FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES

EFFURUN, DELTA STATE.

FACULTY: SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT: EARTH SCIENCE (GEOPHYSICS OPTION)

SEISMIC EXPLORATION METHOD 1 (GPH 314)

OBAJUWANA ERHIVONA ANTHONY

COS/4457/2018

FIELD REPORT FOR OIL RIG EXPLORATION AND SEISMIC INTERPRETATION

SUPERVISED BY:

DR. MRS. JULIET

MR. SUNDAY UTAH

Contents
 1. Introduction to oil drilling
2. Oil Rigs
 On-shore oil rig
 Off-shore oil rig
3. Drilling process
 Rotary system
 Circulatory system
 Hoisting system
 Blow out system
4. Flow station

OIL RIG
An oil rig is a structure built for the purpose of extracting hydrocarbons(oil and
gas) and fluids from the earth's sub-surface. The oil rig can be broadly classified
into two(2) types which are:
1. On-shore oil rig
2. Off-shore oil rig

ON-SHORE OIL RIG

On-shore oil rigs are rigs that are associated on land. Onshore drilling in the region
has gone up over the last 20 years. It involves driving a drilling rig deep into the earth
to reach fossil fuels. An on-shore drilling operation can take place in 2 categories, one
way is mobile which features a truck or a trailer mounted rig. Such a drilling rig can
reach depth of up to 13,000 feet. The other type is a conventional rig which is
stationary with an ability of drilling up to 30,000 feet. An example of a stationary on-
shore rig system is the P.T.I oil rig visited recently by the Earth science department of
the Federal University of Petroleum Resource Effurun Delta State.

Figure 1.0: A mobile on-shore oil rig

 Figure1.1:A stationary on-shore oil rig

OFF-SHORE OIL RIG

An off-shore system is a mechanical process where a well is drilled below the seabed.
It is typically carried out in order to explore for and subsequently extract petroleum
that lies in the rock formations beneath the sea bed. Most commonly the term is used
to describe drilling activities on the continental shelf, though the term can be applied
to drilling in lakes, inshore waters and inland seas.
There are many different types of facilities from which off-shore drilling operation
can take place. Some of these include:
1. Jack-up barge and swamp barge: this combines drilling and production facilities
either bottom founded or floating platform

2. MODU including semi-submersible or drill ship: These are capable of operating

in waters up to 9800 feet in shallow waters. The mobile units are anchored to the
sea bed, however in waters deeper than 4900 feet, the semi-submersible and drill
ship are maintained at required drilling location using dynamic positioning.

Figure 1.3: Jack up Barge oil rig

Figure 1.4: Semi-submersible oil rig

THE DRILLING PROCESS

Figure 2.1: Simple diagram of a drilling rig and its basic operation
1. Mud tank 14. Derrick
2. Shale shaker 15. Racking board
3. Suction line (mud pump) 16. Strand
4. Mud pump 17. Setback
5. Motor or Power source 18. Swivel
6. Hose 19. Kelly drive
7. Draw-works 20. Rotary table
8. Strand pipes 21. Drill floor
9. Kelly hose 22. Bell nipple
10.Goose neck 23. Blow out preventer
11.Traveling block 24. Drill string
12.Drill line 25. Drill bit
13.Crown block 26. Casing head or well head and flow line
Drilling process is the act or technique employed in the extraction of oil and
gas from the earth’s subsurface. The earliest known well was drilled in
China in 347 AD or earlier. The well had a depth of up to about 800 feet
 (240m) and it was drilled using drill bits attached to bamboo poles. The oil
was burned to evaporate brine and produce salt, By the 10 th century
extensive bamboo pipeline connected oil well with salt springs. There are 7
steps of oil and gas extraction which are;
1. Preparing the rig site: The above diagram is a typical representation of an oil
rig. An oil rig is where the whole drilling process takes place, the oil rig is
divided into following various systems;
ROTARY SYSTEM: The rotary system on a drilling rig is the system that cause
the drill bit to rotate at the bottom of well bore

From the diagram above, the Kelly bushing rotates the drill pit and drill bit which
is attached to the drill pipe cuts through the earths layer.
The well is drilled straight down into the ground beneath the pad. The first stage is
to drill what is called the surface hole down to a depth of 100 feet below the
deepest known aquifer.  A steel casing is then cemented in place so there is no risk
of polluting precious water aquifers.
After this the “long hole” is drilled and after reaching a depth about 1000 feet
above the underground area where oil and natural gas is trapped, the hole is
directionally steered to turn it horizontal and out maybe another mile or two in
distance following the same rock bed. There’s a phenomenal amount of technology
required to keep the hole drilling in the same 10-foot-interval for two miles, but
this process allows the well to access oil and natural gas across a longer distance
rather than just the energy directly beneath the well pad.
Unlike vertical drilling, horizontal drilling minimizes the impact and scale of
aboveground land disturbance by allowing drillers to use only one drill pad for
multiple wells instead of multiple pads having a single well each. These
technological advancements mean today’s well sites are far fewer in number and
also smaller than they used to be just 10 or 20 years ago.
 Once the target distance is reached, the drill pipe is removed and steel pipe is
pushed to the bottom. This “well casing” is cemented in place. Rigorous tests are
performed to ensure the pipe is impermeable before any production of natural gas
or oil can occur.
 Before drillers can tap the oil and natural gas, a perforating gun is typically
lowered into the ground and fired into the rock layer in the deepest part of the well,
creating holes that connect the rock holding the oil and natural gas and the
wellhead.
Now that the first stage of the well is open, it’s time to unlock the oil and natural
gas that has been trapped in the rock. Using specialized instruments to monitor
pressure and data from the well in real time, Fracking fluid, which is 99.5% water
and sand and 0.5% chemicals, many of which are found in everyday household
products, is pumped at high pressure through the perforating holes to create paper-
thin cracks in the shale rock, freeing the oil and natural gas trapped inside.
The Fracking process is repeated again, gradually working up the hole until all the
lateral length of the wellbore has been fracked. This might be 20 or 30 times but a
process that typically takes only a few days to finish.
Once fracking is completed, production begins. Oil and natural gas flows up from
the well bore and fracturing fluid is then recovered and recycled and used in other
fracking operations.
When all of the recovered oil and natural gas has been produced, Colorado
law requires that the well is permanently plugged and the land is returned to the
way it was before the drilling operations started. The land can then be used for
other activities and there is no sign that a well was once there.
Producing Colorado’s oil and natural gas energy is something that can be done
safely while contributing hundreds of millions of dollars to the state’s tax base.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Like the circulation system in the human body.
An rig’s circulation system ensures that the correct fluids reach the correct
parts of the “body”
The rig’s circulation system consists of several components. Together, they
methodically and efficiently deliver drilling fluids into the wellbore throughout
the drilling process. Drilling fluids serve a number of purposes, as we will see.
Drilling fluid, which drillers call “mud”, can be petroleum based, water based,
composed of synthetic oil and even pneumatic, such as foams. Drilling fluids
can also contain additional solids to obtain the desired density, thickness,
viscosity and other properties. Regardless of their chemical composition,
however, drilling fluids serve several functions.
First, as the fluid is pumped through the drill bit, it provides the hydraulic
energy to operate the drill bit and other downhole tools. In so doing, the fluid
also serves to cool and lubricate the drill bit.
As the bit drills the well, it grinds the solid rock into rubble called “cuttings”.
The circulating drilling fluid carries these cuttings from the bottom of the well
to the surface.
Without the fluid to bring them to the surface, these cuttings would collect in
the wellbore and interfere with efficient drilling.
It is important to ensure that the new wellbore retains its shape and does not
collapse. This is a third function of the drilling fluid.
Finally, thousands of feet of drilling fluid in a wellbore amounts to a
considerable weight. This weight is important for the fourth major function of
drilling fluids – to provide weight to counterbalance any tendency of the oil or
gas to flow to the surface. Such an uncontrolled release in a live wellbore
drilled conventionally can be quite hazardous. Consequently, this is a vital
function of the drilling fluid.
The mud is stored in the mud tanks.
The mud pump is the heart of a rig’s circulating system. These devices are large
reciprocating pumps which force the fluid from the mud tanks, up a standpipe,
and through a high-pressure hose.
This flexible, high-pressure hose connects the standpipe to the swivel, allowing
for vertical movement in the derrick. Through the hose, fluid is pumped into
the drill-string.
The drill string consists of many lengths of connected drill pipe, drill collars,
and downhole tools that can extend for thirty thousand feet, or approximately
ten thousand meters. (You can learn more about drill pipe in the “Meet the
BHA” and “Meet the Rotating System” modules.)
The drill string conveys the mud through the blowout preventer and down the
wellbore to the drill bit. The fluid flows through the drill-string and out the drill
bit nozzles at the bottom of the well. The return fluid path is through the
annulus between the drill string and the borehole. Upon reaching surface, the
fluid, now laden with rock cuttings from the bottom of the well, moves to mud-
cleaning equipment and shale shakers.
As the name implies, shale shakers shake! These machines have for decades
been the first line of defense in eliminating cuttings from the drilling fluid.
Eliminating cuttings, also called “drilled solids” is critical to maintain an
efficient drilling process.
Shakers are equipped with fine-mesh screens that allow fluid to pass through
without the drilled cuttings. The shakers separate the rock cuttings from the
fluid, allowing the often-costly drilling fluid to be recycled and re-used in the
well.

HOISTING SYSTEM: The hoisting of an oil rig does the heavy lifting on the
oil rig. It is used to lower, raise and suspend the drill sting and lifting casing and
tubing for installation into the oil well, the hoisting system comprises of the
crown block, the mast, the monkey board, the hook, the swivel, the draw
works, the weight indicator, drilling line.
 The Hoisting system
The draw works of the hoisting system is a winch that reels the drilling line in or out causing
the traveling block to move up or down. The draw works is the component of the hoisting
system that consumes energy from the power system. The drum on the draw works is
grooved to accommodate a specific size drilling line.

The draw work of a hoisting system

Flow station
A flow station is a facility were oil and gas mixed with water flows directly from
the well head through headers and the manifolds for primary treatment and the
separation of the bulk impurity, basically produced water and dissolved gases.
Flow station places a vital role in the oil and gas industry
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