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A Multi-Functional Polarization Transforming Metasurface for C, X and K band

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Article  in  IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters · March 2021

DOI: 10.1109/LAWP.2021.3065717

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LAWP.2021.3065717, IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
A Multi-Functional Polarization Transforming
Metasurface for C, X and K band Applications
Fahad Ahmed1, M. Ismail Khan2, Farooq A. Tahir1, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—An efficient multi-functional metasurface for
cross and circular polarization conversion is presented. The
metasurface acts not only as an efficient polarization
converter for linearly polarized wave over frequency bands
of 5.3-5.4 GHz, 7.2-8 GHz, 12.3-13.76 GHz; but also
perfectly converts linear polarized wave into circular
polarization over multiple strategic bands of 5.1-5.2 GHz,
5.6-6.85 GHz, 8.8-11.2 GHz, 14.9-20.2 GHz. The behavior of
the metasurface is quite stable under oblique incidence for
all operations up to 75º on lower frequency bands. The
broadband circular polarization conversion, small size,
angular stability, and multiple-functionality make it a
strong candidate for many applications in the strategic C,
X, Ku, and K bands.
Index Terms— Circular polarizer, cross polarizer, EM-wave
manipulation, mm-wave applications
I. INTRODUCTION
Metasurfaces are being extensively investigated due to their
potential applications in controlling and manipulating the EM-
waves in visible[1], optical[2] and microwave[3] regimes, both
in reflection[4-5] and transmission[6] modes. One of the most
significant applications of these metasurfaces is polarization
conversion. In this perspective, various cross polarizers have
been reported in GHz and THz regimes [1-14]. Among these
polarizers, various designs are highly efficient and broadband
[7-12]. To achieve high efficiency and wide bandwidth, many
techniques like multilayer or complex structures have been
proposed [13-14].
Multilayer structures have the ability to couple the response of
multiple resonant layers to generate the resonances (magnetic
and/or electric) for broadband operation. A wideband
polarization conversion operation is achieved through a
multilayer structure in the frequency range of 7-13.7 GHz [13].
Similarly, Dong et al. proposed a complex metasurface structure
to achieve three resonances for broadband polarization
conversion in the frequency range of 19.9 to 34.5 GHz [14].
Although, the high polarization conversion ratio is achieved
within the proposed bands but structure performance is confined
to only normal incidence. Moving progressively, researchers are
working to achieve highly efficient and broadband cross
polarizers through single-layer structures. Recently, a double W-
shaped metasurface, an FSS-metasurface, a concentric
rectangular arrangement metasurface, a double C-shaped, and a
square split ring-resonator are presented [15-19]. These
metasurfaces also work as cross polarizers for the normal
1
Research Institute for Microwave and Millimeter-wave Studies, National
University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
2
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University
Islamabad, Attock Campus Pakistan,
2
School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing,
China, Correspondence: farooq.tahir@seecs.edu.pk
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Incidence only.
The ability of the metasurface to maintain its functionality
for oblique incidence is critically required for various
applications in microwave and optical regimes. By keeping this
in view, a double 𝑣-shaped and 𝐻-shaped metasurfaces are
reported which work as an efficient cross polarizers under
oblique incidences [20-21]. However, these metasurfaces
perform only single operation that is cross-polarization
conversion. Many applications require multiple operations
through a single design of metasurface. Such metasurfaces are
also presented in literature including quasi crystal metasurface
[22], fish-like structure [23], a hexagonal split ring resonator
[24], and a double w-shaped structure having strip inside it
[25],. The authors of these papers mainly focus on wideband
linear to cross-polarization conversion.
The wide-angle and at the same time wide-band linear to
circular polarization conversion is very difficult to achieve.
Although, separate designs for wide-angle and wideband
circular polarizers are also presented in the literature [26-31].
However, designing multifunctional metasurfaces with wide-
angle and wideband circular polarization conversion as well as
high efficient cross-polarization conversion with high stability
is still a topic of great interest for the researchers these days.
In this paper, the authors mainly focused on multifunctional
metasurface achieving wide-angle and wideband linear and
circular polarization transformation. The linear to cross-
polarization conversion is achieved at three frequency bands
with more than 90% polarization conversion efficiency.
Moreover, a wideband angularly stable linear to circular
polarization conversion is also achieved at four different bands.
The structure is stable against oblique incidence up to 75 o for
both operations.
II. Operating Principle
A. Eigen Polarization
To understand polarization conversion phenomenon, we
investigate the eigenvalues and Eigen-polarizations of our
design. To obtain these, we solve the following equation,
𝑹𝑿 − 𝑚𝑿 = 0 (1)
Where reflection coefficient matrix is denoted by 𝑹,
eigenvector by 𝑿, while eigenvalue by m. Here, we assume the
ideal condition and neglect the cross-polarized reflections.
Then, Eq. 5 is solved at all resonance frequencies of 5.35 GHz,
7.6 GHz, and 13.03 GHz. The eigenvalues 𝑚1 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜋 = −1 and
𝑚2 = 𝑒 𝑖0 = 1 are obtained for both eigenvectors of 𝑿𝟏 = 𝒗 =
(−1 1)𝑻 and 𝑿𝟐 = 𝒖 = (1 1)𝑻 respectively. This indicates that
the impinging polarized field (linear) along 𝑣- and 𝑢-axis, that
is oriented at ±45o to the x- or y-axis, demonstrated in Fig. 1 (a),
is reflected back without undergoing any conversion.
Furthermore, the reflected field along u-axis maintained 0o
phase whereas along v-axis the impinging field is reflected back
with the 180o phase. Hence, the surface of the proposed design
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LAWP.2021.3065717, IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
acts as an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) for one Eigen-
polarization but as a PEC (perfect electric conductor) for the
orthogonal Eigen-polarization. As depicted in Fig.1 (b-c), if the
𝐸𝑖𝑢 and 𝐸𝑖𝑣 of a y-polarized impinging field, 𝑬𝒊 = 𝑦̂𝐸𝑖 𝑒 𝑖(𝑘𝑧+𝜔𝑡) at
𝑧 = 0 (plane of metasurface), are reflected in-phase (0o) along
u-axis and out of phase (180o) along –v-axis, then the sum
(vector) of these reflected fields is along the x-axis and hence
the y-polarized wave transformed to x-polarized.
To relate the above discussion with our proposed design, we
simulate our proposed structure under u- and v- polarizations.
As expected, Fig. 1 (b) and (c) show that magnitudes of both
co-polarized components are equal i.e., |𝑅𝑢𝑢 | ≈ |𝑅𝑣𝑣 | and the
phase difference is ∆𝜙 ≈ ±180° respectively. The equal
magnitude and 180o phase difference is responsible to rotate the
reflected electromagnetic waves at the angle of 90o with respect
to incident electromagnetic waves in the frequency bands of
5.3-5.4 GHz, 7.2-8 GHz, and 12.3-13.76 GHz.
(a)
(b) (c)
Fig. 1. (a) Decomposition of electric field along y-axis into 𝒖 and
𝒗 components (b) Co-polarized reflection coefficients 𝐑 𝐮𝐮 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑 𝐯𝐯 (c)
Phase difference between 𝒖 and 𝒗 reflected waves
We further, discuss the mechanism behind circular
polarization conversion. In u-v analysis, it can be observed that
no polarization conversion occurs for both u- and v-polarized
impinging fields upon reflection. This is due to the symmetry
along the v-axis in the proposed metasurface. The reflection
coefficient matrix can be described in terms of the u-v
coordinate. The relation between the incident and reflected
fields can be calculated through the following equation
𝑟 𝑟 0 𝐸𝑢𝑖
(𝐸𝐸𝑢𝑟 )=( 𝑢𝑢 )( )
𝑣 0 𝑟𝑣𝑣 𝐸𝑣𝑖
As the supposed y-polarized impinging wave can be
observed as a combined wave comprising of both u- and v-
polarized components, furthermore, both the polarization
coefficients acquiring the same magnitude in the frequency
ranges of 5.1-5.2 GHz, 5.6-6.85 GHz, 8.8-11.2 GHz, 14.9-20.2
GHz, so reflected and incident fields can be expressed as,
𝐸⃗𝑖 = 𝐸𝑜 𝑒̂𝑦 = 𝐸𝑢𝑖 𝑒̂𝑢 + 𝐸𝑣𝑖 𝑒̂𝑣 = 𝐸𝑜 cos(45𝑜 )(𝑒̂𝑢 + 𝑒̂𝑣 )
𝐸⃗𝑟 = 𝐸𝑢𝑟 𝑒̂𝑢 + 𝐸𝑣𝑟 𝑒̂𝑣 = 𝑟𝑢𝑢 𝐸𝑢𝑖 𝑒̂𝑢 + 𝑟𝑣𝑣 𝐸𝑣𝑖 𝑒̂𝑣 = 𝐸𝑜 cos(45𝑜 )(𝑟𝑢𝑢 𝑒̂𝑢 + 𝑟𝑣𝑣 𝑒̂𝑣 ) (4)
It is clear from Eq. (4) that the state of polarization for the
reflected field can be determined by both co-polarized
coefficients (𝑟𝑢𝑢 and 𝑟𝑣𝑣 ). The equation Δ𝜙𝑢𝑣 = arg(𝑟𝑢𝑢 )-
arg(𝑟𝑣𝑣 ) that can be defined for the phase difference between
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𝑟𝑢𝑢 and 𝑟𝑣𝑣 . The simulations are performed for both the
polarizations (u and v). The phase difference between u- and v-
polarized reflected components is achieved close to an odd
multiple of 90º within the frequency bands of 5.1-5.2 GHz, 5.6-
6.85 GHz, 8.8-11.2 GHz, and 14.9-20.2 GHz. As shown in Fig
1, the magnitude and phase difference criterion is fulfilled in all
the four above-mentioned bands, which confirm that the
reflected electric field is purely circularly polarized field.
B. Surface Current
To get physical insight into the mechanism of polarization
conversion phenomenon, we need to discuss the distribution of
currents on the proposed structure for all the strong resonances.
The incident EM field induces a current on the proposed
structure that are coupled because of the anisotropy of the unit
cell through:
𝜶𝒆𝒆 𝜶𝒆𝒎 𝑬
𝑱
[ ] = 𝑖⍵ [𝜶 𝜶𝒎𝒎 ] [𝑯] (5)
𝑴 𝒎𝒆
Where, 𝑀 = [𝑀𝑥 , 𝑀𝑦 ]𝑇 and 𝐽 = [𝐽𝑥 , 𝐽𝑦 ]𝑇 are the magnetic and
electric current densities respectively. Here angular frequency
is denoted by ⍵; electric and magnetic polarizabilities are
represented by 𝛼𝑒,𝑚 . For simplicity, we supposed time variation
of the form 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 . The magnetic and electric response provides the
designed metasurface impedance (effective) described by Eq.
(6)
𝜇(𝜔)
𝑍(𝜔) = √ (6)
𝜀(𝜔)
Where, 𝑍(𝜔) denotes the surface impedance of the resonating
structure, the magnetic permeability is denoted by 𝜇(𝜔) while
electric permittivity by 𝜀(𝜔). All of these parameters are
frequency dependent. The reflection coefficient (R) at normal
incidence is shown below:
𝑍(𝜔)−𝑍𝑜
𝑅(𝜔) = (7)
𝑍(𝜔)+𝑍𝑜
Where 𝑅(𝜔) is known as a complex reflection coefficient
and 𝑍𝑜 is free space impedance having a value of 377Ω. Fig. 2
demonstrate the surface current distribution on the upper and
bottom layer of the structure at resonance frequencies of 5.35
GHz, 7.6 GHz and13.03 GHz for v- and u- polarizations. It can
be determined from Fig. 2 that the current at the upper and
ground layer of the proposed structure is opposite in direction
that causes magnetic resonance.
(2)
(3)
Fig. 2. Surface current distributions on top layer and metallic ground plane
at different resonant frequencies: (a-b) 5.35 GHz (c-d) 7.6 GHz (e-f) 13.03
GHz
This magnetization produces high value of impedance and
hence a high value of permeability. This anisotropic magnetic
behaviour is only achieved by the anisotropy along the v-axis.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LAWP.2021.3065717, IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters

The magnetic resonances occur at 5.35 GHz and 7.6 GHz while 2(d), the proposed metasurface shows multiband linear to
electric resonance at 13.03 GHz. At the resonance frequency, circular polarization conversion operation at frequencies from
the reported structure behaves as an artificial magnetic 5.1-5.2 GHz, 5.6-6.85 GHz, 8.8-11.2 GHz, 14.9-20.2 GHz.
conductor (AMC) for one component (reflect with 0 o phase)
and perfect reflector (PEC) for the other component (reflect
with 180o phase). Hence, the phase difference between the
reflected components is 180o, which, as discussed previously,
is responsible for the cross-polarization conversion [32].

III. METASURFACE DESIGN

A. Geometrical Configuration
The proposed metasurface works in reflection mode and Fig. 3. A schematic view of the metasurface and unit cell design
comprises of a two-dimensional periodic arrangement of C-
shaped unit cell structure as shown in Fig. 3. The unit cell is
modelled on the top of the FR4 dielectric substrate backed by a
ground plane. The relative permittivity of the substrate is 4.3
and the loss tangent is 0.025. The C-shaped unit cell and ground
plane are made of copper with a conductivity of 5.8×107 S/m
and thickness 35µm. The lengths of the geometrical parameters (a) (b) (b)
of the unit cell as shown in the extract of Fig. 1 are d = 3mm, R
= 3.5mm, L = 5mm, W= 3mm. The height h of the substrate is
2.4 mm and periodicity p of the unit cell is 8.25mm. (c) (d)
IV. METASURFACE PERFORMANCE
A. Reflection Coefficients
The criterion for the highly efficient cross-polarization
conversion is that the co-component of the reflection coefficient
is taken below −10dB and cross component is taken above
−3dB over the required frequency band. By analysing the Fig. 4. Magnitude of co- and cross-polarized reflection coefficients for (a)
results depicted in Fig. 4 (a) and (b), it is found that the cross- 𝐲-polarization (b) 𝒙-polarization (c) magnitude ratio (d) phase difference
component of the reflected coefficient is above −3dB while co-
A comprehensive comparison with very recently published
component is below −10dB which ensures high efficiency of
single layer and wideband polarization converters are shown in
polarization conversion within the frequency bands of 5.3-5.4,
Table 1. It is clear from the comparison Table that the proposed
7.2-8, 12.3-13.76 GHz.
multifunctional metasurface is much better design in many
If the incident electric (𝑬𝒊) field is 𝑦-polarized (𝑬𝒊𝒚 ) then aspects. It works at lower frequencies, its circular polarization
reflection coefficients for co and cross components of the conversion bandwidth is high, and angular stability is
reflected field (𝑬𝒓 ) can be written as, 𝑹𝒚𝒚 = |𝑬𝒓𝒚 |/|𝑬𝒊𝒚 | and 𝑹𝒙𝒚 = manifested for a wide range.
|𝑬𝒓𝒙 |/|𝑬𝒊𝒚| respectively. Similarly, when the incident wave is 𝑥- TABLE I
polarized then co- and cross components of the reflected waves COMPARISON WITH OTHER REFLECTORS
can be expressed as 𝑹𝒙𝒙 = |𝑬𝒓𝒙|/|𝑬𝒊𝒙| and 𝑹𝒚𝒙 = |𝑬𝒓𝒚 |/|𝑬𝒊𝒙|. The Ref
CPC Band (GHz) LTC (GHz) Angular Stability
relation between linearly and circularly polarized incident and
reflected electromagnetic waves can be described by Jones [22] 10.28- 10.15-10.27,15.51- 45o
15.50,16.21-18.8 16.20
Matrix in terms of Cartesian basis as shown below in equations [23] 8-11 7.5-7.7,11.5-11.9 45o
(8) and (9) respectively, [24] 6.36-6.59,10.54- 6.1-6.2,6.84- 45o
𝐸 𝑅+𝑥 𝑅+𝑦 𝐸𝑥𝑖 𝐸𝑥𝑖 13.56 9.02,14.10-15.48
( +𝑟 ) = ( ) ( ) = 𝑹𝒄𝒍 (𝐸 ) (8)
𝐸−𝑟 𝑅−𝑥 𝑅−𝑦 𝐸𝑦𝑖 𝑦𝑖 [25] 6.53-12.07 13.7-15.6 N/A
The elements in the matrix 𝑹𝒄𝒍 can also be converted to [26] N/A 10.73-16.13 60o
Cartesian basis as follows [27] N/A 7.92-12.16 N/A
𝑅+𝑥 𝑅+𝑦 1 𝑅𝑥𝑥 + 𝑖𝑅𝑦𝑥 𝑅𝑥𝑦 + 𝑖𝑅𝑦𝑦 [28] N/A 16-32 55o
𝑹𝒄𝒍 = ( )= ( ) (9) [29] N/A 15.15-19.5, 33.1-39.05 N/A
𝑅−𝑥 𝑅−𝑦 √2 𝑅𝑥𝑥 − 𝑖𝑅𝑦𝑥 𝑅𝑥𝑦 − 𝑖𝑅𝑦𝑦
[30] N/A 17-24 50o
It is clear from (2) that the condition to achieve circularly [31] N/A 15.25-18.9, 29.7-36.7 45o
polarized wave is that the reflected wave must contain both This 5.3-5.4,7.2-8, 5.1-5.2 GHz, 5.6-6.85 75o
𝑥 and 𝑦 polarized components, ideally having the same work 12.3-13.76 GHz, 8.8-11.2 GHz,
14.9-20.2 GHz.
magnitude (i.e., |𝑬𝒓𝒙 | = |𝑬𝒓𝒚 |) and phase difference of ±90° (i.e., CPC: Cross Polarization Conversion (Linear To Linear or LHCP to RHCP)
∠𝑬𝒓𝒙 − ∠𝑬𝒓𝒙 = ±nπ/2), where n is an odd integer. As a standard LTC: Linear To Circular Polarization Conversion
criterion, the cross and co reflection coefficients must ensure PCR> 90%, Angular Stability 75o
the magnitude ratio in-between 0.85-1.15 with phase difference A good measure of the efficiency of the cross-polarization
of ±900 ±50 or ±2700 ±50 [27]. As shown in Fig. 4(c) and conversion capability of a metasurface is PCR (polarization

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Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
conversion ratio). The PCR is the ratio of reflected power in the
cross-polarized component to the sum of power in both co- and
cross-polarized components; the mathematical formulation is
given by,
2
|R𝑥𝑦 |
PCR = 2 2
|R𝑥𝑦| +|R𝑦𝑦 |
Fig. 5 (a) shows that the PCR for the proposed metasurface
is above 90% over the desired frequency bands of 5.3-5.4, 7.2-
8, 12.3-13.76 GHz. However, the efficiency is approached to
100% at two strong resonances of 7.7 and 13 GHz.
(a) (b)
Fig. 5. (a) Polarization conversion ratio (PCR) (b) Ellipticity of the
reflected wave.
To investigate the handedness of circular polarization, we use
Stokes parameters:
2 2 2 2
𝑆0= |R 𝑦𝑦 | + |R 𝑥𝑦 | 𝑆1= |R 𝑦𝑦 | − |R 𝑥𝑦 |
2 2 2 2
𝑆2= 2 |R 𝑦𝑦 | |R 𝑥𝑦 | cos△ ɸ 𝑆3= 2 |R 𝑦𝑦 | |R 𝑥𝑦 | sin△ ɸ
The normalized ellipticity is defined as e = S0/S3.
Normalized ellipticity is +1 for the case of right-handed
circularly polarized (RHCP) reflected wave and −1 when it is
left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP). It can be seen from
Fig. 5(b) that normalized ellipticity is +1 in the frequency bands
of 5.1-5.2 GHz, 5.6-6.85 GHz, 8.8-11.2 GHz, and 14.9-20.2
GHz, showing that the reflected wave is RHCP.
There are various applications, which require the stability of
metasurface response when the EM wave is incident upon it
with different angles. The factors that play key role in angular
stability are smaller unit cell size, smaller dielectric thickness,
and unique unit cell geometry. The unit cell size and dielectric
thickness are kept lower while C-shaped unique geometric
configuration is chosen to attain maximum possible robustness
in the structure response to variations in incidence angle. To
verify the angular stability, numerical simulations are
performed by varying the theta from 0o to 75o. It can be noted
from Fig. 6(a) that the reported structure is angularly stable up
to 75o for cross converter in the two frequency bands of 5.3-5.4
GHz, 7.2-8 GHz. Similarly, for circular conversion, the
structure manifests angular stability in the frequency bands of
5.1-5.2 GHz, 5.6-6.85 GHz, and 8.8-11.2 GHz up to 75o as
depicted in Fig. 6(b)
(b)
(a)
Fig. 6. Response of the proposed design for different incidence angles (a)
PCR (b) Ellipticity
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V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
To verify the simulation results, the proposed metasurface is
printed on a 144×144×2.4 mm3 inexpensive FR4 lossy
substrate. A continuous conducting sheet is used on one side to
avoid transmission while the unit cell is designed on the
(3)
opposite side of FR4 substrate. The experimental setup is
shown in Fig 7 (a). The prototype of the metasurface is shown
in Fig 7(b). Owning to the limitations of measurement setup,
the measurements are carried out up to 16 GHz only. Horn
antennas are placed side by side and connected with a vector
network analyser (VNA). One transmitting horn antenna
(vertical) is aligned with the receiving horn (vertical) to
measure co-polarized reflections. The y-polarized wave is
incident on the metasurface by transmitting antenna while y-
polarized wave (co-polarized) is received on receiving antenna.
The co-polarized reflections remain below -10 dB in the
frequency ranges of 5.3-5.4 GHz, 7.2-8 GHz and 12.3-13.76
GHz while close to -3 dB in four frequency bands of 5.1-5.2
GHz, 5.6-6.85 GHz, 8.8-11.2 GHz, and 14.9-16 GHz.
Similarly, to measure the cross-polarized reflections, the
receiving antenna is placed orthogonal to the transmitting
antenna. The co-polarized reflections remain above -1 dB in the
frequency ranges of 5.3-5.4 GHz, 7.2-8 GHz, and 12.3-13.76
GHz while close to -3 dB in four frequency bands of 5.1-5.2
(10) GHz, 5.6-6.85 GHz, 8.8-11.2 GHz, and 14.9-16 GHz. The
measured results have good agreement with simulated results
as shown in Fig 7 (c).
(a)
(b) (c)
Fig. 7. (a) Panoramic view of experimental setup (b) fabricated metasurface
(c) measurement results
VI. CONCLUSION
In this research, a multifunctional single-layered metasurface
is reported and experimentally tested in reflection mode. The
proposed multifunctional metasurface operate as a highly
efficient cross polarizer at three frequency bands as well as
circular polarizer at four different frequency bands
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors acknowledge the support of Higher Education
Commission (HEC) of Pakistan though National Research
Program for Universities (NRPU) [Project No. 10070/Federal/
NRPU/R&D/HEC/ 2017].
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LAWP.2021.3065717, IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters

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