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_4 = 𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_4 × 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_4 = 0,7 × 4 = 2,8 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ∙ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
(𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 )𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_3 = 𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_3 × 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_3 = 1,2 × 15 = 18 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ∙ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
(𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 )𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_1 = 𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_1 × (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_1 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_2 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_3 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_4 ) = 0,5 × 199 = 99,5 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ∙ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
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Starting from the island definition, the PCS can be extended to the evaluation of larger aggregations (e.g. MV
line, HV/MV substation, exploitation area, etc.).
𝒏𝒏
(𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 )𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 = � (𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 )𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊_𝒊𝒊
𝒊𝒊=𝟏𝟏
(WITH N = N. ISLANDS ALONG THE LINE)
𝒏𝒏
(𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 )𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 = � (𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 )𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊_𝒊𝒊
𝒊𝒊=𝟏𝟏
𝒎𝒎
(𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 )𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = � (𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 )𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊_𝒊𝒊
𝒊𝒊=𝟏𝟏
(WITH M = N. OF ISLANDS ALONG THE LINES OUTGOING
𝒎𝒎 FROM THE HV/MV SUBSTATION)
(𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 )𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = � (𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 )𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊_𝒊𝒊
𝒊𝒊=𝟏𝟏
𝒑𝒑
(𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 )𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = � (𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 )𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊_𝒊𝒊
𝒊𝒊=𝟏𝟏
(WITH P = N. NUMBER OF THE ISLAND OF ALL THE
𝒑𝒑 SUBSTATIONS WITHIN THE EXPLOITATION AREA)
(𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 )𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = � (𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 )𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊_𝒊𝒊
𝒊𝒊=𝟏𝟏
The PCS of a line can vary from 0, in case all the nodes can be isolated and re-energized, to the product
between its total length and the number of supplied customers (in case no switches are installed). In the case
of the line A in the figure, the PCSLV is:
(𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 )𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = (𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 )𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_1 + (𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 )𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_3 + (𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑺𝑺𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 )𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_4 = 120,3 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ∙ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
The thresholds of the parameters of the network structure (PCS) will be defined, based on the difference
between the expected performances and the actual ones for MV lines and islands.
Installations having values beyond the threshold levels are therefore considered as structurally critical
situations, whose persistence cannot be accepted in the case of plans of further installations to be integrated
in the network.
For purely radial branch lines with significant PCS values, an implementation proposal for supply restoration
connecting it to another radial branch from another feeder (obtaining a mesh branch line) or from the same
feeder ( obtaining a ring branch line).
19.3 MV nodes
19.3.1 Insertion scheme
For new MV installations the typical schemes are:
- LILO node (with or without mesh/ring/radial branch lines);

- Node on disconnectable branch line;
- Node with switchgear on the feeder;
- Tee point
LILO scheme is made by a switch on the ingoing and on the outgoing lines. That is mainly adopted for the
MV/LV transformation substations, and it should be used on cable feeders (Figure 30) but it can be also chosen
for aerial feeders.
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Optional MV
Customers
Feeder Feeder
(input) (output)
Feeder
Optional
MV/LV
Transformer
Figure 30 - LILO connection
The LILO scheme can be also designed with one or more possible branch lines outgoing from the node (Figure
31). Usually adopted on cable lines to build branch lines, it can be adopted for aerial branch lines too.
Furthermore this scheme can be used for the connection of the most important branch lines.
Others Optional MV
Feeder outputs Customers Feeder
(input) (output)
Branch line
Optional
MV/LV
Feeder Transformer
Figure 31 LILO MV node on a feeder with a branch line
In Figure 32 the scheme of a disconnectable branch line node is shown. It requires a switch at the top of the
branch line and it is used on aerial lines with the aim of connecting ring or mesh branches or in general the
most important branch lines.
Feeder
Figure 32 – Disconnectable branch line connection
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The following scheme (Figure 33) includes a switchgear (e.g. pole mounted) along the feeder and it is adopted
aiming at increasing the number of switching points on lines with few LILO nodes and/or at inserting switching
nodes in particularly long portions of the lines. This scheme can be used also along branch lines.
Feeder
Figure 33 – Switchgear along the feeder
The tee point scheme (Figure 34) is used on the aerial lines to supply radial or in general secondary branch
lines connecting single MV/LV substations or PTP (pole mounted transformer); it is admitted only in islands
with low values of the PCSLV.
Feeder
Branch line
Figure 34 – Tee point connection
19.3.2 MV/LV transformation nodes

When installing the MV/LV transformations, you need to take into account the following:
- The integration scheme in the MV network;

- Type of installation (substation, mounted pole);
- Transformer power rating
The insertion scheme of a new transformer must be chosen according to the rules described in the previous
paragraph, and it must be designed with a dedicated MV switch-disconnector. The switch-disconnector shall
be installed next to the transformer to allow maintenance disconnections of the machine.
The nodes for new installations are of two kinds:
• Secondary substation (i.e. built in concrete, box, underground installation, pad-mounted, etc.).
• Mounted pole transformers (PTP)
The pictures below show how the configuration schemes for each kind of installation looks like:
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MV network
MV protection
TR MV/LV
TR overload
protections
LV protections
Figure 35 – Connection scheme for MV/LV nodes in Secondary substations
MV network
MV disconnector
TR MV/LV
TR overload
protections
LV protections
Figure 36 – Connection schemes for MV/LV nodes with pole mounted transformers
The MV protection on the MV side of the MV/LV transformer is made of a fuse switch that is required in case
of faults upstream of the LV protection and of the MV/LV transformer in order to protect the network; it must
always be installed in Secondary substation solutions.
The MV disconnector shall always be installed in mounted pole transformers.
MV protection may be installed on the MV side of the MV/LV transformer mounted pole transformers ; in this
case the protection is made up of a fuse switch.
The thermal protection (thermal protection for TR) upstream of the LV line overload protections must be
designed for those installations for which it is not possible to check through software simulations the maximum
load on the supplied LV network.
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The single-phase transformers, whose use is not recommended, can be chosen just in case of rural low-
concentration LV networks when there are few customers connected and the load growth is insignificant. The
connection scheme for the single-phase transformers is described in chapter 20.
19.3.2.1 General instructions on choosing nominal power MV/LV transformer

The rated power size of a MV/LV transformer, that has to be installed in the new substation, must be calculated
after the deployment for the next 5 years 16 and according to the required load; the scope of this analysis is to
check that the difference between the rated power of the transformer and the maximum power that the machine
should supply during the N scenario of the LV network is high enough to avoid the replacement of the
transformer for the next 5 years. This procedure is aimed to avoid any replacement in the next 5 year with the
consequent cost reductions (i.e. capex, installations and losses).
In general, the rated power size of a MV/LV transformer depends on the load density of the supplied area
and on the impacts on the following items: purchase and maintenance cost, network typology structure,
length and operational mode.
Therefore, it is required to reach a technical-economic settlement among diverse needs:
1. Load power supply and its expected growth (Vegetative, connection requirement) as defined in the
previous paragraph;
2. On load and no-load transformer losses;
3. Quality of the LV network service supplied by the transformer;
4. Impact on the quality of the MV network service where the transformer is being connected;
5. Total losses of both the MV network and LV network
Pole MV/LV transformers
Pole MV/LV transformers installed on poles are usually used on MV overhead lines in areas with low or
medium-low load density.
The rated power of the transformers must be the result of the following requirements:
1. It should not be too high because of:

• the mechanical stresses (weight and wind pressure);
• the environmental problems due to the oil insulation.
2. It should not be too low in order to contain:
• the average percentage load of transformers, that reduces load losses and the risk of saturation
(compared to the growth during the years of the supply load);
• the number of installed transformers, reducing operating costs management and decreasing the
failure rate (compared to a decrease in the average percentage load);
• the length of MV lines, the construction of which is usually more expensive and more impactful on
the quality service than the LV networks supplied by individual transformers.
16 If this value is not available, it is necessary to verify that the initial coincident power is lower than 70% of the rated power of the
transformer.
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MV/LV transformers in secondary substation or underground cabins
The MV/LV transformers installed in secondary substation (or, exceptionally, in underground cabins) are
usually connected to MV underground networks and are used in urban networks of medium, medium-high and
high load density.
The rated power of the transformers must be the result of cost/benefit analysis of the following requirements:
1. It should not be too high in order to contain the PCS index of LV network and therefore reduce the
impact of a possible failure on service quality;
2. It should not be too low in order to decrease the number of transformers and to ensure a power margin
for supplying restoration of LV network during emergency
As an example, Errore. L'origine riferimento non è stata trovata.Figure 37 shows the result of an analysis
based on the data of country Italy related to the total cost of the electrification of an area of 40 km2 analyzed
during a 20-year period, assuming that both the distribution and the growth of the loads are constant.
40
Total
cost
35
[M€]
30
TR50
TR100
25
TR160
TR250
20
TR400
TR630
15
TR1000
10
Load
5 density
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 [MVA/km2]
Figure 37 – Total cost in function of load density
For low values of load density, a 100 kVA transformer must be installed while for higher values a 400 kVA
transformer is recommended.
19.3.3 MV/MV transformation node

Some areas are served by MV networks exploited with higher voltage levels than the ones usually adopted for
distribution. These networks can be used as sub-transmission grids.
A new MV/MV substation can be built in those areas providing that there is an increase of new loads demand
or a QoS improvement.
This substation has a similar structure to the one described in the HV/MV substation:
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• 1 or 2 MV1 bays connected to 1 or 2 busbars (with a coupler switch)

• 1 or 2 MV/MV transformer bays
• 1 or 2 MV2 busbars (with a coupler switch).
Compared to the HV/MV substation, this solution is less reliable, has lower installed power and higher losses
with respect to lower initial costs. Hence, the building opportunity must be evaluated on a case by case basis.
The reliability criteria applied to a MV/MV node are the same as the ones of HV/MV substations, as described
in chapter 15. In case there is a single transformer, as is often the case, the maximum power that can be
supplied Pf must be the most equal to the power that can be restored by the downstream MV network.
19.3.4 Interfacing node for networks with different voltage levels

The MV network development can reveal installations with different voltage levels in the same geographical
area.
To increase general reliability of the distribution network a connection between the installations can be useful;
in this way the supply restoration from one network to the other with different voltage is possible, in case of
fault on one of them.
For this purpose the installation (generally on the interfacing switching nodes) of MV/MV transformers is
needed. The power of the machines must be high enough to satisfy the demand in case of supply restoration
in N-1 scenario.
19.3.5 MV booster nodes

If the MV lines are very long and they reveal voltage problems, a MV voltage control booster in an intermediate
point of the line could be convenient.
A booster is a device that can be installed both inside and outside buildings and it is able to provide the output
voltage regardless of the input voltage variations and input current; so it can compensate both voltage drops
due to different loads on the phases or voltage peaks due to distributed generation injections.
The booster can be used for provisional installations or it can be permanently installed
The benefit of the adoption of provisional boosters are the promptness and facility of this solution, aiming at
postponing the structural resolution; after the permanent resolution the booster can be removed and used
again for other criticalities.
The permanent installation of a booster must be exceptional and only in case the costs of a decisive work are
significant 17. A decisive structural work, even if more expensive, has the advantage of a higher reliability, in
terms of QoS, and of lower losses respect to the solution with the booster.
The installation point of the booster must be examined so as to locate a node upstream to all the nodes with
voltage problems; furthermore it must be taken into account that the network voltage upstream to the
installation point will be lowered by the increase of the line current due to the presence of the booster (and the
consequent increase of the voltage downstream).
17 Other commitments that must be taken into account for the permanent use of the Booster are maintenance costs, higher losses and
costs derived from the failure rate of the device.
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19.3.6 Switching nodes

The isolation system of the MV branch lines must be installed, if possible, inside masonry substations; for the
MV aerial bare conductors it is possible to use pole mounted IMS, usually remotely controlled.
A high number of switching nodes along the MV network aims at simplifying the fault detection and isolation
operation and reducing the number of unsupplied customers during the fault recovery operations.
So each MV line must be equipped with an adequate number of switches that in any case must be installed in
all the connection nodes of the most important branch lines.
For this purpose PCS analysis of lines and islands consent to locate the line portions in which switching node
installations can give more benefits.
All the switching nodes must be easily inspected by men and vehicles and they must be located as so the TLC
signal is strong enough for further remote control implementations.
19.4 Remote control and automation of the MV network

The remote control of the MV network leads to two main advantages:
• To improve the operation efficiency thanks to the execution of the operation from remote, reducing
the network topology reconfiguration time (because of works or failures).
• To improve the QoS, thanks to the reduction of the time for the fault location and identification and
for the re-energizing of the healthy sections of the network. Consequently a reduction of the total
interruption time per customer (MV or LV).
The MV network automation has, besides the benefits described for remote control operations, the possibility
to further improve the QoS:
• Thanks to the reduction of the number of sustained interruptions per LV customer, implementing the
FRG logic;
• Thanks to the reduction of the number of sustained and momentary interruptions per LV customer,
implementing the FNC logic.
19.4.1 MV network remote control

The remote control on MV networks consists in the installation of motorized switches and connected to devices
for remote control (RTU). The RTUs are connected, in turn, by means of a TLC network (wired or wireless) to
a central supervisory system (SCADA – Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition).
Through the SCADA interface the operator can:
• Monitor the switches state;

• send opening and closing commands to the switches;
• get measurements (e.g. current, voltage, etc.) from the nodes in which the switches are installed.
The possible benefits of remote controlled switches are:
• the improvement of the Quality of Service;

• the improvement of the operation activities.
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The maximum theoretical benefit with the aim of improvement of the quality of service of an MV line is reached
with the activation of the first remote controlled node and it decreases with the activation of the further
installations in series on the feeder (becoming irrelevant over 5 devices in series).
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
differential benefits %
30%
summed benefits%
20%
10%
0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
n° of TLC devices
Figure 38 – theoretical benefit in accordance with the number of remote controlled switches
The unitary benefit, regarding the efficiency of the operation activities, varies in accordance with the type and
status of the road connection to the node, the accessibility of the switching points and the length of the feeder.
With the aim of the QoS improvement, the evaluation of the number and the location of the remotely controlled
switches to be installed on each MV line must be carried out basing on the failure risk (e.g. economic damages,
damage of the company image, etc.).
This risk depends on:
• the number and the type of the supplied MV and LV customers or of their rated power (extent of
damage);
• the characteristics of the line (fault odds).
Basing on the expected improvement of the QoS indexes, the maximum number of LV customer NBT or the
maximum MV power, which can be contained between two remote controlled switches, must be defined 18.
The remote control of additional switches, with respect to the minimum essential number, can be useful, aiming
at reaching the required QoS levels, in case of lines supplying particular clients (hospitals, police, etc.).
Aiming at the improvement of the operation efficiency, the following nodes should be equipped:
• the switching nodes on the interface between two lines in charge of supply restoration operations;
• the standard switching nodes (involved in the Main Switching Operations);
• the switches with low accessibility (logistic time containment);
• the switches in SSs (secondary substations) for dispatchable MV customer delivery, if a remote
delivery switch is needed (e.g. the power dispatch of distributed generator requested by the
Transmission operator).
18 If the improvement is not required, NBT = ∞
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19.4.2 MV network automation

The MV network automation is implemented installing different devices both in HV/MV substations (circuit
breakers and protection panels in the MV bays, the possible system for the neutral earthing) and along the MV
lines (switches, RTUs, RGDat or RGDM-I). These devices, in coordination with each other and with the
remotely controlled switches, consent the fulfilment of the automatic fault detection and isolation.
For the exact automation operation, the compatibility of the different component characteristics and their
appropriate settings and programs are needed.
Thus to equip the MV remote controlled lines with the network automation, the following matters must be
analysed:
• The characteristics of the circuit breakers installed in the HV/MV substation and of the switches along
the MV lines.
• The characteristics of the protection panels in the HV/MV substation.
• The state of neutral in HV/MV substations.
• The maximum time of the earth fault clearance 19.
The fault location methods (i.e. automation logics) that can be adopted are essentially two:
• FRG: automation logic exploited with the voltage absence detected by the RGDat.
• FNC: automation logic for the compensated neutral networks that realizes the earth fault
identification avoiding the tripping of circuit breaker in the HV/MV substation bay
On the line to be automated the NSP (Main Switching nodes) must be primarily equipped.
Other MV nodes can be geared, always keeping into account the maximum number of switches in topological
series according to the technology adopted.
Figure 39 shows three examples of the FNC logic that imposes a limit of 3 automated IMS in series due to a
maximum time of the earth fault clearance of 20s.
19 And the related sizing of the earth systems in the MV nodes
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3 2 1
2 1
2 1
3 2 1
2 1
FIGURE 39 Topological series of automatic IMS
19.4.3 Circuit breakers on MV nodes

The installation of circuit breakers along the MV line is possible:
• On automated MV lines on which a significant number of operations and trips are foreseen;
• On FNC automated MV lines in order to overcome the maximum number of switches in topological
series;
• In order to implement MV recloser 20 installations.
If a MV circuit breaker is used as a recloser, its usage aims to maintain the network upstream of the device
energized in case of a fault downstream. This scope is reached triggering an amperometric and/or
chronometric selection on the protection device of the circuit breaker both in case of earth and polyphase
faults; the trip of the circuit breaker precedes the one of the HV/MV substation circuit breaker in the MV bay,
which, while it detects the fault, remains closed.
In order to ensure the trigger selectivity between the MV circuit breaker and the circuit breaker in the feeder
bay, an intentional time delay, programmed in the HV/MV substation protection panels, can be needed. In this
case it must be verified that the network portion between the circuit breaker and the HV/MV substation can
bear the higher thermal stress caused by a three-phase short circuit.
It is possible to install MV circuit breaker in series only in case their amperometric selectivity can be
guaranteed, with no further intentional delay to be set on them.
20 This function is applicable regardless of the neutral state and the automation presence.
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Although MV circuit breaker can be always installed in parallel, both in a single node (called Protected Node 21)
and in different nodes (e.g. nodes that supply branch lines with significant length); that improves substantially
the system efficiency, well represented by the example of the Switching substation.
19.5 Design and structural solutions

The design solutions, to be implemented to provide the energy MV distribution service, depend on the expected
QoS performances that should result from each of them.
In the daily operation, the MV network must be as much as possible independent from the external conditions,
so the best structural typologies must be chosen in accordance with the external conditions.
19.5.1 MV lines
The MV distribution lines are classified in four main structural categories:
• Bare conductors aerial lines;

• underground cable lines;
• PVC or PE-covered overhead lines;
• Overhead cable lines.
The right line typology must be chosen taking into account:
• Regulatory system (i.e. remuneration, reward/penalties, etc.).

• Initial cost.
• Annual operation costs.
• Failure rate
• Law and environmental constraints
• Type of customer served.
Bare conductor aerial lines

The main advantages of this type of equipment respect to the others are:
• Lower construction costs (with equal rated powers);

• Lower restoration time in case of fault.
The main disadvantages are:
• Higher operating costs;

• Vulnerability to environmental agents;
• Vulnerability to the interactions of birds.
Low-insulated overhead cables

The main advantages respect to the bare conductor solutions are:
• Lower vulnerability to the interactions of birds.
21 A protected node differs from the Switching Substation for its fewer outgoing MV lines and for the adoption of a normal MV line,
instead of a dedicated feeder, that connects it to the HV/MV substation.
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• Higher mechanical stress on poles.
Underground cables
The main advantages of this type of equipment respect to the others are:
• Lower vulnerability to environmental agents;

• Not impacted by the interactions of birds;
• Less normative constraints.
• Higher construction costs;

• Relevant fault detection and restoration time and costs;
• Vulnerability to the presence of rodents.
Overhead cables
This is a good compromise between the technical characteristics of the underground cable and the
characteristics of the bare-conductor lines. The main advantages are:
• Intermediate construction costs;

• Lower maintenance costs (e.g. tree trimming);
• Not impacted by environmental agents and bird interactions;
• Less normative constraints
• Higher restoration times respect to the bare conductor solutions;

• Relevant fault detection and restoration time.
19.5.2 Reactive energy compensation on the MV networks

The main function of the capacitor banks is the reduction of the reactive energy circulating in the upstream
part of the network respect to the installation point; in this way the losses for the Joule effect and the voltage
drops are lowered.
The compensation of reactive energy is achieved through capacitor banks connected to the MV busbar in the
HV/MV substation. This location, since it is not optimized for the loss reduction, is effective for the operation
and maintenance of the banks themselves. However, the installation brings advantages only to the HV network
upstream to the HV/MV substation, with no effect on the MV network supplied by it.
The compensation usage, aimed at the resolution of the problems related to the reactive energy flows along
the MV network, is exploited punctually, being necessary to take into account the described impacts on the
operation and the maintenance of the banks installed along the lines.
The main recommendations for the reactive energy compensation along the lines are:
• Longest and with highest power lines must be privileged;

• In case of uniform distribution of load, the best installation point lies on 2/3 of the MV line;
• Compensation is more effective when equipped on the LV side of the MV/LV transformers.
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Underground or overhead cable lines represent little compensators of reactive energy installed along the line.
19.5.3 Protection and switching elements

MV lines are protected against over-currents by the circuit breaker installed in the HV/MV substation and/or in
the Switching substation, controlled by specific relays that detect single or polyphase faults.
Circuit breakers along the line can also be installed, with the same function of the breaker in the HV/MV
substation in chronometric and/or amperometric coordination with it.
MV lines and installations are also protected against voltage peaks by means of surge arresters, which must
be installed at least in the following cases:
• Outgoing MV lines from the HV/MV substation:

The devices must be installed on the possible transition supports of the underground cable – bare
conductor of each line outgoing from the substation.
• Pole mounted MV/LV transformers:
The devices must be installed as close as possible to the bushings of the pole mounted MV/LV
transformers 22.
• MV/LV transformation nodes supplied by MV overhead line with last section in cable:
The devices must be installed as protections of the transformer on the transition supports from overhead
lines to underground cables.
• Pole mounted IMS isolated with SF6:
The devices must be installed in correspondence to the input and output terminals.
• Cable segment integrated on a bare conductor overhead line:
The devices must be installed on both the extremities of the segment; only in case the cable segments are
shorter than the self-protection length, the installation of a single device in one of the two extremities is
sufficient.
22 the protections must be realized paying attention to the value of the wave impedance of the earthing system
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SECTION III: LV NETWORK
20 STANDARDIZED VOLTAGE LEVELS AND MV/LV CONNECTION

The rated values of the operating standardized voltages, the frequencies and the neutral state for the LV
distribution are the following:
Frequency Unified voltage levels

Organizational Neutral [Hz] [V]
Reference state
50 60 400/230 380/220 220/125 208/120 220/220
Solid Earthed,
Enel Grids Argentina x x
distribuited
Enel Grids Brazil Solid Earthed,

x x
Ceara Area distribuited
Enel Grids Brazil Rio Solid Earthed,

x New x
Area distribuited
Solid Earthed,
Enel Grids Chile x x
distribuited
Solid Earthed,
Enel Grids Colombia x x 23 x
distribuited
Solid Earthed,
Enel Grids Iberia x x
distribuited
Solid Earthed,
distribuited
Earthed, Not New

Enel Grids Peru x (neutral x
distribuited distribuited)
Solid Earthed,
distribuited
Table 17 Neutral state, frequencies and LV standardized voltage levels
The following picture shows the main transformation wing connection and neutral connections as described in
the Table 17.
23 Public Lighting
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R R
S S
T T
Figure 40 MV/LV transformer wing connection with neutral distributed
R R
S S
T T
Figure 41MV/LV transformer wing connection with neutral earthed connected not distributed
R F
S N
Figure 42 single-phase MV/LV transformer wing connection (MV connection phase-phase and LV connection
phase-neutral)
Voltage levels and connection schemes represent the standard design of the majority LV networks and of all
new installations.
Sometimes specific voltage levels are applied to the distribution networks and new installation are built by
using the existing voltage. This happens when the standard voltage values are not possible to be adopted for
economic and technical reason. In all other events, the standardized equipment with higher performance shall
be used.
If an area is supplied with different standardized voltage levels, the new installations must be connected to the
highest available voltage level.
MV/LV transformer single-phase connection (Figure 42) is admitted only in rural area where load increasing is
not mandatory.
In N scenario the network must ensure the energy supply, fulfil the whole power demand with no overloaded
network element and with voltage values within the regulatory limits.
In N-1 scenario the LV lines re-supply are not always granted.
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The following chapter describes the thresholds of main LV electrical value.
21.1 Current
Table 17 shows the maximum acceptable value in N scenario of current lines, as percentage of the thermal
limit current.
MAXIMUM UTILIZATION LEVEL (%) 24

SCENARIO AERIAL CABLE /
UNDERGROUND CABLE
BARE CONDUCTOR
N 100% 100%
Table 18 – maximum relative load of the LV lines
The maximum load allowed on the lines conductors in case of supply restoration is provided in percentage of
thermal limit lines in N-1 condition, and it will be:
MAXIMUM OVERLOAD FACTOR (%) 25

SCENARIO AERIAL CABLE /
UNDERGROUND CABLE
BARE CONDUCTOR
N-1 20% 20%
Table 19 – maximum overload factor for LV feeders in N-1 scenario
It is important to take into account that a conductor thermal limit current can be reduced according to the design
and performance characteristics (e.g. a double circuit underground line).

The equipment stress levels due to short circuit current are established by the Standardization Unit
The LV network must support the maximum short circuit current calculated in the worst operating scenario
(however with no MV/LV transformer parallel operation) considering both the existing and the planned part of
the network; during the planning of a new LV network portion, it is important to verify the components used
during the electrodynamics stresses and the respective thresholds energy
The protection system in the feeder bay must be designed in order to interrupt any fault in a time limit by
avoiding dangerous overheating.
For the correct short current protection of the feeder, the following assumptions must be checked out:
• In each branch line, the energy flowing (I2t) must be lower than the maximum admitted by the conductor
(K2S2).

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• In all network branches (especially on the furthest branches), each short circuit current must be always
higher than the tripping current in the feeder bay.
Attention must be paid to generation power plants connected to the LV lines. In fact, power plants contribute
to increase the short-circuit currents for the whole network portion connected to the same bus-bar of the MV/LV
substation.
21.2 Voltage levels

The LV network is developed taking into account the standards for voltage levels provided to the customers
and defined by national and international standards.
The maximum voltage variations with respect to the rated voltage Vn must not exceed the following values 26:
∆VMAX AT THE DELIVERY POINT

COUNTRY
(RESPECT TO VN)
±5% UNDERGROUND CABLE
ARGENTINA ±8% URBAN AERIAL LINE
±10% RURAL AERIAL LINE
BRAZIL (AMPLA, COELCE) ±8,6%
COLOMBIA +5% -10%
CHILE ±7,5%
±10%
ITALY
ROMANIA ±10%
±5% RURAL AREA
PERU
±7,5% ZONA URBANA-RURALE E RURALE
SPAIN ±7%
Table 20 –maximum LV voltage variation
In N-1 scenario, the modest deviations from the above values are admitted since the contingency situations
occur within limited time intervals.
21.3 Supply restoration level

In case of supply restoration of a part or the whole LV lines in N-1 condition, the network can be realized with
meshed network structure.
26 In any case everyone must comply with the National standards of each country
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LV networks are designed for radial operation.
For high-density power (urban networks) and/or for special users connected to networks, meshed networks
must be considered in order to restore feeder supply with simple actions such as from switching node.
Generally, LV networks are designed to reach the best technical and economic compromise between the
minimization of operating and maintenance costs over the entire life of the plant and the safeguarding of the
quality service.
LV radial connection network, which does not allow the supply restoration in the N-1 condition, allows (except
voltage variation problems) the maximum exploitation of the capacity of the conductors.
Obviously LV meshed network in N-1 conditions implicate costs, operational complexity and a highly complex
intervention, however it ensures the drastic decrease in the average outage time in case the feeders are
dissectible in some parts and have equal cross-section length.
A LV distribution network can be divided into the following elements:
- feeders, directly outgoing from a MV/LV substation;

- branch lines and sub-branch lines
- Supply service line connection: a branch line from the distribution system to supply a consumer's
installation.
22.1 Network schemes

Basically there are two unified LV network schemes, both of them with radial operation:
• supply restoration ring (radial back up or ring back up),

• simply radial branch lines
When choosing the scheme, it is necessary to reach the best compromise among the reliability of each
scheme, the utilization level of the conductors and the minimization of the LV network costs.
The following paragraphs describe the different characteristics of each scheme and describe the maximum
theoretical utilization level for each of them; this will represent an approximate value that is not mandatory.
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22.1.1 Meshed network

In a meshed scheme network consisting of LV lines joined together, each network can restore the whole load
or part of it. This path, in normal operation, is electrically open at the border point, the closing of which allows
supplying restoration, across the feeder or the branch lines of one or more lines or part of them.
Figure 43 Example of ring back up scheme
Usually, the feeder must be built in a cross sectional area of constant wire.
To ensure a more effective LV loads supply restoration of the surrounding lines, the feeder must be designed
for the required load in case of partial and / or complete supply restoration of the de-energized line, taking into
account the maximum allowable overload in the conductors in the N-1 condition. The feeders must supply the
entire maximum load of closest MV/LV transformers, but only under the condition that the feeder can be
restored.
The boundary point must be chosen depending on:
• conductor current limits;

• losses optimization;
• load balancing and/or the number of customers supplied;
• presence of special users.
The ring backup scheme ensures the supply restoration of both feeders in case of:
• LV line fault: the restoration supply of a line segment is possible when it is localized and correctly
disconnected;
• Unavailable MV/LV transformer; (only when the distances among other MV/LV transformers allow the
restoration, and after verifying that the adjacent MV/LV transformers can allow supply restoration of
full load).
For the characteristics and for the plant constraints described above, the ring back up scheme shall be used
mainly in urban areas with both high-density population and better quality of service requirements, usually in
underground LV networks.
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22.1.1.1 Radial Back up (I scheme)

The “radial back up” scheme shown in Figure 44 refers to the case when a LV line outgoing from a MV/LV
substation is connected with another LV line outgoing from different secondary MV/LV substation.
MV/LV substation MV/LV substation
Figure 44 Radial back up scheme
To ensure complete supply restoration of the LV line, the following condition must be checked out on the
feeders’ conductors:
𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵−𝟏𝟏 ≤ (𝟏𝟏 + 𝒔𝒔)𝑰𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
Where: s is the maximum overload factor of the conductor in N-1 scenario as shown in Table 19.
Supposing that there is an evenly distributed load on the feeders:
𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵−𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐 ∙ 𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵
Then the maximum current in N scenario would be:
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵 = 𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵−𝟏𝟏 ≤ (𝟏𝟏 + 𝒔𝒔)𝑰𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
This is the simplest example of interconnection between LV lines; the overexposed limits, then, will be the
minimum allowable limits. In case of multiple interconnected feeders, the maximum current allowed to the
feeders conductors will be greater than the one calculated in the previous formula.
For the dimensioning of the branch and for the Supply service line connection, the compliance with the
following condition may suffice:
𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵 < 𝑰𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
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22.1.1.2 Ring Back up (O scheme)

A ring back up is a network scheme consisting of LV lines outgoing from the same MV/LV substation that
joined each other as shown in Figure 45.
Figure 45 Ring back up scheme
The ring back up scheme ensures, for its configuration, that the MV/LV transformer supplies the loads in case
of supply restoration, so this scheme can be used in place of radial back up scheme in the following events:
• the loads are concentrated near the MV/LV substation

• the transformer upgrade is required in the adjacent MV/LV substations.
This scheme provides less guarantees in case of supply restoration than radial back up scheme, because it
does not allow LV lines supply restoration when the transformer is out of service.
In addition, in this case the feeders are built with constant section conductors in order to guarantee the load
supply restoration of interconnected lines. The feeder has to be measured for the expected load in case of
total supply restoration considering the temporary maximum load of the conductors. The condition described
in chapter 22.1.1.1 must be verified during the planning phase.
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22.1.2 Radial scheme

The radial scheme is a network scheme consisting of LV line outgoing from the MV/LV substation without
possibility of a supply restoration as shown in Figure 46.
Figure 46 Radial scheme
The radial scheme is suitable for rural areas, usually in overhead LV networks.
This scheme does not guarantee any supply restoration and it is not suitable to supply energy in prestigious
areas (high-density power and/or with particular connected end customers).
The underground cable is not the best solution for this kind of scheme because a considerable amount of time
is required for searching and fixing the network.
The section of feeder conductors must be evaluated according to:
• Possible future connections with others LV lines in order to ensure restoration of the service
• Possible alteration of the load that could affect the saturation characteristics and voltage drop in the
conductors
In general, the section of feeder conductors must be length constant.
New branches do not require supply restoration during the planning:
𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵 ≤ 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖% 𝑰𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
While each branch of the pre-existing network (as already described in the paragraph 21.1.1) must be checked
out:
𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎,𝑵𝑵 < 𝑰𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
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22.2 Parameters for the LV network structure evaluation

The structure of the LV distribution network strongly affects the QoS results.
In particular, the switching and supply restoration capabilities of the LV lines influence the main indexes:
number and duration of the interruptions for each customer and/or the amount of interrupted power.
The distribution of LV customers throughout the line affects the value of the customers’ supply voltage.
“Biprodotto” is a useful tool to assess the potential risk that LV structure represents as already defined in the
section 19.2.1 for MV network structure.
For LV network it is calculated as :
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐶𝐶 = 𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 ∙ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑃𝑃 = 𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 ∙ 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖
where: Li is the length of the LV line measured in km ;

Cli is the number of LV customer supplied by the LV line ;
Pi is the total power supplied by the line (LV customers rated power), measured in kVA .
The higher is the biprodotto of a line and most attention should be paid to the increase of the fault probability
(proportional to the length of the line) or to the consequences of the faults (according to the number of
connected customers or the supplied power).
22.3 LV nodes
22.3.1 Insertion scheme
The reference scheme for new insertion of nodes in the LV lines for the connection of new branches and/or of
end customers may be the following:
• Sectionable node (Figure 47);

• Tee point (Figure 50)
For both configurations, the use of the fuse is not required.
LV line
Branch
line
Figure 47 LV sectioned node
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LV line LV line New

input output branch
Possible new
branches
Branch Branch Branch Branch

line 2 line 1 line 3 line 4
Figure 48 Detail of LV sectioned node
Figure 48 shows the insertion scheme of LV sectioned node where there are branches and/or end customer
connections. The scheme offers to connect multiple Supply service line connection (SSLC) to the same
terminals of the sectioned node.
The presence of sectioned node on the LV network enhances operation especially during the phase of
complete and/or partial failure research and supply restoration of the customers.
All nodes in the underground cable lines must be sectionable.
All sectionable nodes must be easily achievable by people and vehicles in order to reduce to a minimum the
operating time.
Feeder
Figure 49 LV sectioned node without branch
Figure 49 shows a sectionable node throughout the line (feeder and or branch)
This solution allows the section of the line even if there are no branches. This solution is used in case of long
portion of line in order to reduce the research time of a failure.
LV line
Branch
line
Figure 50 Scheme of tee point connection
Figure 50 shows the scheme of tee point connection. This scheme has a lower cost compared to the sectioned
node, but the network will result less flexible during the operation, particularly in the research phases of fault.
For this reason, it is not allowed to adopt it for the connections in underground networks.
The branch by tee point connection is therefore possible only in case of LV overhead line.
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22.3.2 LV booster nodes

If the LV lines are very long and they reveal voltage problems, a LV voltage control booster in an intermediate
point of the line would be highly recommended.
Booster is a device connected with line input and line output on the LV feeder that is able to manage the output
voltage compensating, in a different way at each phase and within a certain limit (generally 15-20%), the
voltage drop resulting to the load.
The booster is normally equipped with bypass switch that automatically shunts the device in case the voltage
goes out from established limits or in case of protection of the machine (eg. overheating).
The booster can be used outside or inside a cabin and can be used EITHER IN TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT
solutions.
The Booster advantages in temporary solution are linked to the timeliness and easily resolution of critical
voltage issues, in order to delay the due time of the structural activities. Once the investment activities are
executed, the booster can be recovered and used to fix "promptly" other critical issues.
The permanent use of the Booster may exceptionally be expected when the structural activity costs are
particularly high: the structural activity, although more expensive, has the advantage of improving reliability in
terms of quality service, and of generally reducing network losses compared to the solution with the Booster.
The choice of the booster installation point has to be made so that the voltage of the connected customers that
is upstream of the booster installing point remains within the tolerance range provided in the course of the
year. The presence of the Booster, in fact, alters the value of the current in upstream line of the installing point
and this might cause increases of the voltage drops.
22.4 Remote control and automation of the LV network

The LV feeder circuit breakers can be equipped with motor to perform the opening and closing command
operations. The command signal can be sent from a remote operator or can be activated by auto-reclosing
logic. This solution is effective in reducing the duration of outages due to non-localized failures (e.g. Overload
on the LV network, temporary surge, etc.).
These devices use the same infrastructure of the remote control and/or MV automation and therefore it is
recommended to have them installed in order to contain the installation cost in the MV/LV transformer nodes
that are remotely controlled and/or automated.
22.5 Design and structural solutions

The design solutions, which must be implemented to provide the energy LV distribution service, depend on
the expected QoS performances that should result from each of them.
In the daily operation, the LV network must be as much as possible independent from the external conditions,
so that the best structural typologies can be chosen in accordance with the external conditions.
22.5.1 LV lines
The LV distribution lines are classified in two main structural categories:
• Overhead cable lines

• Underground cable lines.
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In order to choose the right line typology, the following criteria shall be considered:
• Initial cost
• Annual operation costs
• Failure rate
• Law and environmental constraints
• Type of customer being served
Overhead cable lines
The main advantages of this type of solution are:
• Lower construction costs (with equal rated powers)

• Lower restoration time in case of fault
• Higher failure rate.

• Higher vulnerability of environmental agents.
• Higher esthetical impact.
The network scheme usually used in overhead cable lines is radial scheme, with constant cross section of the
feeder and branches. In the activity, design must meet the criteria and parameters set out in paragraph 22.1.2
for the radial scheme network.
Underground cable line
The main advantages of this type of solution are:
• Lower failure rate.

• Insensitivity towards weather and birdlife.
• Reduced environmental and esthetical impact.
The main disadvantages are
• Higher construction costs (with equal rated powers).

• Higher restoration time in case of fault;
• Vulnerability in case of rodents presence
The underground cable lines can be used in all network schemes, according to the existing network and
characteristics of the customers, even though they do not represent the optimal solution for the radial network
scheme, due to the repairing time required in case of fault.
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22.5.2 Protection and switching elements

Each new LV line 27 must be protected against overcurrent by thermal-magnetic circuit breakers installed in
the feeder bay.
There are no other overcurrent protection throughout the line, such as fuses.
The functions of LV breakers are both to protect the line against overcurrent and to section the line.
The choice of circuit breaker size must be ensure the protection of the conductors against overcurrent due to:
• overload
In the feeder bay: 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 ≤ 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 ≤ 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰
In a generic branch: 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 ≤ 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰
Where Ib = total load supplied downstream of the point in question (including any supply restoration
with back up scheme and radial back up and ring back up).
In = nominal branch current value
Iz = conductor thermal limit current on permanent condition
• Short circuit:
This check should be performed at every point of the network, computing the minimum and maximum
short circuit current and determining if the value of the same is greater than the instantaneous tripping
current in the feeder bay.
Therefore, there are two possible scenarios:
1. Short circuit current greater than the instantaneous tripping current :
the protective device tripping time is very short and the phenomenon can be considered
adiabatic. The following equation must be applied:
𝑰𝑰²𝒕𝒕 ≤ 𝑲𝑲²𝑺𝑺²
WHERE: I²T = PASS-THROUGH ENERGY - JOULE INTEGRAL; [A²S]
K²S² = MAXIMUM SPECIFIC ENERGI TOLERABLE BY THE CONDUCTOR SO [A²S]

THAT NO DAMAGE
I= PERMANENT SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT; [A]
T= DURATION OF THE SHORT CIRCUIT; [S]
K= THERMAL CAPACITY FACTOR OF THE CONDUCTOR 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠 0,5

� �
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
S= CROSS SECTION AREA OF THE CONDUCTOR [MM2]
27 for lines not joined with existing network
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2. Short-circuit current below the magnetic threshold:
The tripping time is inversely proportional to the fault current and the phenomenon can no
longer be considered adiabatic. The conductor has time to dissipate a part of the thermic
energy into the surrounding environment and therefore the specific energy value can be higher
than the previous case.
Figure 51 shows this overlaying of the characteristic curve of the cable over the one of the
protective device:
I2t cable
I2t breaker
Icc
Figure 51 – Short-circuit current below the magnetic threshold
In general, this check shall be performed at the points of the LV line where the minimum value of fault
currents is detected. These points depend on the distance from the feeder bay protection and on the
characteristics of the branches between feeder bay and the verify point.
The calculation of the real minimum short-circuit current is strictly related to the characteristics of the
LV line and to the conductors that compose it, and the following formulas are applied:
For short circuit neutral phrase:
0,8 𝑉𝑉0
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 min 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
1,5 (𝑍𝑍𝑓𝑓 + 𝑍𝑍𝑛𝑛 )
For short circuit phase-phase:
0,8 𝑉𝑉
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 min 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
3 (𝑍𝑍𝑓𝑓 )
Where: V0 = phase to neutral voltage

V= phase to phase voltage
0,8 = reduction coefficient of the voltage supply in case of short circuit
1,5 = coefficient of increase in resistance value due to temperature
Zf = Phase impedance
Zn = neutral impedance
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The minimum fault current 28 calculated as a function of the characteristic of the circuit breaker operation
and the topological and physical characteristics of the conductors must be lower than the real short circuit
current minimum calculated with the formulas shown above.
It may happen that, after the installation and the first operation of a specific combination of breaker network,
some expansion of the LV network (especially overhead cables in rural area) are made according to lower
levels of the thermal limit of the feeder.
22.6 Phases load balancing

When planning the connection of new users on the network, attention should be paid to the balance of loads
on different line phases:
• a new single-phase customer should always be connected on the less loaded phase;
• in the case of several supply service line connections, single-phase connected to the same network
node should be shared homogeneously among phases
• always record the connection phase where the new customer is connected for a future mapping of the
phases.
The correct distribution of loads among phases must be checked out at the start line and also in other
intermediate points of the LV feeder and it can be performed, in case of necessary data availability, as the sum
of all nominal powers single-phase downstream of the verification point ( three-phase supplies installed on the
line will not be considered).
When no data is available during the connection phase and the positioning of each single customer, a simple
operating mode consists in measuring the voltage at the connection point and connect the new customers on
the phase with the higher voltage value 29.
28 Breaker tripping current for a 5 seconds failure time (for this time is assumed as the phenomenon adiabatic). This value is obtained from the time-
current curve switch
29 This operating mode must be contextualized to the conditions and at the time when measurements are taken (avoid particular
situations, specific days, the single-phase generators, connections, etc.).
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Annex 1 – Simplified algorithm for the RMT calculation 30

Below the simplified algorithm for the calculation of the backup power available from the MV network RMT is
illustrated. The RMT can be used to re-energize the HV/MV substation load in the case of a HV/MV transformer
failure.
First step: power reserve calculation ∆𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 (𝑘𝑘, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑖𝑖) for each MV line, on each node adjacent to other lines.
Defined:
i the general HV/MV transformer.

j the MV line supplied by the i transformer
k the adjacent point between the MV line j and the line coming from another substation
r MV segment belonging to the circuit that goes from the substation to the adjacent point k.
∆𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 the MV backup power guaranteed by the transformer HV/MV
∆𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 the MV backup power available from an adjacent point with other lines.
The network is assumed in normal operative configuration and developed as in the year P.
1. The power reserve that can be provided by HV/MV transformers and MV lines of substations supplied by
HV lines affected by reliability problems in N scenario is set to 0;
∆𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 (𝑖𝑖) = 0
∆𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘) = 0 ∀ 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘
2. The MV backup power for each HV/MV power transformer ∆ST (i) must be calculated.
This value is obtained from the difference between the maximum power that can be supplied by the
transformer (i.e. rated apparent power Sn 31 multiplied by a possible utilization coefficient u) and the
maximum predicted load
∆𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 (𝑖𝑖) = 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 (𝑖𝑖) ∙ 𝑢𝑢(𝑖𝑖) − 𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (𝑖𝑖)
2.2. If ∆𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 (𝑖𝑖) ≤ 0 the transformer is critical and so all the lines supplied by it provide null MV power backup:
∆SL (i, j, k) = 0 ∀ j, k
2.3. If ∆ST (i) > 0 on each MV line j no voltage criticality is detected

Voltage margin is calculated as the difference between the maximum VD (Voltage Drop, possibly
multiplied by a factor m<1), allowed by the national regulator, and the maximum value calculated on
the nodes of the line j (planning load flow):
∆Vmargin (i, j) = m ∙ ∆Vmax (regulatory) − ∆Vmax (i, j)
2.3.1. If ∆𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗) ≤ 0 then the line j has a null MV backup power:
30 New function will be implemented to calculate automatically the RMT.

31 As the maximum power that can be supplied continuously: e.g. in case of ONAN/ONAF transformers Sn is the rated power related
to the ONAF mode.
82/89
INTERNAL

Application Areas
Perimeter: Global
Staff Function: -
Service Function: -
∆SL (i, j, k) = 0 ∀ k
2.3.2. If ∆Vmargine (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗) > 0 the MV backup power is calculated for each adjacent point k of the line
j with the following method:
Figure 52 – meshed circuit for supply restoration
- All the MV line segments, belonging to the circuit that goes from the substation to the
adjacent point k, must be identified.
- For each segment r of this circuit the current availability is calculated by subtracting
the maximum absolute value of the simulated current (acquired from the planning
Load Flow both with the maximum load and the maximum generation) to the thermal
limit current (possibly multiplied by a factor u):
∆𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘, 𝑟𝑟) = 𝐼𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘, 𝑟𝑟) ∙ 𝑢𝑢(𝑟𝑟) − 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘, 𝑟𝑟)
- The current availability on the adjacent point k is calculated as the minimum value
among the ones calculated in the previous step:
∆IL (i, j, k) = minr �∆IL (i, j, k, r)�
- The MV backup power on the point k is calculated as show below, depending on the
current availability (that must be at least 0).
∆SL (i, j, k) = max �0, √3 ∙ Vn ∙ ∆IL (i, j, k)�
2.3.3. If the examined line has more boundary points k with another line, the point that ensures
the highest value of backup power must be preferred. So if two or more k points are reached
by circuits with line segments in common, the sum of the current availability ∆IL (i, j, k) of
that k points must be lower than the current availability of the common line segments:
� ∆𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘) ≤ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟 �∆𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘, 𝑟𝑟)� ∀ 𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑘𝑘
In this case the mentioned values ∆SL (i, j, k), except for the highest one, must be reduced
in order to respect the maximum planned load:
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟 �∆𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘, 𝑟𝑟)�−𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑘𝑘 �∆𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘)�
∆𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘) → ∆𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘) ∙ � � ∀ 𝑘𝑘 ≠ 𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
∑𝑘𝑘 ∆𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘) −𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑘𝑘 �∆𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘)�
83/89
INTERNAL

Application Areas
Perimeter: Global
Staff Function: -
Service Function: -
200 A
150 A -> 150 A
100 A -> 50 A
Figure 53 – Load reduction in case of different boundary points k with the same MV line
2.3.4. If the examined line has more than one k point on the “boundary” with different MV lines,
the possibility to exploit all of them simultaneously must be ensured; so if two or more k
points are reached by circuits with segments in common, the sum of the current availability
∆IL (i, j, k) of those k points must be lower than the current availability of the common line
segments:
� ∆𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘) ≤ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟 �∆𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘, 𝑟𝑟)� ∀ 𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑘𝑘
In this case, the mentioned values ∆SL (i, j, k) must be lowered homotethically (with the
same coefficient) in order to respect the maximum planned load:
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟 �∆𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘, 𝑟𝑟)�

∆𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘) → ∆𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘) ∙ � � ∀ 𝑘𝑘
∑𝑘𝑘 ∆𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘)
200 A
150 A -> 120 A
100 A -> 80 A
Figure 54 – Homothetic reduction of the load in case of common segments for different lines
2.3.5. If the HV/MV substation supplies more than one k point, the possibility to exploit all of them
simultaneously must be ensured; for this reason it must be verified that the sum of all the
backup powers ∆SL (i, j, k) doesn’t exceed the backup power of the Substation ∆ST (i):
∆𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 (𝑖𝑖) ≥ � ∆𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘)

𝑗𝑗,𝑘𝑘
In this case, the mentioned values ∆SL (i, j, k) must be reduced homothetically in order to
ensure that the backup is not overtaken:
84/89
INTERNAL

Application Areas
Perimeter: Global
Staff Function: -
Service Function: -
∆𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 (𝑖𝑖)
∆𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘) → ∆𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘) ∙ � � ∀ 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘
∑𝑗𝑗,𝑘𝑘 ∆𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 (𝑖𝑖, 𝑗𝑗, 𝑘𝑘)
Second step: calculation of the MV backup power RMT for a substation under analysis
Defined:
I the HV/MV transformer in the substation
J the line supplied by the transformer I
K the boundary point between the MV line J and another line supplied by another substation
Two cases can be experienced:
Case 1 – HV/MV substation with at least two Transformers
For each MV line of the HV/MV substation a single re-energizing line is adopted, limiting the contribution to a
third of the whole backup power, assuming that one line must restore the other.
Additional Load
<1/3
Figure 55 – illustrative scheme for the RMT calculation
1. To each MV line J outgoing from the examined Substation it must be linked:

1.1. One value of the ingoing backup power, provided by re-energizing MV lines coming from other
substations, choosing the one with the highest backup power value ∆SL (i, j, k):
85/89
INTERNAL

Application Areas
Perimeter: Global
Staff Function: -
Service Function: -
∆SL,IN (J) = max�∆SL (i, j, k)�
1.1.1.The previously adopted value ∆SL,IN (J) is imposed lower than a third of the maximum power
Smax(J) consumed by the loads of the line J:
Smax(J)
∆SL,IN (J) = min �∆SL,IN (J) ; �
3
1.2. A value of the outgoing backup power value that can be used as a supply restoration for lines supplied
by other substations, choosing the highest among those linked to the k points of the examined MV
line:
∆SL,OUT (J) = max�∆SL (I, J, K)�
2. In order to take into account the chance of a fault (while the N-1 condition endures in the substation) on
one of the MV lines that can be re-energize by the examined substation, the line J* with the highest impact,
namely the one with the highest value of the sum of the two values defined in the previous point, must be
identified:
∆SL,IN (J ∗) + ∆SL,OUT (J ∗) = max �∆SL,IN (J) + ∆SL,OUT (J)�
For the line J*, instead of the ingoing value, the outgoing backup power must be considered.
3. The value of RMT is calculated as the sum of the previously identified backup powers of the lines, reduced
by the contribution of the line J* for which the outgoing backup power must be considered:
𝑅𝑅𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = �� ∆SL,IN (J)� − ∆SL,OUT (J ∗)

𝐽𝐽−𝐽𝐽∗
Case 2 – Substation HV/MV with one transformer
For each line of the HV/MV substation, a single re-energizing line is adopted with no power limitation.
Figure 56 – illustrative scheme for the calculation of the RMT in case of one transformer
1. One value of inlet backup power is linked to each MV line J of the examined substation. The
inlet backup power is supplied by re-energizing MV lines outgoing from other substations,
selecting the one with the highest value of the backup power ∆SL (i, j, k) ∶
86/89
INTERNAL

Application Areas
Perimeter: Global
Staff Function: -
Service Function: -
∆SL,IN (J) = max�∆SL (i, j, k)�
2. The value RMT is calculated as the sum of the backup power values of the lines selected in
the previous step:
𝑅𝑅𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = �� ∆SL,IN (J)�

𝐽𝐽
87/89
INTERNAL

Application Areas
Perimeter: Global
Staff Function: -
Service Function: -
Annex 2 - Maximum length of tapped branch line

This chapter describes the length limits of a HV tapped line if threshold distance protections are used without
exchange of information.
Figure 57 shows the case of a new HV/MV substation C on a Radial branch line tapped from the connecting
line between substation A and B.
Substation A Substation B
Substation C
Figure 57 – radial branch line tapped from HV line
The distance protections (impedance relays) safeguard the whole feeder and, considering the measurement
errors, they operate with a threshold equal to the length of the feeder increased by a certain percentage (e.g.
20%). Then it is supposed that in case of fault, first one of the two protections operates and so the fault evolves
from a meshed supply to a fault supplied by a single side (radial supply).
La and Lb are the lengths of line segments on which the branch line, with a length equal to Lc, divides the HV
feeder and zd e zc the kilometric impedance of the feeder and of the branch line respectively.
In order to make the distance protections installed in the Substations A and B detect the fault on the branch
line C, the following conditions must be respected:
1 RADIAL SUPPLY
𝑧𝑧𝑑𝑑
𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎 ×
𝐿𝐿 × 𝑧𝑧𝑐𝑐 ≤ 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎 × 𝑧𝑧𝑑𝑑 𝑧𝑧𝑐𝑐
� 𝑐𝑐 → 𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐 ≤ � 𝑧𝑧𝑑𝑑
𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐 × 𝑧𝑧𝑐𝑐 ≤ 𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏 × 𝑧𝑧𝑑𝑑
𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏 ×
𝑧𝑧𝑐𝑐
Supposing zc= zd, simply the result is:
𝐿𝐿
𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐 ≤ � 𝑎𝑎
𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏
So the length of line C must be lower than the shortest segment of the feeder and then, in the best
condition, line C must be shorter than half of the feeder length.
88/89
INTERNAL

Application Areas
Perimeter: Global
Staff Function: -
Service Function: -
2 MESHED SUPPLY
For the sake of shortness, the analytic dissertation will not be described. Only final relations will be shown
referring to the scheme in Figure 57 starting from the hypothesis zc= zd = z:
𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎 + 𝑘𝑘𝐴𝐴
𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐 ≤ 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎 ×
𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎 + 𝑘𝑘𝐴𝐴 + 𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏 + 𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵
Where:
𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
• 𝑘𝑘𝐴𝐴 = , 𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵 =
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧
• ZccA and ZccB are the equivalent short-circuit impedance for node A and B respectively.
Note that the relations mentioned above were outlined assuming:
• Voltages upstream to ZccA and ZccB have the same modulus and phase.
• ZccA and ZccB have the same arguments
• The arguments are also equal to the argument of the line impedance Z.
89/89

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INTERNAL

Guideline code: GRI-GRI-GUI-E&C-0005

Subject: HV, MV and LV network development technical criteria

Subject: HV, MV and LV network development technical criteria

16 HV/MV SUBSTATION STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................. 29

Subject: HV, MV and LV network development technical criteria

19.5 DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS ......................................................................................................... 63

THE HEAD OF GLOBAL NETWORK DESIGN

Subject: HV, MV and LV network development technical criteria

1 DOCUMENT AIMS AND APPLICATION AREA

1.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS TO BE IMPLEMENTED AT COUNTRY LEVEL

2 DOCUMENT VERSION MANAGEMENT

Update of Company Name in Enel Grids

3 UNITS IN CHARGE OF THE DOCUMENT

Responsible for authorizing the document:

• Enel Grids: Head of Quality Unit.

Subject: HV, MV and LV network development technical criteria

• Enel Human Right Policy;

• The Enel Group Zero Tolerance of Corruption (ZTC) Plan;

• Organization and management model as per Legislative Decree No. 231/2001;

• Enel Global Compliance Program (EGCP);

• ISO 9001:2015 - Quality Management System – Requirements;

• ISO 27001:2017 - Information Security Management System – Requirements;

• Organizational Procedure n. 551 - Process-related organizational documents governance;

• Organizational Procedure n. 1708 - Management of technical/operative documents and Glossary;

• Guideline GRI-GRI-GUI-E&C-0006 HV, MV, LV Technical Connections Criteria - ex GUI-E&C-ND-

• Policy 74 - HV, MV and LV Network Planning Criteria.

IEC International standards

IEC 60076-7 “Loading guide for oil-immersed power transformers”

IEC 60038 “IEC standard voltages”

IEC 60909 Short-circuit currents in three-phase a c. Systems

EN 50160 “Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems”

Subject: HV, MV and LV network development technical criteria

National laws, norms and standards.

Reglamentación para estaciones transformadoras, Asociación Electrotécnica Argentina (AEA)

Para materiales del IRAM

De diseño AEA y Ley N°19587 de Higiene y Seguridad

ANEEL - Módulo 8 – Qualidade da Energia Elétrica - Procedimentos de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica

Norma Técnica de Seguridad y Calidad de Servicio (Noviembre de 2014)

Resolución CREG 025 de 1995 (Código de Redes – Código de Planeamiento).

Resolución CREG 070 de 1998 – Reglamento Distribución.

Resolución CREG 024 de 2013 – Expansión STR.

Resolución CREG 044 de 2013 – Criterio Confiabilidad N-1 y N-k.

Resolución MME 9 0708 de 2013 – Reglamento Técnico de Instalaciones Eléctricas RETIE

Resolución CREG 077 de 2014 – Proyectos urgentes STN y STR.

Subject: HV, MV and LV network development technical criteria

Norma CEI 11–4, “Esecuzione delle linee elettriche aeree esterne”.

Código Nacional de Electricidad Suministro 2011

ANRE 28.1.013.0.00.30.08.2007 Standardul de performanţă pentru serviciul de distribuţie a energiei electrice

Legea 123/2012 Legea energiei şi gazelor naturale

NTE 005/06/00 Normativ privind metodele şi elementele de calcul al siguranţei în funcţionare a

NTE 007/08/00 Normativ pentru proiectarea şi execuţia reţelelor de cabluri electrice

NTE 401/03/00 Metodologie privind determinarea secţiunii economice a conductoarelor în instalaţii

PE 003 / 79 Nomenclator de verificări, încercări şi probe privind montajul, punerea în funcţiune şi

PE 011/82 Normativ privind calculele comparative tehnico-economice la instalaţiile de producere,

Subject: HV, MV and LV network development technical criteria

PE 026 /92 Normativ privind proiectarea Sistemului Energetic Naţional

PE 101 /85 Normativ pentru construcţia instalaţiilor electrice de conexiuni şi transformare cu

PE 102 /86 Normativ pentru proiectarea şi executarea instalaţiilor de conexiuni şi distribuţie cu

PE 103 /92 Instrucţiuni pentru dimensionarea şi verificarea instalaţiilor electroenergetice la solicitări

PE 105 /90 Metodologie pentru dimensionarea stâlpilor metalici ai LEA

PE 106 / 2003 Normativ pentru proiectarea LEA de joasă tensiune

PE 111-1 /92 Instrucţiuni pentru proiectarea staţiilor de conexiuni şi transformare. Întreruptoare de