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Product Description
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Document Number: CMN/CTRL/DD/036972
Document Issue: 01.06 / EN
Document Status: Preliminary
_________________________________________________________________________________________
WIRELESS CLOUD ELEMENT PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
About Alcatel-Lucent
Alcatel-Lucent (Euronext Paris and NYSE: ALU) provides solutions that enable service
providers, enterprises and governments worldwide, to deliver voice, data and video
communication services to end-users. As a leader in fixed, mobile and converged broadband
networking, IP technologies, applications, and services, Alcatel-Lucent offers the end-to-end
solutions that enable compelling communications services for people at home, at work and on
the move. For more information, visit Alcatel-Lucent on the Internet: www.alcatel-
lucent.com
Notice
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. At the time
of publication, it reflects the latest information on Alcatel-Lucent’s offer, however, our
policy of continuing development may result in improvement or change to the specifications
described.
Trademarks
Alcatel, Lucent, Alcatel-Lucent and the Alcatel-Lucent logo are trademarks of Alcatel-Lucent.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Alcatel-Lucent assumes no
responsibility for inaccuracies contained herein.
CONTENTS
1.1 OVERVIEW..................................................................................................... 5
1.2 SCOPE OF THIS DOCUMENT ..................................................................................... 6
2 WIRELESS CLOUD ELEMENT .................................................................................. 8
2.1 OVERVIEW..................................................................................................... 8
2.2 CUSTOMIZATION ............................................................................................... 8
2.3 SCALABILITY ................................................................................................... 9
2.4 CAPACITY ................................................................................................... 10
2.5 HARDWARE INDEPENDENCE ................................................................................... 11
2.6 DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING AND ELASTIC CAPACITY ............................................................. 11
2.6.1 Distributed Computing .......................................................................... 11
2.6.2 Elastic Capacity .................................................................................. 12
2.7 HIGH RELIABILITY............................................................................................ 13
2.7.1 Quick Tenant Recovery .......................................................................... 14
2.7.2 Tenant’s seamless migration ................................................................... 14
2.7.3 Geographic Redundancy ......................................................................... 14
2.8 SIMPLIFICATION OF NETWORK ENGINEERING AND OPERATIONAL TASKS .......................................... 15
2.9 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ............................................................................... 15
2.10 SECURITY ENSURED ...................................................................................... 15
2.11 SHARED TRANSPORT ...................................................................................... 15
2.12 COMPATIBILITY........................................................................................... 16
2.13 REDUCTION IN TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO) ....................................................... 16
3 UMTS RADIO NETWORK CONTROLLER (RNC) TENANT................................................. 18
3.1 OVERVIEW................................................................................................... 18
3.2 ARCHITECTURE .............................................................................................. 18
3.3 CAPACITY AND SCALABILITY .................................................................................. 20
3.4 CAPACITY LICENSE ........................................................................................... 20
3.5 CARRIER GRADE ............................................................................................. 20
3.6 EFFICIENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT .................................................................... 20
3.7 COMPATIBILITY .............................................................................................. 22
3.8 EVOLUTION .................................................................................................. 22
3.9 BENEFITS .................................................................................................... 22
4 ALCATEL-LUCENT POSITIONING SYSTEM (ALPS) TENANT ............................................ 23
4.1 OVERVIEW................................................................................................... 23
4.2 OPERATOR’S E911 REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................... 24
4.2.1 Operator’s near-term needs.................................................................... 24
4.2.2 Operator’s evolutionary needs ................................................................. 24
4.3 BENEFITS .................................................................................................... 24
5 FUTURE EVOLUTION ........................................................................................ 26
6 APPENDICES .................................................................................................. 27
6.1 APPENDIX A: REFERENCES ................................................................................... 27
6.2 APPENDIX A: REGULATORY STANDARDS ....................................................................... 28
6.3 APPENDIX B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS ........................................................................... 30
6.3.1 Acronyms .......................................................................................... 30
6.3.2 Glossary ........................................................................................... 34
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Telecommunications Network Diagram Using Cloud Technology ................................................ 5
Figure 2: Example Configurations ...................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 3: WCE Capacity ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 4: Distributed Computing...................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 5: Network Elasticity ............................................................................................................................. 13
Figure 6: Alcatel-Lucent WCE UMTS RNC with IP Transport ....................................................................... 18
Figure 7: External Communication Channels ................................................................................................. 19
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
The Wireless Cloud Element (WCE) is a pivotal element in the success of any Radio Access
Network (RAN). Using cloud and virtualization technology, the WCE combines the Alcatel-
Lucent Radio Network products into one unified manageable package providing a flexible,
scalable, and customizable wireless platform solution. In its first release, the WCE hosts the
following Alcatel-Lucent Network application known as a “tenant”:
• Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) Radio Network Controller (RNC)
In subsequent releases, additional tenants are being considered for the WCE.
The list of tenants offered within the Wireless Cloud Element can be configured as individual
systems or they can be combined to share hardware computer processing units (CPU), disk
storage, and transport networking equipment. Future releases of the WCE product will
include additional wireless products in the software bundle such as the Element Management
System (EMS). This consolidated product reduces the system hardware required for each
individual product while increasing capacity and network flexibility demanded by the Radio
Access Networks.
ALU Provided
Wireless
packet core
Or
Telco Provided
Computing Cloud
IP
IP
IP
IP mobile
backhaul
Centralized baseband
CPRI
IP IP over fiber
IP
Metrocell
Conventional Macrocell RF only sites
BBU
The Wireless Cloud Element is cloud compatible supporting traditional central office
deployment or on exiting data center technology with the ability to manage run-time
software processes across multiple hardware processors. Figure 1 illustrates an example of a
telecommunications network incorporating the cloud technology. The servers can be co-
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WIRELESS CLOUD ELEMENT PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
located in one physical location or distributed in multiple locations. Using this technology,
the WCE can be configured with one or more instances of the same tenant and/or with single
or multiple types of tenants executing simultaneously. This configurability allows resources
to be dynamically shared between similar or different tenant types (e.g. 2 RNC or RNC and SC
or… dependent on the configuration). For example, traffic may migrate from one tenant to
another; as a result, the system may reallocate computing power based on the tenant
computing needs. Additionally, the WCE can be designed to accommodate a range of
capacity from small to very large systems distributing the processing across the data servers
for an efficient resource use. The tenants are compatible with the existing radio network
infrastructure using native IP communication. The Wireless Cloud Element is a customizable
system designed specifically to meet the network requirements while efficiently using
hardware resources.
The Wireless Cloud Element introduces many degrees of freedom for managing the telecom
applications by providing:
• A unified platform to easily manage several radio network applications
• A customizable platform allowing the ability to host a single or multiple applications
and one or more instances of the application
• A dynamic platform able to allocate hardware computer processing units between
applications based on demand
• A scalable platform to accommodate capacity from small to very large configuration
depending on the needs of the network
• A distributed platform enabling the applications to be allocated to multiple data
servers across the network
• A reliable platform allowing quick recovery from hardware and software failures
• A hardware independent platform with the ability to upgrade and maintain hardware
separate from the software execution with minimal to zero downtime
• A hardware independent platform which secures backward compatibility to previous
HW generations thus protecting operator CAPEX investments
• A geo-redundant platform enabling the software to be executed across multiple
physical sites
• A multi-tenant platform capable of integrating OAM functions across multiple tenants
and tenant types
• A green platform as power is reduced because of fewer hardware units and hardware
can be turned off as software processes are consolidated based on capacity usage
• A platform designed in mind with low Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
• A platform which simplifies the network operations and engineering
• A compatible platform with native IP capabilities to communicate with existing radio
network infrastructure
The Alcatel-Lucent Wireless Cloud Element is a cost effective solution providing a flexible,
scalable, hardware customizable platform solution for the constantly growing radio networks.
A lot of the terms used in this document refer to definitions of the radio network standards.
Any time an Alcatel-Lucent specific term is used, it is explicitly elaborated.
This document is updated regularly under change control.
2.2 Customization
The Wireless Cloud Element can be customized for the specific requirements of the network.
The WCE can be configured with a single or multiple tenant types and/or with one or more
instances of each tenant. This scalability allows each WCE to be designed uniquely to satisfy
the demands of the network.
HW HW HW HW HW HW
Small Footprint Large Capacity Large Footprint
SC
RNC RNC Future RNC RNC RNC ALPS RNC RNC Future
GW
HW HW HW HW HW HW
Multi-tenant Single type multi-tenant Cloud Deployment
2.3 Scalability
The Wireless Cloud Element is scalable in configuration, capacity and hardware. Horizontal
scalability is defined as the ability to increase the capacity through installation of additional
hardware units. Vertical scalability is defined as upgrading existing hardware to increase the
capacity. The WCE supports both horizontal and vertical scalability.
The WCE horizontally scales by adding additional hardware units. Additional tenant
applications can be added to the system or the capacity of each tenant can be increased
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WIRELESS CLOUD ELEMENT PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
individually. More hardware units can be incorporated into the system to increase the
processing power. The platform is easily modified to support the growth of the network as
required.
The WCE scales vertically by upgrading the hardware. As new technology is developed,
network operators can upgrade their hardware to increase the processing
processing power of the
platform. More processing power can increase the capacity of the applications.
Regardless of the scalability requirements, the hardware can be added or upgraded with
minimal or zero impact to the runrun-time software processes. The hardware is managed
independently of the software allowing the software processes to be easily migrated across
the system.
In summary, the Wireless Cloud Element software product is scalable: in configuration,
conf as
tenant applications can be easily added; in capacity, for easy growth in the network system;
and in hardware, for easy maintenance and growth with minimal traffic impacts. The WCE
des a flexible solution for all network requirements.
provides
2.4 Capacity
WCE is expected to grow to support the following RNC capacity:
B1
Sub-Urban
DC1 R2
DC2
B1
sB1
sS3 S3
R2 R2
Sub-Urban
Sub-Urban
B1 sR2
S3
CO1
S3
Dense Urban
In Figure 4, there are 3 application tenants: B1, R2, and S3. Each tenant is distributed across
2 physical sites. In the diagram, the tenant applications are distributed for the servicing
areas: B1 tenant services the DC1 sub-urban area; R2 tenant services the DC2 sub-urban area;
and the S3 tenant services the DC3 urban area. A spare application of each tenant is
configured on the third site but it remains dormant until required. As part of the Wireless
Cloud Element, the three tenants can be monitored from a central location while the
execution of the applications is physically distributed. Note that this is one configuration
example. The network can be configured with 1 application tenant across all 3 physical sites
if required or in many other configurations.
Additionally, computing resources are allocated based on the demand of the tenant
applications. During the day when the dense urban area traffic increases, computing
resources are reallocated to satisfy the tenant requirements creating a balanced system
throughout the day. This feature is described in section 2.6.2 Elastic Capacity. If there is a
disaster of one of the physical sites, the applications can be restored on hardware in an
alternate physical location with minimal loss of service. This feature is described in section
2.7.3 Geographic Redundancy.
In summary, the distributed computing environment enables a single point of control for
operation management and analysis while providing geo-redundancy, elastic capacity and
multi-site capabilities. These features reduce the capital expenditures while ensuring
reliable service.
product satisfies the system capacity and geographical demands while managing the resources
efficiently.
Common Servers
RNCa RNCb
Rural
Dense Urban
Sub-Urban
utilization and no external connectivity) until required to provide service. When the failure
to the service providing site occurs, the shadow application tenant takes over service. This
fail over capability provides minimal service outages providing geographic redundancy.
The geographic redundancy ensures high reliability of the Wireless Cloud Element.
Management
• local & remote configuration and management
• policy & port-based mirroring
• sFlow & RMON (RFC 3176 & 2819)
• IEEE 802.1AB LLDP (Link Layer Discovery Protocol)
• IEEE 802.3ah & 802.1ag Ethernet OAM
QoS
• DSCP (Differentiated Service Code Point) marking configurable according to
3GPP traffic classification
• IEEE 802.1Q priority bit marking configurable according to DSCP marking
• 8 priority-based hardware queues per port
• mix of strict priority and fair-share scheduling
Transport Reliability
• path diversity:
– route redundancy
– load balancing
• quick fault detection and failover (< 500 ms)
• IEEE 802.1AX link aggregation & LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol)
• multi-chassis link aggregation (MC-LAG)
• STP (Spanning Tree Protocol), MSTP (Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol, RSTP
(Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol)
Security
• SSH (Secure Shell) & PKI Capable (Public Key Infrastructure)
• RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service)
• TACACS (Terminal Authentication Controller Access Control System)
• Line Rate ACLs (Access Control List)
• MAC (Media Access Control) Address Lockdown
• STP Root Guard
2.12 Compatibility
The WCE UMTS Radio Network Controller tenant is compatible with NodeBs and controllers in
the existing network architecture. Additional changes are not required to incorporate the
WCE product into existing networks, providing IP transport is supported.
CS
Networ
Element
WCE RNC Element
IP ATM
Transport
ATM
ATM Transport
Network
Transport
IpTransport
Transport
ATM
Networks
Transport Networks
IpIPTransport
Transport
Network
Transport
Transport
IP Transport Networks
Networks
PS
Networ
Element
3.2 Architecture
This section describes the UMTS Radio Network Controller tenant architecture. The major
processing units and their interactions will be described to demonstrate the UMTS RNC
capabilities.
The RNC is composed of 4 major processing entities known as roles:
• 3G Operational, Analysis, and Management (OAM)
• Cell Management Unit (CMU)
• User Management Unit (UMU)
• Protocol Converter (PC)
The 3G Operational, Analysis, and Management (OAM) process is responsible for interacting
with the Element Management System (EMS). Its responsibilities are:
• to retrieve configuration data from the EMS
• to gather fault and measurement data from the roles
• to communicate fault management information to the EMS
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WIRELESS CLOUD ELEMENT PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
UEU UEU
UEU
UEU UEU
UEU
UEU UEU
UEU UEU
UEU
UEU UEU
UEU
UEU UEU
UEU UEU
UEU Scale for
UEU UEU 100000s of Mobiles
UEU
UEU UEU
UEU UEU
UEU
UEU UEU
UEU
UEU UEU
UEU UEU
UEU
UEU UEU
UEU
UEU UEU
UMU UMU
UMU
UMU
Scale for
1000s of Cells
Dynamic
Un-spared
CMU
CMU
CMU
CMU
CMU
CMU
CMU
CMU PC PC
PC PC
UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP
CPRI
over fiber
network. This architecture allows the RNC to scale to infinite capacity limited specifically by
the capacity license.
1. Admission Control
2. Congestion Control
3. Power Control
Admission Control
The purpose of Admission Control is to admit or deny new users. Alcatel-Lucent's admission
control mechanism consists of two steps and is described in [1]:
• Radio Access Bearer (RAB) Matching – Performs the mapping of the requested RAB
onto one of the supported Radio Bearer (RB) configurations. This step includes a RAB
to RB mapping table which provides a mechanism to admit a RAB at a rate lower than
the requested Maximum Bit Rate (MBR) according to the cell load and user priority.
This function, called intelligent RAB Mapping (iRM), only applies to RABs with an
Interactive or Background Traffic Class (TC).
• Call Admission Control (CAC) – Located in the CRNC, it is the function responsible for
deciding whether a request to establish a RAB can be admitted in the UTRAN or not
based on the available resources. Radio CAC is based on power and OVSF codes in the
downlink (DL) and on interference in the uplink (UL) (note that other CAC decisions are
performed at transport and node level i.e. Node B and RNC). CAC is applied:
At initial admission
On RB reconfiguration: RB bit rate downgrading/upgrading, CELL_FACH to CELL_DCH
transition, etc …
On mobility: SHO, Inter-frequency HHO & 2G to 3G HHO
Congestion Control
The task of congestion control is to monitor, detect and handle situations when the system is
reaching an overload situation with users that are already connected.
Alcatel-Lucent's congestion control provides two ways to fight against overload:
• Preventive actions to avoid overload, using iRM
• If overload happens, congestion handling mechanisms bring the system back to normal
load, this is achieved by the iRM pre-emption feature, described in [2]
Power Control
This group of functions controls the level of transmitted power in order to minimize
interference and maintain the quality of the connections. Alcatel-Lucent supports:
• DL and UL Outer Loop Power Control
• DL and UL Inner Loop Power Control and DL power balancing
• UL Open Loop Power Control
Alcatel-Lucent Power control features are described in [4].
Radio Measurements
This function performs measurements on radio channels (located in UE and UTRAN). The
UTRAN processes these measurements and uses them for Radio Resource Management (RRM).
In addition to these functions, Alcatel-Lucent's RRM solution also provides a set of
sophisticated features allowing an operator to make the best use of his radio resources such
as:
• Switching from CELL_DCH to CELL_FACH and further to CELL_PCH/URA_PCH (and vice
versa) based on user activity (Always-On feature), described in [3]
• RB bit rate downgrading and upgrading based on radio conditions (iRM Scheduling
feature), described in [1]
• Adapt the RB to the application data rate (RB Rate Adaptation Feature), described in
[4]
HSPA Supported
The Alcatel-Lucent UMTS RNC and the entire Node B portfolio support HSPA (both DL and UL)
from day one.
HSPA+ Supported
The Alcatel-Lucent UTRAN supports HSPA+ services to allow support of category 12 and 14
terminals.
3.7 Compatibility
The WCE UMTS RNC tenant is compatible with the Node B and existing radio controller. It
adheres to the 3GPP specifications for all interfaces. Additionally, the RNC adheres to the
security standards to ensure a secure reliable application. The Wireless Cloud Element UMTS
RNC application is compatible application ready for operation in radio access networks.
3.8 Evolution
Features within the UMTS RNC application will be added with each release of the product.
Network Operators can request specific features through Alcatel-Lucent Regional Teams.
Future release of this RNC application will scale to 3GPP standard.
3.9 Benefits
The Wireless Cloud Element UMTS Radio Network Controller provides a flexible and scalable
solution for network operators. Incorporating this application into their network, the
operators will achieve a reduction in capital and operational spending as a result of the
following benefits:
• Reduction in the number of RNCs because of the ability to configure larger RNCs
• Reduction in the footprint required for the RNCs because fewer RNCs are required
• Reduction in inter-RNC connectivity because fewer RNCs are required
• Ability to increase capacity without impacts to the network
• Reduction in power requirements because fewer RNCs are required and there is
better optimized equipment
• Reduction in IuR and IuB re-homing and re-parenting activities because the RNCs can
accommodate more NodeB connections and the RNC capacity can increase with
outages
• Reduction in physical sites as the RNC can accommodate large capacity and cover a
large physical area
• Reduction in general maintenance activities because there are fewer RNCs to
maintain
The Wireless Cloud Element UMTS Radio Network Controller is a cost effective application
with the ability to satisfy capacity requirements while reducing capital and operational
spending.
4.3 Benefits
ALPS is uniquely differentiated due to:
An entirely software based solution that is cost effective, fast to deploy and easy to
maintain, with no network impact to support a uniform LTE network with continuous E911
and if needed LBS service. For example, a UE with SUPL client can use a User Plane solution
to get LBS service and UE without SUPL client can use a Control Plane to get the same
service.
o Integrates with existing location platforms using available measurements in
positioning calculations where appropriate
o Provides overlay E911 support in green field environments to support Operator’s
plans and objectives
o Single integrated E911, LBS, and LI Location Platform
An intelligent context-aware positioning capability using a robust set of positioning
technologies for all environments to fully meet and exceed Operator’s guidelines for
location identification in all terrains. Ensures application specific accuracy and timing for
all applications supporting 2G, 3G, and 4G voice and data handsets and devices.
o Outdoors and Urban: CID, ECID, AGNSS, OTDOA, WLS, and True Hybrid
o Dense urban and light indoors: WLS, AGNSS, OTDOA, True hybrid
o Indoors: Wi-Fi, DAS, Macro/Pico/Femto, WLS, True-Hybrid
o Supports all site types: Macro, Pico, DAS, Femto, DAS and WiFi
o Supports both on-demand and idle mode
Offering
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WIRELESS CLOUD ELEMENT PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
5 FUTURE EVOLUTION
The Wireless Cloud Element is a software product capable of supporting multiple tenants.
The Element Management System (EMS) is an example of an additional tenant to be added in
a future release. Additional tenants will be incorporated into the WCE product to provide a
complete radio access network solution that is easily managed, scalable, and flexible.
Features in the tenants will be enhanced and new features will be incorporated into the
product. New features and enhancements can be requested through Alcatel-Lucent customer
account teams.
Alcatel-Lucent is dedicated to providing and evolving their product portfolio to satisfy the
needs of the Radio Access Network operators.
6 APPENDICES
EMC Emissions
Regulatory Standards Description
CFR 47 FCC Part 15 Class A United States (Federal Communications
Commission – FCC)
CISPR 24 Information Technology Equipment - Immunity
characteristics - Limits and methods of
measurement (International)
EN 55024 Information Technology Equipment - Immunity
characteristics - Limits and methods of
measurement (EU)
ICES-003 Class A Spectrum Management: Interference-causing
equipment standard (Digital Apparatus) (Canada)
EMI Immunity
Regulatory Standards Region
ETSI 300-386 Europe
CISPR 22 International
DC Powered Equipment
Regulatory Standards Description
ANSI-T1.315 Voltage Levels for DC Powered Equipment Used
in the Telecommunications Environment (US)
EN 300 132-2 Power supply interface at the input to
telecommunications equipment; Part 2: Operated
by direct current (dc) (EU)
GR-499-Core Transport System Generic Requirements (TSGR):
Common Requirements (NA)
European Directives
Directive Description
DIRECTIVE 2004/108/EC Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
DIRECTIVE 2006/95/EC Low Voltage Directive (LVD)
DIRECTIVE 2002/95/EC Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous
Substances in Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (RoHS)
DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
(WEEE)
A–F
Abis BSC To BTS Interoperability Specification
ACL Access Control List
ALPS Alcatel-Lucent Positioning System
ASP A Signalling Processing
AGNSS Assisted Global Navigation Satellite System
AGPS Assisted Global Positioning System
BSC Base Station Controller
BSS Base Station Subsystem
BSSAP BSS GPRS Protocol
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CAC Call Admission Control
CAPEX Capital Expenditures
CBC Cell Broadcast Centre
CCP Call Control Processing
CELL_DCH Dedicated Channel
CELL_FACH Forward Access Channel
CELL_PCH Cell Paging Channel
CFP Central (Telecom) Function Processing
CID Cell Id
CPU Computer Processing Unit
CS Circuit Switched
DAS Distributed Antennae Systems
DCT Digital Trunk Controller
DSCP Differentiated Service Code Point
ECID Enhanced Cell Id
EDGE Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution
EGNOS European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
EMS Element Management System
eSMLC Evolved Serving Mobile Location Center
FCC Federal Communications Commission
G–M
GMLC Gateway Mobile Location Center
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GPRSAP
GPS Global Positioning System
GSM Global System for Mobile communications
GUI Graphical User Interface
HW Hardware
HHO Hard Handover
IP Internet Protocol
IOT Inter-Operability Testing
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
iRM Intelligent RAB Matching
IUrG Iur-GSM
LACP Link Aggregation Control Protocol
LBS Location Based Services
LLDP Link Layer Discovery Protocol
WCE Wireless Cloud Element
MAC Media Access Control
MBR Maximum Bit Rate
MC-LAG Multi-chassis Link Aggregation
MFS Multi-BSS Fast Packet Server
MME Mobile Management Entity
MSC Mobile Services Switching Center
MSTP Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol
MUXTRAUP Multiplexed TRAU Protocol
N-R
NEM Network Element Manager
O&M Operation and Maintenance.
OA&M Operation, Administration and Maintenance.
OAM&P Operations, Administration, Maintenance and Provisioning
OMCP O&M Control Processing
OPEX Operation Expenditures
OTDOA Observed Time Difference of Arrival
PCU Packet Control Unit
PKI Public Key Infrastructure
PoR Plan of Record
PMU Processing Management Unit
PS Packet Switched
QoS Quality of Service
RAB Radio Access Bearer
RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service
RAN Radio Access Network
RB Radio Bearer
RNC Radio Network Controller
RRM Radio Resources Management
RSTP Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
RTP Real-time Transport Protocol
S-Z
SBAS Space Based Augmentation System
SC Small Cell
SFP Small Form Pluggable
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
SHO Soft Handover
SLP Service Location Protocol
SMS-CB Short Message Service Cell Broadcast
SMLC Service Mobile Location Center
SS7 Common Channel Signalling number 7
SSH Secure Shell
STP Spanning Tree Protocol
SUPL Secure User Plane Location
TACACS Terminal Authentication Controller Access Control System
TC Traffic Class
TCU Terminal Controller Unit
TD-SCDMA Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access
TRX Transceiver
UE User Equipment
UMTS Universal Mobile telecommunication System
URA_PCH Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network Registration Area Paging channel
US United States
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
WAAS Wide Area Augmentation Systems
WLS Wireless Location Signatures
6.3.2 Glossary
Gb Interface between the base station subsystem and the SGSN
Interface
3GPP A technical specification for 3rd Generation Mobile Systems.
LINUX A unix-like operating system
Node B The element in a UMTS network which interfaces with the mobile station,
analogous to a Base Station in a GSM network.
RMON A standard for monitoring specification that enables various network monitors
and console systems to exchange network-monitoring data.
sFLOW A technology used for monitoring network, wireless, and host devices
Tenant An application managed by the Wireless Cloud Element platform