LAB REPORT (EXPERIMENT 4)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,
Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics Lab

(BEM2021 2021-01)

Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ezutah Udoncy Olugu

Experiment 4: Gay-Lussac Law Experiment

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Group Members:
No Name Id

1 Muhaimen Rahman 1001956828

2 Amro Mohamed 1001956793

3 Danishwar Dabeer 1001955807

Table of Contents: -
No Title Page
1 Objectives 3
2 Experiment Outcome 3
3 Apparatus & Equipment 7
4 Safety Measures & 8
Precautions
5 Introduction 9
6 Experimental Procedures 11
7 Expected Outcome 12
8 Limitations 14
9 Conclusion 15
10 References 16

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Experiment 4: Gay-Lussac law Volume

Objectives: -

• To determine the relationship between pressure and temperature of the ideal gas
• Prove Gay-Lussac’s law.

Experiment Outcome: -
The declaration of the Gay-Lussac Theory used to show the connection among pressire and
temperature. As per Gay-Lussac's law, for a given measure of gas held at steady volume, the
pressure is corresponding to the absolute temperature. This law expresses that at the consistent
volume of a nearby compartment, we may presume that if the pressure inside a container increases,
the temperature inside the container likewise increases. This law can be communicated in the
equation as follows:
𝐏𝟏 𝐏𝟐
P ∝ 𝐓 𝐨𝐫 =
𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟐

P1 = Initial pressure (atm), P2 = Final Pressure (atm), T1 = Initial Temperature (Kelvin)

T2 = Final Temperature (Kelvin)

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 pressure is proportional to the temperature of the gas

This can be clarified utilizing kinetic molecular theory, or what the movement of individual gas
particles means for the conduct of gas overall. Temperature is a proportion of the average kinetic
energy of a substance, how much motion molecules have because of heat energy. As the
temperature of a substance rises, its atoms are moving quicker. In a gas, when particles are in a
limited space, quicker movement of gas atoms will expand the quantity of impacts that particles
have with one to another. We register this increment in impacts as pressure. We notice an expanded
pressure with an expanded temperature, accordingly affirming Gay-Lussac's Law.

The pressure increase as the temperature increase.

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First Law of Thermodynamics

first law of thermodynamic

The first law of thermodynamics is the utilization of the protection of energy principle to heat
and thermodynamic processes. The work is done on, or by a gas, we have discovered that the
measure of work depends not just on the initial and last states of the gas yet additionally on the
process, or way which creates the last state. Essentially, the measure of heat moved into, or from
gas additionally relies upon the initial and last states and the process which creates the last state.
Numerous observations of genuine gases have shown that the contrast between the heat flow into
the gas and the work done by the gas relies just upon the initial and last conditions of the gas and
doesn't rely upon the process or way which delivers the last state. This recommends the presence
of an additional variable, called the inner energy of the gas, which relies just upon the condition
of the gas and not on any process. The interior energy is a state variable, very much like the
temperature or the pressure. The first law of thermodynamics defines the internal energy (E) as
equal to the difference of the heat transfer (Q) into a system and the work (W) done by the
system.

E2 - E1 = Q – W

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Second Law of Thermodynamics

heat transfer from hot to cold system.

We can envision thermodynamic processes which save energy yet which never happen in
nature. For instance, if we carry a hot item into contact with a cold object, we see that the hot
article chills off and the cold object warms up until a balance is reached. The exchange of heat
goes from the hot item to the cold object, and that’s the main law of thermodynamics. The cold
object gets colder and the hot item gets more hotter, however energy is rationed. It starts with the
meaning of another state variable called entropy.

The second law states that there exists a useful state variable called entropy S. The change
∆𝑄
in entropy ∆𝑆 = For a given physical process, the combined entropy of the system and the
𝑇

environment remains a constant if the process can be reversed. If we denote the initial and final
states of the system by "i" and "f":

𝑆𝑖 = 𝑆𝑓 (reversible process)

The condition of the gas gets back to its original conditions and the difference in entropy
of the system is zero. Engineers consider such an interaction an isentropic process. Isentropic
methods consistent entropy. The second law expresses that if the physical process is irreversible,
the combined entropy of the system and the environment must increase. The final entropy should
be more noteworthy than the initial entropy for an irreversible initial:

𝑆𝑖 > 𝑆𝑓 (irreversible process)

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Apparatus & Equipment: -

There was only one equipment used for this lab practical for all the experiments, and that is the
Solteq® Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus (Model: TH11).

Figure 3: Solteq® Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus (Model: TH11).

No Assembly Unit
1 Pressure Transmitter
2 Pressure Relief Valve
3 Temperature Sensor
4 Big Glass
5 Small Glass
6 Vacuum Pump
7 Electrode
8 Pressure Relief Valve
9 Water Inlet Port & Valve
10 Heater

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Safety Measures &
Precautions: -

There are a few precautions and measures operators must involve themselves in while
operating a boiler for instance:

• Trained personnel need to inspect the unit regularly

• Release all the air in the chamber before starting the experiment.

• Release all the air in the chamber before starting the experiment.

• A proper understanding is needed in order to operate the unit and this can be done
by thoroughly going through the user manual. This is important as a slight mistake
in operation can be very hazardous

• We need to make sure the pressure level during the experiment does not exceed 2
bars in the pump as due to this pressure might build up inside the pump causing
the breakdown of glass cylinder

• The experiment should be done repeatedly to obtain accurate result and to

minimize the
• error obtain.

• The valves need to be watched and opened carefully in accordance to the procedures or
manuals given to avoid any mistakes.
• Keep your eyes always on the sensor while monitoring the board because the temperature
or pressure could increase or decrease really fast.

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Introduction: -

The study of thermodynamics deals with the exchange if heat and

energies between a system and its surroundings during which the
system is either heating or cooling. The heat lost or the heat
absorbed has a direct influence on properties of thermodynamics. In
addition to this, it also deals with different properties of fluids.
The Perfect Gas Extension Device (Model: TH 11) is self-sufficient
seat bench top outlined unit which is used to empower studies in
familiarizing themselves with a few crucial thermodynamic forms.
Proper understanding of First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law
of Thermodynamics and the P-V-T relationship is fundamentally
important within the applications of thermodynamics within the
industries. The device comes with one pressure vessel and one
vacuum vessel made of glass tubes which are connected to each
other with a set of valves and piping. A significant distance across
pipe gives continuous and instant alter.
In case the valves are configured properly during the vessel we have
an air pump to increase pressure of air inside the vessel or remove
air. There is a pressure and temperature sensor which closely
monitors pressure and manipulate the. We have the digital indicator
also which indicates the pressure and temperature on the panel. The
experiment deals with properties of ideal gas and its relationship
with certain environmental factors. And ideal gas must follow P-V-
T relationship – which is a form of equation of state which relates

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pressure, volume and temperature of homogenous media in
thermodynamic equilibrium
Ideal is also a gas which consists of linear relationship with volume,
pressure temperature and mass. Gas particles within a box collides
with each other and its walls thereby transferring momentum where
the gas pressure is equivalent to the momentum supplied per unit
area of wall in a unit time. On the other hand, ideal has particles
only collides with the walls and not with each other. A single
particle here keeping moving inside the chamber until it hits a wall
and then bounces back keeps changing direction and hits another
wall. These gas expansion equations are certainly deriving from the
law of conservation of energy and conservation of linear
momentum.

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Experimental Procedures: -

General Procedure (Start-up)

We need to perform a quick inspection in order to reconfirm that everything was in

proper operating condition in addition to this it is highly imperative that we connect the
unit to the nearest single phase power supply and turn on the witch. Next, we make sure
all the valves are fully opened and the pressure reading was checked on the panel in order
to make sure that all the champers is under atmospheric pressure. Soon, we close all the
valves. Now, we connect the pipe from the compressive port of the pump to a pressurized
chamber. At this point, we turn the power supply on and continue our experiment and the
unit is completely ready to use

Experimental Procedure (Gay-Lussac’s Law)

We perform the general start up procedure and then close all the valves. After this we
need to connect the hose from the compressive pump to the pressurized chamber. The
compressive pump is then switched on and we record the temperature of every 10kPA
increment in the chamber. The pump stopped went the pressure PT 1 reaches about 160 kPa.
Then, valve V 01 is slightly opened and allowed the pressurized air to flow out. The temperature
reading for every decrement of 10 kPa are recorded. We stop the experiment when it reaches the
atmospheric pressure. We continue and repeat the experiment three times to get the average
value and then finally we plot the graph of pressure versus temperature.

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Expected Outcome: -

Pressure Trial 1 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 3

KPa Pressurize Depressurize Pressurize Depressurize Pressurize Depressurize

110 27.0 Co 26.2 Co 31.4 Co 32 Co 26.0 Co 27.2 Co

120 27.1 Co 27.1 Co 31.6 Co 33.3 Co 26.4 Co 28.6 Co

130 27.6 Co 28.2 Co 32.4 Co 33.8 Co 27.1 Co 29.5 Co

140 28.3 Co 29.6 Co 33.3 Co 34.9 Co 28.0 Co 30.5 Co

150 29.4 Co 30.8 Co 34.3 Co 35.6 Co 29.0 Co 30.7 Co

160 30.0 Co 31.1 Co 36.4 Co 35.1 Co 29.7 Co 30.6 Co

Temperature reading for Gay-Lussac experiment.

Pressure Average T Average T

KPa Pressurize Depressurize

110 28.1 Co 28.4 Co

o
120 28.4 C 29.7 Co
130 29 Co 30.5 Co
140 29.9 Co 31.7 Co
150 30.9 Co 32.4 Co
160 32 Co 32.3 Co
average reading for Gay-Lussac experiment.

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 Average Reading
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
Pressure

100.0
KPa

Depressurize
80.0
Pressurize
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0

Pressure against temperature for Gay-Lussac experiment.

Since the pressure is directly proportional to temperature in the graph. Hence, the Gay-Lussac’s
Law is verified.

CALCULATIONS

- Based on the graphs, the pressure is directly proportional to temperature

𝐏𝟏 𝐏𝟐
- Gay-Lussac’s Law is equation P ∝ 𝐓 𝐨𝐫 = verified.
𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟐

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Limitations: -
There were some limitations when conducting the experiment, causing the results to be
inaccurate. The pressure readings may not be accurate when the readings were recorded. The
pressure reading must be monitored until it stabilized to increase the accuracy of the results.
Besides that, always keep eyes on the sensor while monitoring the board because the pressure
could increase or decrease really fast.

The experiments must be done strictly under ideal gas properties and measurements thereby
obeying the P-V-T relationship. The general start up methods needs to be performed again and
again in order to minimize the side effects which could also manipulate the results. Pressure
can easily build up within the chambers and hence the apparatuses and equipment’s must be
handled with a lot of care.

At the present time in 2021 which corona pandemic is happening one of the biggest
limitations is online classes, trying the experiment with your hands and see it with your
eyes make all the different, make it easy to understand. Moreover, after completing
your calculation you discover that the way in which you solved the equations inhibited
your ability to conduct a thorough analysis of the results. Since we could do not the
experiments practically, we had to do research for hours to get similar experiments to
help us understating the topic more and more.

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Conclusion: -
In accordance to Gay-Lussac’s law pressure is directly proportional to temperature which
means at a constant volume if pressure increases temperature also increases. Thus, from
the plotted graph and tabulated data Gay-Lussac’s Law is verified. We apply the same
concept here if the temperature of gas in a container increases the system transfers its
heat energy into the gas molecules thereby increasing the kinetic energy of the molecules
resulting in more pressure. We can see in the plotted graph that pressure is directly
proportional to temperature where it is following the Gay-Lussac’s Law. With
temperature the pressure also increases in a constant volume. In the graph, we can see
that the pressurized line has a higher temperature and then as the pressure increases than
the pressurized line in the graph as shown in the result

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References: -
• Reid, R. C, Prausnitz, J. M., and Sherwood, T. K. (1977) The Properties of Gases
and Liquids, McGraw-Hill, New York.
• F.W. Sears, G.L. Salinger, Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory, and Statistical
Thermodynamics (Addison-Wesley, 3rd ed 1975) pp 254-266, 354-360.

• Peter Atkins & Julio de Paula, 2002, Physical Chemistry, 7th Edition, Oxford,
Page 8-10, 92 & 103.

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