Name:

KEY

Science 10
Unit C: Biology
(Flow of Matter in Living Systems)

1
 Biology Outcomes

§ Students will explain the relationship between developments in imaging technology and the
current understanding of the cell

§ Students will describe the function of cell organelles and structures in a cell, in terms of life
processes, and use models to explain these processes and their applications

§ Students will analyze plants as an example of a multicellular organism with specialized
structures at the cellular, tissue and system levels

§ Students will use instruments effectively and accurately for collecting data

2
 Development of the Cell Theory
Spontaneous Generation
from
§ emerge spontaneously
It is the idea that life could ______________________________________________________________________________
matter
living
___________________________________________________
non -

19th
§
century
This idea lasted through to the ________________________________
§ How did this work?

Francesco Redi (1668)
§ spontaneously
He was questioning the idea that maggots could just ________________________________________________
appear
from raw meat
§ laid their
He hypothesized that the flies _______________________________________ in the meat
eggs
flasks
containing raw meat
§ To test this, he set out _____________________________________________________________________ so he could
control the access of flies to the meat
§ sealed
Some were ______________ to the air, some were ____________________________ and others were
open
covered in
___________________________________________
gauze
§ left
Maggots only appeared in the flasks that were __________________________ for the flies to access the
open
meat

3
John Needham (1745)
§ existed
He wanted to prove that spontaneous generation ________________________
§ chicken broth
He boiled ___________________________________, put it in a flask, and sealed it
§ still appeared
Microorganisms ______________________________________
§ He believed that he proved spontaneous generation existed
§ life force
He suggested there was a “______________________________” that produced a spontaneous generation








Lazzaro Spallanzani (mid 1700’s)
§ micro-organisms air
Believed that ____________________________________________ in the ______________ caused the new growth
§ He re-did Needham’s experiment, but made some changes
§ two sealed one
He used ______________ flasks, put boiled broth in both, __________________________________ and sucked
the air out of it, and left the other _________________ to the air
open
§ had growth did not
He saw that the one left open ________________________________ and the sealed one ____________________
§ People still didn’t believe him because they believed all he proved is that you need air for
spontaneous generation

4
Schleiden and Schwann (1838)
§ plants composed of cells
M.J. Schleiden observed that all ________________________________________________________________________
were

nucleus
and he proposed the ____________________________ was in fact the structure responsible for the
development of the rest of the cell.
§ animal
physiology
He discussed his work with Schwann, who was studying ____________________________________________
similarities
§ Schwann believed there must be _______________________________ between plant and animal tissues.
all plants and animals are
§ Schleiden and Schwann proposed that ________________________________________________________________

composed of cells and that the cell was the

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
basic unit of all
organisms
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Louis Pasteur (1864)
§ boiled broth
He _________________________________ to kill any
microorganisms
§ He put the broth in a flask with an

shaped neck
_______________________________________
s -

§ could
This meant that air ___________________ reach the
broth, but the dust could not
§ Nothing
________________________ grew in the broth until the
broth had ________________________ to dust (and
access

microorganisms)



Characteristics of an Experiment
§ constant
Controlled Variables: conditions that are held ____________________________ throughout an
experiment (ex. broth type, flask type, light, temperature).
§ deliberately changed
Manipulated Variable: a condition ____________________________________________________________ in an
experiment (ex. access of dust to the flask).
§ changes in response
Responding Variable: a condition that ________________________________________________________ to the
manipulated variable (ex. ability to grow mould in the broth).

5
Cell Theory (1830’s)
§ The cell theory states:

one or more cells and the
1) All living things are made up of _________________________________________________________________________
materials produced by these cells
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

take
place in cells , making them the
2) All life functions _________________________________________________________________________________________
smallest unit of life
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

pre-existing cells through the

3) All cells are produced from _____________________________________________________________________________
of cell division
process
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Early Microscopes and Microscopists
&
Developments in Imaging Technology

§ Microscope
_____________________________________: an instrument with a lens or system of lenses for magnifying
specimens.

§ Microscopist
_____________________________________: a person trained in the use of the microscope.



Hans and Zacharias Janssen (1595)
§ compound microscope
Are said to have developed the first ___________________________________________________ (a microscope
two
that contains _______________ or more lenses).
§ two lens system
It was a _________________________________________________ that
-

ocular
consisted of an _______________________ lens (the eyepiece)

objective
and an ____________________________ lens
§ 20 ×
It had a magnifying power of approximately ______________

6
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (late 1600’s)
§ single-lens microscope
He invented a simple ______________________________________________________________
§
magnifying glass
Worked like a very powerful _____________________________________________________
§ He made very detailed drawings of what he saw
§ These were the first observations of individual free-living cells and he called these cells
animalcules
“____________________________________”
§ 250 ×
His microscope had a magnification of approximately __________________









Robert Hooke (1665)
§ three lens
He used a handmade _______________________________ microscope that consisted of the
ocular field objective
___________________ lens (the eyepiece), the ________________ lens, and the ________________________ lens.
§ cell
He coined the term “_____________” while looking at pieces of cork

7
Confocal Microscope (1980’s to present day)
§ light
In this microscope, a laser concentrates __________________
onto a specimen, the reflection passes through a tiny
confocal pinhole
opening called a _______________________________________ and
reaches an electronic detector that turns the light into

image
an _______________________
§ The result is a high-resolution picture of a thin section
of the object
§ It combines multiple sections together to create a
3D
image
______________________________



Electron Microscope(s) (1930’s to present)
§ beam of electrons
Uses a ___________________________________________________ instead of light waves
§ There are two types of electron microscopes:

Transmission Electron Microscope
1) _________________________________________________________________________ (TEM)

tiny
o ________________ objects can be seen (compared to those seen with a light microscope)
o Some can magnify up to 1 500 000x (only with non-biological/non-living materials)
o Specimen must be stained and very thin
o Difficult to get a 3D picture
o More than _______________ the detail of a light microscope
100 ×

Scanning Electron Microscope

2) _________________________________________________________________________ (SEM)
o 3-D image is produced
o Magnify up to 300 000x (with biological/living materials)
o Able to see structural components of the cell ____________________ before seen
never

8
 Cell Research at the Molecular Level
Gene Mapping
§ With microscopes, scientists were able to view chromosomes which showed that the material
DNA
in the chromosomes was _________________
§ Human Genome Project
This allowed the _________________________________________________________________ to take place
§ In 2001 scientists all over the world collaborated to map out human chromosomes
§ Lead to gene mapping of many different species (e.g. crop plants, other animals, etc.)

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Technology and Genetic Studies
§ First found in luminescent jellyfish
§ The protein glows a bright green when exposed to
ultraviolet light
__________________________________________
§ certain parts of
Scientists can attach GFP to ___________________________________________
cells
___________________ that they wish to study
§ degenerative
GFP technology is being used to study _______________________________
diseases
_______________________ such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s which
will hopefully lead to treatment breakthroughs




X-Ray Crystallography
§ and special
The study of the structure of molecules by means of _________________________________________________
✗
rays
-

_______________________ that analyze patterns of X-ray scattering.

sensors

§ 3D shape
Computer technology is then used to create a ________________________________ of the molecule.

9
 Practice Questions
1) What is meant by spontaneous generation? Provide an example.
That life could emerge spontaneously from non-living matter. To spontaneously
get mice you only needed to have dirty clothing and wheat and then wait 21
days.




2) State the three components of the cell theory.
1) All living things are made up of one or more cells and the materials produced
by those cells

2) All life functions take place in cells, making them the smallest unit of life

3) All cells are produced from pre-existing cells through the process of cell
division

3) Describe the work of Louis Pasteur in refuting the theory of spontaneous generation.
He put boiled broth in a flask with an S-shaped neck. Nothing grew in the broth
until the broth had access to dust and microorganisms.




4) The microscope invented by Hans and Zacharias Janssen is considered to be a compound
microscope. Why?
It is considered a compound microscope because it was composed of 2 (or more)
lenses. It consisted of an ocular lens and an objective lens.

10
5) State what you consider to be Schleiden and Schwann’s contribution to microscopy and the
understanding of the cell.
They proposed that all plants and animals are composed of cells and that the
cell was the basic unit of all organisms




6) Explain what is meant by a “control” in an experiment.

It is the variable that stays constant throughout an experiment.





7) Pick two of the following - gene mapping, green fluorescent protein or x-ray crystallography.
Give a brief summary on what each one is.

Gene mapping: using microscopes to view chromosomes which showed that the
material in the chromosomes was DNA. Used this knowledge to map out the
genes of many species.

Green fluorescent protein (GFP): GFP glows bright green when exposed to UV
light. Can attach it to certain parts of cells they wish to study. Is used to study
diseases.

X-Ray Crystallography: The study of the structure of molecules by means of x-
rays and special sensors that analyze patterns of x-ray scattering to create a 3D
shape.

11
 The Compound Light Microscope

eyepiece
or ocular lens
body tube

revolving
nosepiece
arm
low
power
objective lens

medium power
objective lens

high power stage

objective lens

stage clips
coarse

adjustment knob

fine
diaphragm adjustment knob

light source

base

12
 Microscope Part Function

1)
body tube Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses.

Contains the objective lenses. Can be rotated to

2)
revolving nosepiece change magnification (power).

3) low
power objective lens
A second set of lenses. Each has a different
4) medium
power objective lens magnification power.
5) high objective lens
power
6)
stage clips Stage clips hold the slides in place.

A rotating disk under the stage. It has different

7)
diaphragm sized holes to allow you to regulate the amount of
light on the specimen.

8)
light source Supplies the light required to view the specimen.

ocular lens The lens that you look through.

9)
eyepiece
or

Supports the tube and connects it to the base. Used

10) arm
to support the microscope when you carry it.

11)
stage The flat platform where you place your slides.

Moves the stage up and down for focusing. **ONLY

12)
coarse
adjustment knob
USE WHEN ON THE LOWEST OBJECTIVE LENS**

13) fine
adjustment knob Moves the stage slightly to sharpen the image.

14) base The bottom of the microscope, used for support.

13
Developments in Imaging Technology and Staining Techniques
§ There are three things that affect what we see in a microscope:
high contrast
Contrast
§ colours or shades
Difference between __________________________________________________
§ Light passes through cells in what is called

bright field microscopy

___________________________________________________________
§
light
By manipulating the _____________________________________, the contrast is
source

altered between the structures in the cell

§ an improved image
Result: __________________________________________________
low contrast


§ stain
One way to increase contrast is to add a ___________________
o Stains or colouring agents adhere to different parts of the cell
o Stains further improve contrast
o Types of stains: methylene blue, iodine
kills
o Disadvantage: staining _________________ the cells, cannot view
tissue
living
_____________________________________

14
Resolution
§ distinguish
Resolution or Resolving Power: The ability to _______________________________ between two
close together
structures that are very _____________________________________________
§ detail
High resolution allows you to see _______________________
§ pixels
The individual dots or squares of colour we see are called _____________________
§ lower
Less pixels (less squares) = ______________________ resolution
§ higher
More pixels (more squares) in the same area = ________________________ resolution





high
resolution
low
resolution

15
 Practice Questions
1) Complete the crossword puzzle below. If the answer is more than one word, do NOT leave a
space between the words when entering it into the boxes.

Microscope Parts
R
OBJECTIVE LENS F
O V I

D O N
Y L E
V DIAPHRAGM
T
-
R D
N M J
G U L
N 5 I
0 T G
S M H
COARSE ADJUSTMENT
P N S
B I T 0

STAGE CLIPS U
S C R
EYEPIECE C

Horizontal
2. A
set of lenses that each have a different
magnification.
5. Used to regulate the amount of light on the
specimen.
8. The knob used to move the stage up and down for
focusing
10. Used to hold slides in place.
11. The lens that you look through.
12. The platform where you place your slides.
STAGE
Vertical
1. Rotating piece that contains the objective lenses.
3. Connects the lenses together.
4. The knob used to move the stage slightly to
sharpen the image.
6. Used to support the microscope when you carry
it.
7. Supplies the light required to view the specimen
9. The bottom of the microscope

16
2) Label the parts of the microscope below.




eyepiece
or ocular lens body tube

revolving nosepiece


arm


objective lenses




stage

stage clips


coarse

adjustment knob
diaphragm


fine
adjustment knob light source

base







3) Describe in your own words the difference between contrast and resolution.

-Contrast is the difference between colours and/or shades

-Resolution is the ability to distinguish between two structures that are very
close together.

17
 Magnification

§ When looking into a compound microscope, you are looking through two lenses.
ocular lens
o the lens in the eyepiece (_____________________________________)

objective lens
o the ____________________________________________

§ 10x
In our school microscopes, the magnification of the lens in the eyepiece is ________________

§ The school microscope has three different objective lenses.
• 4×
low power = _________________
• 10x
medium power = _________________
• 40 ×
high power = ________________

o To calculate the magnification of your microscope, multiply the ocular (eyepiece)
magnification by the objective magnification.


total
of ocular lens) (
(
power of objective lens)
power
=

magnification



o On our school microscope, the total magnification for:
a) Low power is
( 10x)( 4×7=40 ×

b) Medium power is
( 10x)( 10 ×) =
100 ×

c) High power is

(10x)(40×7=400 ×

18
Field of View
§ The field of view (F.O.V.) is the area that can be seen when looking through the lens of a
microscope.
§ decreases increases
The FOV ________________________________ as the magnification ________________________________
§ Calculating the FOV:

F0Va=Ma9B}in

data book

FOVB Maga

1) If for a particular microscope, the low power magnification is 4x, the high-power magnification
is 10x and the low-power field view is 4.5mm. What is the high-power field of view?


Maga -_4× FOVA Ma9B
=
> For
,z=(
4.5mm)(4×)
Mag ,3=lOx MAGA
)
FOVB 10x

F0Va= 4.5mm 4.5mm 10X
FOVB -1.8mm
FOVB =
?
FOVB
_ '
4×



2) If for a particular microscope, the low power magnification is 4x, the low-power field view is
5.3 mm and the high-power field of view is 0.53 mm. What is the high-power magnification?


Maga -_4×
FOVA Magi} (5.3mm)(4×1
F0Va= 5.3mm
=

FOVB Maga
>
Ma9B= 0.53mm



-5043=0-53mm
Magi}= ? 5.3mm - Magi} ] Mag ,z=4Ox
0.53mm' s4x



§ Calculating the actual size of an object:
Field of View
size of
object =

# of objects estimated to fit across FOV

soo
__Ff}in data book
19
3) You are looking at an object under a microscope. Your field of view is measured to be 1.6 µm.
You estimate that you could fit the object 6 times in your field of view. What is the actual size of
the object?

For
FOV= I. 6mm 500 __

fit >SOO 0.26666667mm

-_



fit
SOO ?
6
-_

=
500=1 -6mm ] 500=0 3rem .

6


4) You are looking at the object pictured below under a microscope. Your field of view is
measured to be 4.5 mm. What is the actual size of the object?

45mm
fit -_
10mm
10mm

/ /

FOV= 4.5mm FOV
soo __ fit -_ 4.5
fi -1=4.5 fit 45mm

500=7 4.5mm
500=4.5
.

500=1.0 mm


§ Unit Conversions
o In biology we tend to look at really small objects therefore we commonly use
millimeters (mm) and micrometers (µm) to measure them.
o This means that we have to be comfortable with unit conversions between the two.
o In your data booklet you have the conversion factors

5) Convert the following from mm to µm or µm to mm:
a) w
125 µm b)w
850 µm c) 0.045 mm
wit

0.125mm 0.850mm 45mm

d)
W
75 µm e) 0.93 mm
wit
f) 4392 µm
w

0.075mm 930rem 4.392mm

20
 Practice Questions
1) Calculate the total magnification of the different lens combinations below.

Ocular Objective Total Magnification

a) 10x 4x ( 10x)(4×1=40 ×

b) 15x 10x ( 15×740×7=150

c) 5x 12x (5×142×7=60-1

2) What are the different possible magnifications of a microscope with an ocular lens marked 10x
and objective lenses marked 5x, 15x, 30x and 60x?

( 10×76×7=50 × (10x)(30×7=300-1


( 10×745×7=150 × ( 10×1160×7=600

3) Convert the following measurements from millimeters to micrometers or micrometers
millimeters:

a) 5900 µm
w
b) 61000 µm
w
c) 0.083 mm
w


5.9mm 61mm 83µm

d) 17483 µm
W
e) 9.2 mm
W
f) 4.72 µm
W

17.483mm 9200µm 0.00472mm

4) A microscope has a low power magnification of 10x and a high power magnification of 40x. If
the low power field of view diameter is 4.3 mm, what is the high power field of view diameter?
Put your answer in both millimeters and micrometers.

> For
,z=(
4.3mm)(10×1

Ma9
FOVA Ma9B
Maga 10x __

= 40x
Mag ,3=40× FOVB
.ge?-gnmmF0VB=lO75MMFOVa=4.3mm4.3mmr=H0x
FOVB =
? 043=1 5-043=1 103µm f- .
/ mm .
/ ✗

Forge yox 21
?⃝
5) A microscope has a high power field of view of 3.5 mm and a low power field of view of 8.75
mm. If the high power magnification is 50x, what is the low power magnification?

Maga=5Ox FOVA Magi} (3.5mm)(50×7
Ma9B=8.75mm-
>

]
=

Mag ,z= ? FOVB Maga
FOVa= 3.5mm 3.5mm r=,Ma9B
FOVB -8.75mm sgox
Ma9B=20×
8.75mm

6) You are looking at an object under a microscope. Your field of view is measured to be 3.8mm.
You estimate that you could fit the object 12 times in your field of view. What is the actual size
of the object?
For
ˢ°°=
FOV -3.8mm fit 7500=0.31666667 mm


fit 12
500=7
-_

500=3 _ 8mm ] 500=0-32mm

.
12

7) The objects below are what you are viewing under a microscope. What is the actual size of
each object?

a) FOV = 89 µm 4.6cm FOV
fit -_ soo
-_

fit
I. 2cm
1.2cm
fi -1=3.83333333 89mm
500=3.83333333

FOV=89µm 500=23.2173913 Mm
4.6cm fit 3.83333333
-_

soo -_ 23µm
500=2 .

b) FOV = 12 mm
4.6cm
fit __
0.8cm

goo=FOV
fit
fi -1=5.75
0.8cm
500=12 mm

5.75
FOV -42mm
4.6cm
fit 5.75-_ 500=2.08695652 mm

500=2 .
500=2 / mm
.

22
 The Cell as an Efficient, Open System
Levels of Organization organelle
§ ordered
All characteristics of life come from a highly ______________________________
structure
______________________________
§ It starts very simple, and every new level gets ___________________ complex
more cell

§ Cells are the basic unit of life and as such, they maintain life processes,
such as:
intake of nutrients
o __________________________________________________________________________
tissue
o movement and growth
__________________________________________________________________________
o respond to stimuli
__________________________________________________________________________

exchange
o __________________________________________________________________________
gases
remove waste
o __________________________________________________________________________
organ
reproduce
o __________________________________________________________________________

§ Two basic types of cells:

1) Prokaryotes (“before nucleus”)
organ
system
without
o Organisms ____________________________ a cell nucleus
o No membrane bound organelles
o Single celled organisms
small
o Very ____________________ in size

2) Eukaryote (“true nucleus”)
nucleus
o Contains a ______________________________ organism
membrane
o Has many organelles surrounded by a _____________________________

larger
o ________________________ than prokaryotes

single or multi cellular

o Can be ________________________________________________________
-

organisms
o Examples: plant cell, animal cell, amoeba’s

23
 Plant and Animal Cell Structures
Animal Cell smooth
nucleus endoplasmic
a k reticulum

nucleus

rough b j
lysosomes
endoplasmic
reticulum c

ribosome
d

centrioles Golgi


e i apparatus

h cell
membrane

g



cytoplasm

f
mitochondria

Plant Cell cell
wall cell

nucleus
l
w membrane
v
m
u vacuole
rough
endoplasmic


reticulum n t
cytoplasm
ribosome o







smooth p
endoplasmic

s chloroplast
reticulum
r mitochondria
Golgi 24

q
apparatus
 Cell Structure Function Memory Tool

§ protective barrier
_____________________________________________
a

cell § transport
Allows the _______________________ of needed materials
Canada /USA
into the cell and waste materials out of the cell
membrane border
§ Important for interaction, communication, and
recognition of molecules

DNA
§ Contains __________________
§ directs
______________________ all cellular activities
nucleus
Brain
§ Surrounded by nuclear envelope: has pores to allow
transport of material

§ gel like
__________________ substance inside the cell membrane
-

§ nutrients
Contains __________________________ required by the cell stapler
cytoplasm
§ Surrounds the organelles in
jello
§ Allows for movement of organelles

§ plants
Found in _______________________ only
brick castle
cell wall
§ rigid
A _____________________ frame that provides strength
wall
and support

§ plants
Found only in __________________________ solar

chloroplast

§
chlorophyll
Contain ______________________________ (produces a
panels
green colour)
⑤ ⑤ EE
§ photosynthesis
The site of __________________________________________

§ Bounded by a membrane
In animal cells: There are _________________ small ones
§
many
vacuole

§
that store food, cell products and excess fluids
one
In plant cells: There is _______________ large one used
fridge
to store water

25
 Cell Structure Function Memory Tool


§ Sacs within the cell that contain strong chemicals trash

digest
that _______________________ molecules
defend
collectors
lysosomes § They ______________________ against bacteria and
breakdown
______________________________ damaged cells
OR
suicide
§ animal
In __________________________ cells only bomber


§ Series of tubes extending from nuclear envelope.
§ transported
Materials can be ____________________________ through
these tubes

endoplasmic
§
rough
____________________ endoplasmic reticulum:
long curvy

reticulum
protein synthesis
associated with ________________________________________
road
(has ribosomes attached)
§ smooth
____________________ endoplasmic reticulum:
fat production
associated with ___________________________________
(does not have ribosomes attached)

§
produced
Granules where proteins are __________________________

ribosome § attached
May be _______________________________to the rough butcher
endoplasmic reticulum


§ Flat, disk-shaped sacs
Golgi
§ transporting
Involved in ______________________________ substances
post-office
apparatus from endoplasmic reticulum out of the cell

cellular respiration
§
§
Sites of _______________________________________________
Chemical energy in sugars is converted to energy
battery

mitochondria
the cell can use
now
§

powerhouse
The ________________________________________ of the cell

§ Two short rods made from microtubules
centrioles
§ cell division
Thought to be involved in _____________________________ photocopier
§ animal
Only found in ______________________________ cells

26
 Practice Questions
1) Is the picture below of a plant or animal cell? How do you know?

This is a plant cell. We know because it is more square like/rigid, it has a cell wall,
chloroplasts, and a large vacuole.


2) Label the cell diagram below.

smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum

Golgi

apparatus
nucleus

ribosome

rough
endoplasmic
reticulum


vacuole



mitochondria
chloroplast

cell wall
cell
membrane cytoplasm

27
 3) Is the picture below of a plant or animal cell? How do you know?
This is an animal cell. We know because it is more round, does not have a
cell wall or chloroplast, it does have centrioles.


4) Label the cell diagram below.
smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum

centrioles
nucleus

cytoplasm

ribosome
Golgi
apparatus
mitochondria

lysosomes
lysosomes cell
membrane

28
5) Fill in the Venn diagram below.

Animal Cell Organelles Plant Cell Organelles

nucleus cell wall

lysosomes
cytoplasm
centrioles ribosome
chloroplast
mitochondria
small cell membrane
many 1 vacuole
vacuoles
Golgi apparatus large
endoplasmic
reticulum

29
 The Cell Membrane
§ barrier
The membrane acts as a _________________________, allowing select substances in and out of the cell
§ The ability for the membrane to let only certain substances in and out makes it
semi
permeable
_______________________________________________
-

permeable
o __________________________________ means everything can pass through it
o impermeable
__________________________________ means nothing can pass through it

§
phospholipid bilayer
Consists of a ___________________________________________________
o Phospholipid
• love
A phosphate à polar/hydrophilic (_________________ water)
• hate
Lipids à Non-polar/hydrophobic (_________________ water)
o Bilayer
• two
Bi à means _________________

§ The cell membrane also contains:
1) Channel Proteins
__________________________________

specific
substances
o act like doors allowing passage of ______________________________________ in and out of the cell

passive transport
o are used in ____________________________________________________
2) carrier Proteins
__________________________________
o They carry specific substances across the membrane both with and against the
concentration gradient
______________________________________________________________
do
o They require ____________________ to go against the concentration gradient, and _____________
energy
NOT
require
_____________________________________________________ to go with the concentration gradient
energy
active
passive
o Are used in both _______________________ and _______________________ transport

30
 Fluid Mosaic Model
___________________________________________________
§ cell membrane
The name given to the model of the ______________________________________
§ The membrane needs to be flexible and move. It is not rigid like a wall.
§ The membrane is made up of

many different parts

_______________________________________________________________ = mosaic
§
moving
The mosaic pieces are continually ___________________________ = fluidity


Protective Barrier
§ It keeps the bad stuff out
§ It keeps the good stuff in


Transportation
§ open substances and
The cell is an _________________ system (_____________________________________________________________ can
energy
enter and leave the cell).
§ semi permeable
Cell membrane is _______________________________________________: it is a selective filter that only lets
-

certain substances in and out of the cell

§ Movement in and out of the cell is essential to survival
§ Behaviour of particles must be examined in order to understand what is occurring.


The Particle Model of Matter
1) All matter is made up of small particles called atoms
2) The particles in a substance are attracted to each other
3) All particles in a pure substance are the same
4) There are spaces between particles
5) Particles are always moving (The hotter the substance, the faster the particles move)

31
 Passive Transport
Diffusion
§
high
The natural movement of particles from an area of _________________ concentration to an area of
low
________________ concentration

§ End result is a state of equilibrium, in which the particles are still moving but they are
balanced
maintaining an overall ___________________________, even distribution

§
adding
The rate of diffusion can increase by _____________________________________ and increasing molecular
energy
movement







Diffusion in Cells
§ Diffusion of water or solutes can occur across a cell membrane if there is a difference between
the concentration of water or solutes on either side of the membrane

§ concentration gradient
This difference between the concentrations is called the ____________________________________________

§ The concentration gradient determines the direction in which water or solutes will move

§ passive transport
Diffusion is a form of __________________________________________________ in which _______________________
energy
(ATP - adenosine triphosphate) is NOT required. The energy within the particles themselves is
sufficient for the movement to occur

32
Facilitated Diffusion
§ water lipids
Substances that are soluble in ____________________ but not in ____________________ need some help
crossing the membrane
§ Movement is in response to a concentration gradient but needs help from a protein facilitator
§ passive
Facilitated diffusion is a form of ______________________________ transport

§ This is where the proteins in the membrane come in:

Channel Proteins
1) ____________________________________________________: create channels through which small water-
soluble molecules can move in response to a concentration gradient.

Carrier Proteins
2) ____________________________________________________: have the ability to attach to large molecules that
are not able to diffuse. The carrier protein changes shape and physically moves the molecule
into the cell. The protein then returns to its original shape.


Osmosis
§ If there is a concentration gradient across a cell membrane but the molecules can’t get through
water
the ___________________________ will move instead.
§ This is the process of osmosis
§ high water
Move from an area of _____________________________________ concentration (low solute) to an area of
low water
_______________________________________ concentration (high solute)





>

low solute in

high water
"
solute
high

low water 33
 "
think "

hyper means
slots of
candy "( solute)
"

To predict the direction of the net movement of water we need to compare solute concentrations
§ Hypertonic higher solute
________________________________ solution is a solution with a ________________________________________

gain
concentration (lower water concentration). Hypertonic solutions ____________________ water.

hypotonic
__
lower
§ Hypotonic lower solute
________________________________ solution is a solution with a ________________________________________
lose
concentration (higher water concentration). Hypotonic solutions ____________________ water.

Isotonic
§

equal solute
_______________________ solutions are solutions with __________________________________ concentrations.

Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic


- ^
<

i.
^
.

7
ii. :
.

:
i. ÷ .
.
'

I.
.
.

j
-
-
f ' '

iii. ii. :-. .

Active Transport
§
against
It is sometimes necessary for molecules to move ______________________________ the concentration
gradient.

§
energy input
This is called active transport and requires ________________________________________________

§ The cell may need to do this because it may be necessary for the concentration of materials
inside the cell or the expulsion of materials to outside the cell.

§ Think of active transport as swimming upstream. You need energy to make it work.

§ ATP(adenosine triphosphate
The energy needed for active transport is called _____________________________________________________ )

34
 Endocytosis And Exocytosis
§ Some molecules still can’t get through as they are too large
vesicles
o Last option: use _____________________ – sacs that surround the large particle and contain it

o Both endo and exo require _____________________ from the mitochondria
energy

Endocytosis
§ enter
“Think ____________________”
o The cell membrane forms a pocket around the cell and engulfs it.

Exocytosis
§ exit
“Think ____________________”
o Similar steps in the reverse order to rid of wastes
o A vesicle surrounds the particle, moves to the cell membrane, fuses with it and
ruptures, releasing the contents outside the cell.




endocytosis







exocytosis

35
 Practice Questions
bilayer
1) The overall structure of the cell membrane is the phospholipid _________________________________
(which means two layers)


fluid mosaic
2) The structure of the cell membrane is know as the ___________________________________________ model


3) The cell membrane is permeable / semi permeable / impermeable (circle one).

a) What does this mean in your own words?

The cell membrane will only let certain substances in and out of it.

4) In addition to phosphates, the membrane contains:

Lipids and proteins


5) What does ATP stand for? What is it used for?

ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. It is used as a source of energy for cells.

6) Passive Transport: allows molecules to move across the membrane with / without energy
input. (circle one). From an area of high / low concentration (circle one) to an area of high /
low concentration (circle one).


7) Active Transport: allows molecules to move across the membrane with / without energy
input. (circle one). From an area of high / low concentration (circle one) to an area of high /
low concentration (circle one)


8) What is the difference between a channel protein and a carrier protein?
Channel proteins are used in passive transport and carrier proteins are used in both
passive and active transport. Channel proteins are like doors that allow substances

to pass through. Carrier proteins (depending on the type) can carry substances

with or against the concentration gradient.
9) The difference in concentration on the two sides of the membrane is known as the
concentration gradient
_________________________________________________________________

10)What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

As large substances enter the cell, a vesicle forms around it to transport it with
endocytosis. As large substances exit the cell a vesicle fuses with the cell
membrane, ruptures and releases the substances through exocytosis. 36
11)Use the diagram below to answer the following questions.








A
a) Which is the hypertonic solution? ________
B
b) Which is the hypotonic solution? _________
B A
c) Osmosis will occur from _________ to __________
A B
d) Diffusion will occur from ________ to __________
e) At what point will the net movement of salt molecules and water cease?
When equilibrium is reached (when the concentration of A equals the
concentration of B).

f) If the membrane did not allow passage of salt would the process be diffusion or osmosis?

Osmosis

12)Use the diagram below to answer the following questions.








B
a) Which is the hypertonic solution? _________
A
b) Which is the hypotonic solution? __________
A B
c) Osmosis will occur from _________ to ________
A B
d) Diffusion of salt will occur from ________ to ________
B A
e) Diffusion of sugar will occur from _______ to ________

13)Why are osmosis and diffusion considered to be passive transport? What is the difference
between the two?
-They are considered passive transport because they do not require energy.
-Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration.
-Osmosis is the movement of water from high water concentration to low water

concentration. 37
 Surface Area and Volume of Cells
§ Size
______________________ is a real problem for a cell
§ Nutrients, water, and oxygen come through the membrane and must get to all parts of the cell
time needed
at the _____________________ they are ___________________________
§ eliminated
Waste products must be _________________________________ from the cell before they poison the cell.
§ surface
The rate at which the materials can enter or leave the cell is limited by the _______________________
area
larger
______________ of the cell membrane. The _______________________ the surface area, the ________________
more

materials can move in or out of the cell.

§ As the cell grows larger more materials are needed to “feed” the cell and more waste products
are produced which must be eliminated.
§ volume difficult
An increase in _________________________ will make it more _____________________ for the cell to survive
§ If the surface area of the cell increased at the same rate as its volume a large cell might be
possible. But does the surface area increase at the same rate?

Volume Calculations Surface Area Calculations
allindatabook

Cube: Cube:

Kube -_ 53
sAcube=6s2

Rectangular Prism: Rectangular Prism:

Vrect -1Wh

street __2lwt2lht2hw


Sphere: Sphere:

__4lTr2
Vsphere
-_
¥1173
SA
sphere

38
Surface Area to Volume Ratios
§ surface area
Tells us the amount of __________________________________ that is available per unit of
volume
________________________ (cm 2/cm3)

§ greater readily
The ___________________________ the surface area to volume ratio, the __________________________________
more

materials are able to enter/leave the cell

Surface Area to Volume Ratios for Different Size Cubes
SA/V Ratio
Cube Surface Area (cm2) Volume (cm3)
(cm2/ cm3)

5Acube=6s2 Kube -_ 53 SAN

Height: 1 cm
( 1cm)3 6cm%cm3
Width: 1 cm
Length: 1 cm
SAcube=( 6)( 1cm)2 Kube -_

Kube 1cm } 6cm 2km3

5Acube=6cm2 __

5Acube=6s2 Kube -_ 53 SAN

Height: 2 cm
2cm)3
}
Width: 2 cm (2cm)2 Kube ( 24cm 28cm

SAcube=(6)
-_

Length: 2 cm
3cm 2km3
}
SAcube=24cm2 Kube -_ 8cm

SAcube=6s2 Kube -_ 53 SAN

Height: 3 cm
)3 54cm 2127cm }
Width: 3 cm
Length: 3 cm
5Acube=( 6)( 3cm)2 Kube -13cm

5Acube=54cm2 Kube __
27cm } 2cm 2km3

5Acube=6s2 Kube -_ 53 SAN

Height: 4 cm }
sAcube=( 6)(4cm)2kube=( 4cm) 96cm 264cm }
Width: 4 cm
Length: 4 cm

SAcube=96cm2 Kube -_
64cm } 1.5cm 2km3

39
Maximizing Potential
§ shapes
Cells have developed ____________________________ that increase their surface area without
increasing their volume much

§ Examples:
• small intestine
Your _________________________________________ has small finger like projections called villi. The
maximized
villi help to increase the surface area so nutrient absorption can be _________________________










• roots of plants
The cells that line the ___________________________________________ have microscopic projections
root hairs
called ______________________________________.
• Having these root hairs increases the surface area to volume ratio to allow for better

absorption
__________________________________ of water and nutrients.

40
 Surface Area to Volume Ratios in Animals

big ears, slim
body ,
brown colours
>
high SAIV ratio

release treat easier











small round bodies , colours
ears
,
light > IOWSAIV ratio

hold onto héateasier

41

have extra large ears. The ears are used
Size results in low SA/V ratio which is why they
as a cooling mechanism for the elephant.

42
 Practice Questions
1) Fill in the table below.
Surface Area to Volume Ratios for Different Shapes
Volume SA/V Ratio
Shape Surface Area (cm2)
(cm3) (cm2/ cm3)

Cube
Kube -_ 53 5Acube=6s2 SAN
Height: 4 cm }
Kube -_
(4cm) sAcube=( 6)(4cm)2 96cm 264cm
}
Width: 4 cm
Length: 4 cm
Kube 64cm }
SAcube=96cm2 1.5cm 2km3
__

SA=2lwt2lht2hw

Rectangular V=lwh SAN

Prism SA=(2)(8cm)(2cm)
'd }
Height: 4 cm
V=(8cm)(2cm)(4cm)
+ (2)(8cm)(4cm) 112cm 64cm
+ (2)(4cm)(2cm)
Width: 2 cm
Length: 8 cm f- 64cm } 2 1.75cm 2km3
SA =/ 12cm
SA=2lwt2lht2hw
Rectangular V=lwh SA (2)(16cm)(2cm)
SAN
Prism __

'd
V=( 16cm)(2cm)(2cm) }
Height: 2 cm + (2)( 16cm)(2cm)
136cm 64cm
+ (2)(2cm )(2cm)
Width: 2 cm
F- 64cm } 2.125cm 2km3
Length: 16 cm
gA=,36cm2

V=¥tr3 5-1=411+2 SAN

Sphere }
Radius: 3 cm
✓
=¥lT(
3cm) 3cm)2
sA=4iT( 113cm
'd
113cm}

✓ =/ 13cm
}
5-1=113 Cma 1cm 2km3

V=¥tr3 5-1=4*2 SAN

Sphere 3
=¥lT(
}
887cm 22483cm
✓ 8. 4) g-1=4 # (g. 4)
2
Radius: 8.4 cm
} 0.36cm 2km3
✓ = 2483cm sA=887cm2

43
 Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms
§ Although cells can adopt special shapes, sooner or later they reach a size where their surface
area is inadequate to support the volume inside.

§ multicellular
In order to be larger than this an organism must become ________________________________, so the
divides
cell __________________________________

Total Organism Total Organism SA/V Ratio

Shape
Volume (cm3) Surface Area (cm2) (cm2/ cm3)

A Kube -_ 53 sAcube=6s2 SAN

One large cell with the
following dimensions:
✓cube -_(5cm) } SAcube=(6)(5cm)2 150cm 2125cm
}

Height: 5 cm
Width: 5 cm

t.2c.ms/cm3--l25cm3SAcube--l5OcmVcube--S35Acube--
2
Length: 5 cm Kube

B 652
Many small cells
working together. Kube ( Icm)
__
≥
sAcube=(6)( 1cm)2
SAN

Each individual cell Kube 1cm
}
-_ 5Acube=6cm2
has the following 750cm 2125cm }
There are 125 There are 125
dimensions:
6cm2cm3
"
"
cells
"
so
"
cells so

Height: 1 cm (6cm2)( 125)
( 1cm )( 125)
}
Width: 1 cm } 'd
Length: 1 cm 125cm 750cm

§ Based on the calculations in that chart above, why do cells become multicellular instead of just
bigger?
They would become multicellular to increase their surface area while keeping their
volume relatively low. This way their surface area to volume ratio becomes as high
as possible. 44
Unicellular
§ Made up of only a single cell
§ simple
Single celled organisms are NOT __________________________
§ A single celled organism can do most things we need trillions of cells to do.
§
Euglena
An example of a unicellular plant is: ____________________________ - a single celled green algae


Multicellular
§ Made up of two or more cells
§
specialized
Have ________________________________ cells
§
specific
There are various kinds of cells and each kind carries out a ____________________________ function
needed to support life
§
lodgepole pine
An example of a multicellular plant is a __________________________________________


Advantages of Being Multicellular
Division of Labour
1) ___________________________________________________: When cells are specialized for one particular

effectively and efficiently

function, they can perform it more _____________________________________________________________________
size
2) __________________: In multicellular organisms, internal transport systems allow efficient
exchange of materials. These transport systems permit the organism to grow to a

larger size
__________________________________________
3) Interdependence of cells
________________________________________________________: If one cell of a multicellular organism dies, it

organism
does not kill the entire _______________________________. But, if one type of cell functions abnormally,
the whole organism could suffer. (ex. cell becomes ___________________________________)
cancerous

45
 The Leaf and Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
§ chloroplasts
Takes place in the ____________________________________ found in cells.
§ chlorophyll
Chloroplasts contain a green pigment called _______________________________________
§
light putting together
Photo = __________________________ and synthesis = ________________________________________________

§ Word Equation:

carbon dioxide + water light

>
glucose +
oxygen

§ Balanced Chemical Equation:

tight

602cg,t6H2O(e) > ( 611-1206 +602cg)
¥rpFe


§ light energy
______________________________________ is absorbed by the chlorophyll and converted into
chemical
glucose
___________________________________________ that is stored in the molecules of ___________________________
energy

§ This equation explains the role plants play on our planet: when the sun is shining, they are

replenishing reducing
constantly ____________________________________________________ levels and _______________________________
oxygen
carbon dioxide
____________________________________________________ levels.

§ Algae
__________________________ is a single-celled photosynthesis bacterium that creates much of the
world’s oxygen. Scientists are trying to protect it to help curb the greenhouse effect.

46
Cellular Respiration
§
glucose
Although photosynthesis is creating __________________________ that stores chemical energy, the
cannot
cell __________________________ use that energy directly. Therefore, plants need cellular respiration
to obtain a useable energy.
§ complimentary
Is a __________________________________________ chemical process of photosynthesis.
§ mitochondria
Begins in the cytoplasm and is completed in the ____________________________________________

§ Word Equation:

oxygen + glucose → water

+ carbon dioxide +
energy

§ Balanced Chemical Equation:


602cg> (61-112066)-761-120 (e) +602cg
+
,
+
energy
porpoise


§ Cellular respiration: happens in plants and animals (all of the time).
§ Photosynthesis: only happens in plants (different parts in the day and night)

Daily Production/Use of Gases
§ During the Day:

photosynthesis
o _______________________________________ is occurring and producing glucose and oxygen
cellular respiration
o _______________________________________ is occurring and producing carbon dioxide and water
lower
o Rate of cellular respiration in plants is much __________________________ than in animals so it
takes in less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide
• gain
This is how plants provide a net ___________________ of oxygen for us to breath.
o Results during the day: more __________________________ is released from the cells, light is
oxygen
required.

47
§ At Night:
cellular respiration
o Only _________________________________________________ is occurring, using glucose and
producing water and carbon dioxide.
NOT
o Photosynthesis will _____________ occur because there is no light.
carbon dioxide
o Results at night: _______________________________________ is released from cells, glucose is
required.

Practice Questions

1) Write down the word equation for photosynthesis.


carbon dioxide + water tight


>
glucose +
oxygen


2) Write down the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis (don’t forget the states of
matter for each part).


tight (611-12066) +602cg


602cg,t6H2O( e)
>
)

3) Write down the word equation for cellular respiration.



oxygen + glucose
-water + carbon dioxide +
energy


4) Write down the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration (don’t forget the states of
matter for each part).



602cg > + (61-112066)-761-120 (e) +602cg> +
energy

48
5) “The chloroplasts and the mitochondria in a cell have opposite purposes.” Agree or disagree
with this statement. Explain your answer.

Agree. The mitochondria is responsible for cellular respiration and the chloroplast
is responsible for photosynthesis. Cellular respiration takes glucose and turns it
into energy the cell can use. Photosynthesis takes energy (in the form of light)
and turns it into glucose. Therefore it appears like the mitochondria and
chloroplast have opposite purposes.










6) Match the following words to the corresponding statements. Some words will/can be used
more than once:

Correct
Statement Word
Response

D Occurs at night A) Chlorophyll

B Product of cellular respiration B) Carbon Dioxide

D Occurs in the mitochondria C) Photosynthesis

C Occurs in the chloroplasts D) Cellular Respiration

E Reactant of cellular respiration E) Oxygen

A Green pigment in cells

B Reactant of photosynthesis

E Product of photosynthesis

49
 Levels of Organization
§ From least complex to most complex
molecules
1) ____________________________: groups of atoms

organelles
2) ____________________________: organic molecules with specific functions
cells
3) ______________: groups of organelles with specific functions
tissues
4) ____________________________: groups of cells with specific functions.
5) ____________________________: groups of tissues with specific functions.
organs
organ systems
6) _____________________________________: groups of organs with specific functions.

organisms
7) ____________________________: group of organ systems carrying out specific functions

Plant Organ Systems

§ Plants have two organ systems:

shoot system
1) ______________________________________ (everything above ground)
o Includes: leaves, buds, flowers, fruit, and tubers (swollen stems that store food, example
is potatoes)
o Specialized for photosynthesis,

transport
__________________________ of food and water,

storage
reproduction, and ______________________________


Root system
2) ____________________________________ (everything below ground)
o Includes aerial roots as well even though they are
above the ground

anchorage
o Specialized for ______________________________,

absorption
_________________________of water and minerals,

transport
____________________________ of food and water

50
 Plant Organs
§ A plants organ systems are made up of three main organs:
roots
o _________________________________
stem
o _________________________________
leaves
o _________________________________

Plant Tissues
§ Meristems
Growth
o ____________________________ region of the plant (these regions grow very quickly and occur
through cell division)
shoot
o Two different meristem regions: one to produce ____________________ tissue and one to
root
produce _______________ tissue







§ Both the shoot system and the root system are made up of three types of tissues:

51
1) Dermal Tissue (or epidermis)
outer
o The ________________________ layer of cells that covers all herbaceous (non-woody) plants.

o Usually one cell-layer thick.

o In the shoot: (leaves and stem)
• cuticle
Exchange of ____________________ (CO2 and O2), secretes a waxy _______________________
gases
(reduces water loss and protects plant from disease)

o In the root:
• water minerals
Uptake of ______________________ and _______________________________ from the soil




2) Ground Tissue
beneath
o Makes up the bulk of the plant and is found as a layer ____________________________ the
epidermis

air diffuse
o Loosely packed together to allow ______________ to __________________________ through the
spaces.

o In the shoot:
• strength and support
In the stem, it provides ________________________________________________________
•
photosynthesis
In the leaves, it is where __________________________________________ occurs

o In the root:
•
storage
In the roots, it is involved in food and water ____________________________

52
3) Vascular Tissue

transport
o Is a two-part ____________________________ system.

Xylem Tissue
o __________________________________________

• water
________________________ and
minerals
____________________________ travel from the
roots to the leaves
• cellulose
Made from ____________________________ and
lignin being deposited in the cell wall. As
the cells mature the cytoplasm breaks
down causing the cell to die meaning it is

non-living
__________________________________ cells that
form the xylem.


Phloem Issue
o __________________________________________

• ____________________ travels from the
sugar
leaves to the rest of the plant
• cellulose
Create and store ________________________
• Some of the transported sugars are
starch
stored as ______________________
• Made of individual long
sieve tube
___________________________________ cells
(no nuclei), with many small holes
along the length of the cell.
• Sieve tube cells are connected to
cells
companion
_______________________________________
(with nuclei) that direct activities.

53
 Specialization in Plant Cells
§ differentiated
Cells become __________________________________________ as they develop
§ specialized
This differentiation allows for cells to become ___________________________________with specific tasks
o ex) root hairs, waxy cuticle, guard cells

Transport in Plants
Cohesion
§ The attraction of water molecules to other water molecules
nature
§
polar
This is caused by the _______________________________ of water
§ The slightly positive end of one molecule attracts the slightly

negative
__________________________ of another
§ together
The result is that molecules tend to hold ___________________________

Adhesion
§ Because of their polar nature, water molecules are also
attracted
____________________________________ to molecules of other substances.

54
Root Pressure
§ A pressure created in the xylem as follows:
active
o Dissolved minerals are present in the cells and the roots as a result of ____________________

transport solute
________________________ which produces a higher _______________________ concentration inside
the cell.
osmosis
o Water is drawn into the cell by ________________________ creating a pressure that forces

xylem
fluid up the _______________________
o Water is forced from a higher pressure in the roots towards a lower pressure in the
leaves.
o Root pressure can only push water a few meters, so other factors are important in taller
plants.


Tension or Transpiration Pull
§ Transpiration stomata
___________________________________ is water vapor leaving the leaf through the ________________________

§ evaporation
Created by ________________________________ of water through stomata and lenticels
o As one water molecule evaporates, it creates a pull on the adjacent water molecules.

cohesion adhesion
o Combined with the forces of __________________________ and ___________________________,
transpiration pull is enough to move water in the xylem from roots to leaves and then
out of the xylem into the ground tissue.

temperature
o The rate of transpiration is ___________________________________________ dependent:
• When it is hot, the plant loses ________________ water to evaporation. Therefore, the
more

faster
_________________________ transpiration pull occurs.
• less
When it is cold, the plant loses ________________ water to evaporation. Therefore,
slower
the _________________________ transpiration pull occurs.
• transpiration
Most of the water is lost to ________________________________. The rest is used in the

photosynthesis
process of ________________________________________

55
Tonicity
§ Think hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic

§ Plasmolysis hypertonic
________________________________: When the plant cell is placed in a ________________________________
environment, water leaves it through osmosis causing the cytoplasm and plasma membrane to
shrink away from the cell wall.

§
entering
A cell is turgid (firm) because the water is _______________________________ due to a hypotonic
environment.

§
pressure
Turgidity is also important to plants because the ____________________________ in the cells combines
to hold the green parts of the plant up to the sunlight.

56
Sugar Transport in Plants
§ leaves
Sugar is manufactured in the _________________________ of plants and must be transported to every
cellular respiration
other cell in the plant to be used in the process of ________________________________________________
and to manufacture cellulose, an important component of plant cell walls.

§ phloem
Sugar is transported in __________________________ tissue (made of sieve tube cells which depend
on companion cells)

§ The sugar is manufactured in the leaves, also called the ________________________, and it is
source
sink
transported to the place where it will be used or stored, called the __________________


Pressure Flow Theory of Movement
§ Location: Phloem in the leaves

§ Companion cells use carrier proteins and
active transport
____________________________________________ to take in
________________________ molecules from the sites of
sugar
photosynthesis

§ Phloem becomes loaded

§ Water then moves into the sieve cells by
osmosis
________________________

§ Increased pressure pushes the water and sugars

phloem
through the __________________________ to the rest of
the plant

§ Sugars move into other cells and are used for life processes.

57
 Practice Questions
1) Fill in the blanks.

systems
a) Organisms are groups of _____________________________________
organ
cells
b) Tissues are groups of _________________________________________
tissues
c) Organs are groups of _________________________________________

organelles
d) Cells are groups of ____________________________________________
molecules
e) Organelles are groups of _____________________________________
f) Organ systems are groups of ________________________________
organs


2) What is the difference between xylem tissue and phloem tissue in plants?

Xylem Tissue: transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.

Phloem Tissue: transports sugar from the leaves to the rest of the plant.




3) What is the difference between root pressure and transpiration pull?

-Root pressure is when water comes into the roots through osmosis creating a
pressure that pushes water up the xylem.

-Transpiration pull is when water that gets evaporated out of the stomata pulls on
adjacent water molecules as it leaves pulling the water up the xylem.


4) Describe the pressure flow theory of movement.

-companion cells use carrier proteins and active transport to take in sugar molecules
from the sites of photosynthesis

-phloem becomes loaded

-water then moves into sieve cells by osmosis

-increased pressure pushes the water and sugars through the phloem to the rest of

the plant

-sugar moves into other cells and are used for life processes
58
5) Draw and label a picture that shows the three types of tissues (dermal, ground and vascular)
found in plants.

oh






6) Define each of the following below. Give an example of a function that occurs in the root
system and a function that occurs in the shoot system for each one.

a) Dermal Tissue

The outer layer of cells that covers all herbaceous (non-woody) plants.

Root system: uptake of water and minerals from the soil
Shoot system: exchange of gases, secretes a waxy cuticle




b) Ground Tissue

Makes up the bulk of the plant and is found as a layer below the epidermis.

Root system: involved in food and water storage
Shoot system: in the stem it provides strength and support, in the leaves it is
where photosynthesis occurs



c) Vascular Tissue

Is a two part transport system consisting of xylem and phloem tissue (in both the
shoot and root system).
Xylem Tissue: transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.
Phloem Tissue: transports sugar from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
59
7) What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?

Cohesion: the attraction of water molecules to other water molecules.

Adhesion: The attraction of water molecules to molecules of other substances.






8) Fill in the missing parts of the table below. You can find the definitions in your notes or your
textbook.

Term Definition

the plant organ system that includes all tissues located above
Shoot System
ground.

Meristem
Growth region of the plant with tissue in which cells divide by mitosis.

Type of small phloem cells adjacent to sieve tube cells that
Companion Cells
appear to control sugar transport in the phloem.

The plant organ system that includes all tissues located below the
Root
system

ground.

Cylindrical cells lacking nuclei with perforated sides and end
Sieve Tube Cells
walls that allow the movement of phloem sap between cells.

Transpiration Water vapour leaving the leaf through the stomata.

60
 Gas Exchange in Plants

§ In plants there are no specialized organs for gas exchange

§ diffusion
It occurs by __________________________

§ air
Gas exchange occurs through the _______________________________________ of the leaves through the
spaces
stomata
openings called __________________________

§ lenticel s
Gas exchange can also take place through openings called ________________________ in woody stems
o These look like blisters or slashes on trees.











diffusion
§
passive
Air enters the cells in leaves by ____________________________________________________

§ Leaves have specialized cells to:
o Maximize _____________ exchange
gas
reactants
o Provide needed ________________________________

products
o Remove the ___________________________ of leaf reactions.

61
Guard Cells
§ guard cells
The lower epidermal surface of leaves develops specific cells called ___________________________
§ stomata
Guard cells form tiny pores called __________________________ that allow for ____________ exchange
gas
§ chloroplasts
The guard cells are the only cells in the epidermis that contain _________________________________

§ Guard cells have two different functions:
1) To allow materials in and out when necessary
water
2) To protect the plant from losing too much __________________________








Guard Cells Swell to Open the Stomata
§ Light
_____________________ striking the guard cells causes them to accumulate potassium ions by
active transport
___________________________________________
§ increased
The number of particles in these cells has ___________________________
§ hypertonic
The cells are now ____________________________, so water enters the
osmosis
guard cells by _______________________

§ turgor
The guard cells swell because of increased _________________________

pressure
__________________________
o Turgor Pressure: Pressure exerted against a cell wall by
the water that has entered the cell through osmosis.

§ Outer walls are thinner than the inner walls so the cell under
outward
pressure bulges ________________________________
§ The stoma _____________________
opens
62
Guard Cells Go Limp to Close the Stomata
§ When light is no longer striking the guard cells active transport

stops
of potassium ions ______________________ and potassium diffuses
out of the guard cells

§ Photosynthesis also stops

§ decreases
The number of particles in these cells ______________________________

§ hypotonic
The cells become _____________________________ to surrounding cells
osmosis
so the water leaves the guard cells by ________________________

§ limp
The guard cells become __________________

§ close
The stoma _____________________


Why is water loss an important issue for plants?
§ evaporation
Water is continually being lost due to __________________________________

§ When water is scarce guard cells close the stomata to preserve as much water as possible

§ Transpiration stomata
___________________________________ is water vapor leaving the leaf through the ________________________

§ environmental
The number and appearance of stomata is dependent on ___________________________________________
conditions
___________________________________
fewer stomata
o In hot dry climates with low humidity, plants have __________________________________________
stomata
o In very humid areas plants have ____________________________________________
more

maximum
o If carbon dioxide is in short supply, stomata will be open to the ____________________________

63
 • = Dermal Tissue
•i= Vascular Tissue
The Leaf
•1= Ground Tissue
§ Cross Section of Leaf

cuticle


I >
upper epidermis
} palisade tissue
xylemr

/
O O O O O O O
O

vein
{ water

ooo
spongy
#f

sugar mesophyll tissue

phloem
'

> lower epidermis

giiardcéiis stomata

Dermal Tissue
§ The underside of leaves (and the upper side in some) have tiny pores or openings called
stomata guard cells
__________________________ that are controlled by _______________________________________ on either side.

§ cuticle
_____________________________: A _________________________ layer produced by the leaf that protects the
waxy
water loss
cell from _______________________________________________

64
 Ground Tissue
§ The leaf has specialized ground tissues between the lower and upper epidermis of a leaf called

mesophyll
the ____________________________ tissue

§ There are two types of mesophyll tissues:
Palisade Tissue
1) ____________________________________________________

epidermis
o Just below the _______________________________________
upper
o Long, rigid, rectangular cells that are tightly packed together
sun 's
o Arranged so that a large number of cells are exposed to the ____________________________
ray
photosynthesis
o Responsible for ______________________________________________

spongy Mesophyll Issue

2) ____________________________________________________

loosely
o __________________________ packed, irregularly shaped, less rigid
diffusion
o Allow for gas exchange by __________________________ throughout the leaf


§ Diffusion is very efficient in plants because of the air present in the spongy mesophyll of the
leaf and stern
________________________________________

§ stomata
Air diffuses through the __________________________ and into the air spaces in the leaf.

path air ③
takes

]
②

65
Vascular Tissue
§ water
Provides the leaf with the _____________________ needed for transpiration and
for photosynthesis, and removes the _______________________ formed in
sugars
photosynthesis.

§ You can see this when you look at a leaf and see ribs called leaf veins.

§ In these veins the xylem and phloem are bunched together in a
vascular bundle
__________________________________________

Control Systems
Control Systems
§ Like animals, plants respond to certain stimuli
§ towards
They are able to grow ________________________________ nutrients and __________________ from poor
away
growth conditions.
§ internal external
Organisms respond to changes in their _____________________ and _____________________ environment.
§ A stimulus is a signal that can cause a reaction
§ tropism
A plant’s response to an external stimulus is called a __________________________

Tropisms
§ toward positive
A response __________________________ a stimulus is termed _____________________________
§
away negative
A response ______________________ from a stimulus is termed _____________________________

Phototropism
§ light
Directional plant growth in response to _____________________ (“photo”).
toward
§
positively
Stems and leaves grow ________________________ light à _____________________________ phototrophic
§
away negatively
Roots will grow ________________________from light à ______________________________ phototrophic

66
Gravitropism
§
gravity
Directional plant growth in response to ______________________________
§ towards positively
Roots tend to grow ________________________ gravity à _______________________________ gravitropic
§
away negatively
Stems tend to grow ________________________ from gravity à _____________________________ gravitropic




Mechanism of Response - Phototropism
§ It is easy to see that the plants react to stimuli, but it is difficult to explain why. There are a few
key scientists that have helped to explain this.

1) Charles and Francis Darwin:
§ Performed the experiment shown below.
§ tip
Concluded that the cells in the _____________ communicated with the cells in the area of the
bending.

67
2) Peter Boysen-Jensen:
§ Determined that a chemical moves from the tip to the area of elongation.
Area of
§
Elongation
_______________________________________________________: An area of cells in the developing plant, facing

away
__________________ from the light source, that each elongate in a phototropic response to the light

longer
stimulus. Causes the plant to bend as one side is ________________________ than the other.











3) F.W. Went:
§ Was able to isolate the chemical that moves to the area of elongation. It was given the name
auxin
________________________. Since then it has been analyzed and it has been determined to be a
hormone.

68
 Mechanism of Response – Gravitropism
§ How do the plants know which way is down and which way is up?
§ starch
It is hypothesized that heavy ________________________ particles are used as indicators. The starch
will move based on gravity (i.e. if a plant falls over the starch will fall too and the starch will
still be on the “bottom” of the plant).
§ up down
From this the plant knows which way is ____________ and which way is ____________________

Practice Questions

1) Draw a cross section of a leaf and label the upper and lower epidermis, palisade tissue, spongy
mesophyll tissue, guard cells, and stomata.


C- upper epidermis

00000000000000 } palisade tissue

00%0%0 }


800 spongy mesophyll tissue

^÷i

← lower epidermis


guard cell

2) List two things that might affect the number of stomata in a leaf. Describe why they would
affect the number of stomata.
Low Humidity (hot temperature): less stomata because the plant would be losing water
through the stomata. Less stomata means less water will be lost to transpiration and
therefore the plant will stay hydrated

High Humidity: more stomata because the plant would have a lot of moisture in the air and
soil to use. If it did lose water, it could easily gain it back. Therefore it could have more
stomata to allow more gas exchange to occur.
3) List 2 differences between the palisade tissue and spongy mesophyll tissue.
Palisade Tissue: just below the upper epidermis; long, rigid, rectangular cells that
are tightly packed together; large number of cells are exposed to the sun's rays;

responsible for photosynthesis


Spongy Mesophyll Tissue: loosely packed, irregularly shaped, less rigid; allow for
gas exchange by diffusion throughout the leaf
69
4) Define the following:
a) Turgidity

Is a condition in plants where in the cells are turgid due to turgor pressure

Turgor pressure: pressure exerted against a cell wall by the water that has
entered the cell through osmosis.

b) Lenticel

The blisters/slashes on trees that are openings to allow gas exchange to
occur



c) Vascular Bundle

In the veins where the xylem and phloem are bunched together




5) List the steps that occur that cause the guard cells to swell causing the stomata to open.

-light striking the guard cells causes them to accumulate potassium ions by active
transport
-the number of particles in these cells has increased
-the cells are now hypertonic, so water enters the guard cells by osmosis
-the guard cells swell because of increased turgor pressure.

-outer walls are thinner than the inner walls so the cell under pressure bulges outward





6) List the steps that occur that cause the guard cells to go limp causing the stomata to close.

-when light is no longer striking the guard cells, active transport of potassium ions

stops
-photosynthesis also stops
-the number of particles in these cells decreases
-the cell becomes hypotonic to surrounding cells so the water leaves the guard cells

by osmosis.
-the guard cells become limp
-the stomata close

70
7) Below is a list of clues. The answer to the clue is in the word search. Words can be horizontal,
vertical, diagonal, forwards or backwards. Circle/highlight/bubble the found word and write
the word beside the clue.

cohesion adhesion

phototropism tropism

gravitropism
auxin

glucose
negative

Elongation

plasmolysis

71
8) What is the difference between a positive and a negative tropism?

A positive tropism is a response towards a stimulus

A negative tropism is a response away from a stimulus



9) Write out the balanced chemical equation (including states of matter) for cellular respiration.
Try to do so without using your notes. Then once you have done that check to see if you got it
right.


602cg

) + C 6 It 1206 (s) → 6 H2O
(e)
+ 6 CO2
(g)
+
energy



10)In 1-2 sentences each, describe what each of the following scientists contributed to the
mechanism of response for phototropism.

a) Charles and Francis Darwin

concluded that the cells in the tip communicated with the cells in the area of
bending



b) Peter Boysen-Jensen

determined that a chemical moves from the tip to the area of elongation



c) F.W. Went

determined a chemical (hormone) called auxin that causes the cells in the
area of elongation to elongate

72
 Extra Notes

73
 Extra Notes

74