Police Photography

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MATT.WILFREDSON.AGQUIZ.ESCALLAR
Police Photography
Forensic photography - sometimes referred to as police photography, forensic imaging or crime

scene photography. - is the art of producing an accurate reproduction f a crime scene or an accident using
photography for the benefit of a court or to aid in an investigation.
Photography - is the art, science and practice of creating durable images by recording light. The word
photography was derived from the Greek word "phos" - light and "graphe" - drawing.
Photograph - is an image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually photographic film or

electronic imager.
Sir John Herschel - made the word photography known to the world in a lecture before the royal society of
London on 1839.
Camera - is a device that records and stores images.
History of camera
 Mo Ti - 5th century BC Chinese philosopher who noted that a pin hole can form an inverted and focu
image when light passes through the hole and into a dark area. He is the first recorded person to have
exploited this phenomenon to trace the inverted image to create a picture.
 Aristotle - in 4th century BC, described observing a partial solar eclipse in 330 BC by seeing the image
the sun projected through the small spaces between the leaves of the tree.
 Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen) - an Egyptian scientist who wrote about observing a solar eclipse through
pin hole and he described how a sharper image could be produced by making the opening of the pin ho
smaller.
 Roger Bacon - English philosopher and Franciscan friar who in his study of optics, included
a discussion of the physiology of eyesight, the anatomy of the eyes and brain and considered light, dista
position, size, direct vision, reflected vision and refraction, mirrors and lenses.
 Johannes Kepler - a German mathematician and astronomerwho applied the actual name of camera
obscura and later added a lens and made the apparatus transportable in the form of a tent.
 Robert Boyle - a British scientist who, with his assistant Robert Hooke developed a portable camera in
1660.
 Johann Zahn - in 1685, built the first camera obscura that was small enough for practical use as a port
drawing aid because the only way to preserve the images produced by the camera was to manually trac
them.
 Joseph Nicephore Niepce - was a french inventor who is noted for producing the first known photogra
in 1825 by using a sliding wooden box camera made by Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris.
 1920 - the electronic video camera tube was invented, starting a line of development that eventually
resulted in digital cameraswhich largely supplanted film cameras after the turn of the 21st century.
 William Henry Fox Talbot - a British inventor and pioneer of photography. He was the inventor of
calotype process, the precursor to most photographic processes of the 19th and 20th century.
 Lumiere Brothers - introduced the autochrome, the first commercially successful color process.
 Kodachrome - the first modern integral tripack color film, was introduced by Kodak in 1935. It captur
the three basic color components in a multi layer emulsion.

camera obscura camera obscura

Camera obscura - obscura means dark or darkened chamber room, is an optical device that projects an image
its surroundings on a screen. It is used in drawing and for entertainment and was one of the inventions that led
photography. The camera obscura is the forerunner to the photographic camera.
Basic Modern Camera Parts

1. Lens - the light enters through the lens, this is
where photo process begins.
2. View Finder - is what the photographer looks
through to compose and in many cases to focus,
the picture.
3. Body - the basic most part of a camera. It is the
box that holds the film and the camera controls.
4. Shutter Release - is a button found on many
cameras used to take the picture.
5. Aperture - is a hole or an opening thorough which
light travels. The aperture affects the image's
exposure by changing the diameter of the lens
opening which control the amount of light reaching
the image sensor.
6. Image Sensor - converts the optical image to an
electronic signal.
7. Memory Card - stores all the image information.
8. LCD Screen - typically replaced the view finder.
9. Flash - provide extra light during dim, low light
situations.
10. User Control
Exposure - total amount of light allowed to fall on the photographic medium during the process the of taking
photograph.
Film Speed - is the measure of a photographic films sensitivity to light.
Shutter Cycle - is the process of the shutter opening, closing and resetting to where it is ready to open again.
Shutter - is a device that allows light to pass for a determined period of time for the purpose of
exposing photographic film or light sensitiveelectronic sensor to light to capture a permanent image of a scene
Red Eye Effect - is the common appearance of red pupils in color photographs of eyes. It occurs when using a
photographic flash very close to the camera lens in ambient low light.
Photographic Emulsion - is a light sensitive colloid such as gelatin, coated into a substance. In silver gelatin
photography, the emulsion consists of silver halide crystals suspended in gelatin and the substance may
be glass, plastic film, paper or fabric.
Police Photography Definition of Terms

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 Definition Of
Actinic rays - light rays of short wavelengths occurring in the violet and ultraviolet parts of the spectrum, whi
produce chemical changes, as in photography.
Angle of incidence - the angle of incidence as used here conforms to that used in optics to describe reflection a
refraction of light rays.The angle is measured with respect to the normal to the surface, rather than to the surfac
itself. The normal is an imaginary line perpendicular (90°) to the plane of the surface. Thus, a straight-on impa
(along the normal) is said to have an angle of incidence of zero.
Aperture - Adjustable opening, also referred to as f-stop, that controls the amount of light that is focused on t
film.
Aperture preference - Term used to describe the automatic exposure system used on some cameras, in which
specific aperture is selected but the shutter speed adjusts automatically to expose the film to the correct amoun
light.
Artificial light - Any light other than daylight.
Artificial light film - Color film balanced for use in tungsten artificial light, usually of 3200°K. Packs are usua
marked tungsten or Type B.
ASA - American Standard Association, formerly a standardized rating number for film based on its sensitivity
light.
Auto iris - Automatically regulates the amount of light entering the camera.
Auto white balance - Electronically adjusts camera color levels.
Auto focus - Automatically sets the focus (distance) from scene to camera.
Automatic camera - A camera with a built-in exposure meter that automatically adjusts the lens opening, shut
speed, or both for proper exposure.
Auxiliary lens - A lens element added to a regular lens to shorten or increase the focal length.
Background - The part of the scene that appears behind the principal subject of the picture.
Backlighting - Light shining on the subject from the direction opposite the camera; distinguished from
frontlighting and sidelighting.
Backscatter - The light reflected back to the camera in underwater photography caused by flash reflection of
particles suspended in the water.
Blur - Indistinct image caused by movement or inaccurate focusing.
Bounce lighting - A light source reflected off of another surface and then onto the subject.Flash or tungsten lig
bounced off the ceiling or walls in order to give the effect of natural or available light.
Bulb - A shutter speed setting used to hold the shutter open for extended periods with the use of a shutter
release cord or continuous pressure on the shutter release button.
Cable release - A flexible, enclosed wire used to release the shutter mechanism.
Camera - A photographic apparatus used to expose sensitized film or plates to reflected light images formed b
lens. Also, an electronic device to change film or live action into video signals.
Camera angle - The photographer’s point of view of a subject or scene as viewed through the lens or viewfind
Cartridge - A lightproof container that is loaded with film in the dark and can be handled and placed in the ca
in the light.
Cassette - A film cartridge or magazine. A lightproof holder used in autoradiography for exposing x-ray film t
radioactive blots.
Circle of confusion - An optical term describing the size of an image point formed by a lens.
Close-up - A photograph taken close to the subject or evidence, often requiring an auxiliary lens. Macro and m
are degrees of close-up.
Color - The sensation produced in the eye by a particular wavelength or group of wavelengths of visible light.
Color balance - The ability of a film to reproduce the colors of a scene. Color films are balanced in manufactu
for exposure to light of a certain color quality daylight, tungsten, etc. Color balance also refers to the reproduct
of colors in color prints, which can be altered during the printing process.
Color balancing filter - Filters used to balance color film with the color temperature of the light source and to
prevent the formation of colorcasts. An 85B filter is used with tungsten film in daylight, an 80A filter with day
film in tungsten light.
Color compensating (CC) filters - Comparatively weak color filters used to correct for small differences betw
the color temperature of the illumination and that for which the film was manufactured.
Color conversion filters - Fairly strong color filters used for exposing film in light of a type markedly differe
from that for which the film was made.
Color negative film - Film that records the colors of the subject in complementary hues that are subsequently
reversed again in theprinting paper to give the correct colors.
Color reversing film - Film that produces a direct positive by effectively reversing the negative image during
processing. Transparency (slide) film is of this type.
Contrast - The difference in intensities of light falling on various parts of a subject. The density range of a
negative, print, or slide; the brightness range of a subject or the scene lighting.
Contrast filter - A colored filter used to make a colored subject stand out either lighter or darker (for black-an
white film).
Correction filter - Filters used to alter colors to suit the color response of the film.
Coupled exposure meter - Exposure meter built into the camera and linked with the aperture or shutter speed
controls, or both.
Coupled rangefinder - A rangefinder connected to the focusing mechanism of the lens, which is focused whil
measuring the distance to the subject or object.
Cropping - The elimination of part of an original image on a single negative during printing either because of
automation or enlargement.
Daylight color film - Color film designed to be used with daylight or a light source of equivalent color
temperature, including blue flashbulbs and electronic flash. The film is balanced to 5400 EK.
Dense - Dark negative or positive film on paper that is overexposed, overdeveloped, or both.
Depth of field - The zone between the foreground and background that appears in sharpest focus for a particul
lens, distance, and aperture.
Depth of field scale - Scale on a lens barrel showing the near and far limits of depth of field possible when the
is set at any particular focus and aperture.
Developer - A solution used to turn the latent image into a visible image on exposed films or photographic pap
Electronic flash - Lighting unit utilizing the flash of light produced by discharging a current between two
electrodes in a gas-filled tube.
Electronic viewfinder (EVF) - A small TV monitor attached to a video camera for viewing of recorded image
Emulsion - a suspension of a salt of silver in gelatin or collodion used to coat film.
Existing light - That light present at any one time in a given area no matter what the source.
Exposure index - Methods of rating film speed developed by the American Standards Association (ASA), now
known as the American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI).
Exposure setting - The lens opening and shutter speed selected to expose the film.
Extension tube - Increases the distance between the lens and the sensitive film in the camera and changes the
capability.
Eyepiece - The optic found on a camera, microscope, telescope, and so on, used to look through the instrumen
Fade-in/Fade-out - Gradually changing video from dark to picture or picture to dark.
Fast film - Film that has an emulsion that is very sensitive to light. Such films have high ASA ratings.
Fast lens - lens with a large aperture, requiring less light.
Field of vision - The area a person is able to see through the viewfinder, scope, or lens.
Fill-in - Secondary illumination to keep shadow areas from photographing too dark; also known as the fill ligh
Film - A sheet or strip of celluloid coated with light-sensitive emulsion for exposure in a camera.
Film plane - That portion of the camera body that holds the sensitized film in place during the exposure proce
is also that position of the camera where the image is focused.
Film speed - A means of representing numerically the response of a photographic emulsion to light.
Finder - A viewer through which the picture to be taken may be seen and centered.
Fish-eye lens - Wide-angle lens with angle of view that may reach 180°. Depth of field is practically infinite.
Flash - A general term for any auxiliary, sudden, brilliant light. A unit holding flashbulbs is referred to as a fla
Flash sensor - Electronic unit actuated by light flash.
Flood - Light source providing a wide, diffused beam of light.
Fluorescence - Property possessed by various substances that glow when exposed to light of a short waveleng
The phenomenon in which some substances absorb light and re-emit part of it as light of a longer wavelength.
Fluorescence ceases when incident or exciting illumination ceases.
Focal length - The distance in millimeters (mm) from the center of the lens to the point where the image come
into critical view.
Focal plane shutter - A shutter that operates immediately in front of the focal plane. Usually contains a fixed
variable-sized slit in a curtain of cloth or metal that travels across the film to make the exposure.
Focus - Point at which converging rays of light from a lens meet.
Focusing - The adjustment of the lens-to-film distance to produce a sharp image of the subject.
Format - Size, shape, and general makeup of negatives, slides, photographic prints, camera viewing areas, or
video equipment.
Frame - An individual picture on a roll of film or one full onscreen image of displayed computerized informat
Frame buffer - A separate area of memory where an image or frame is stored in a computer.
Frame counter - A dial on the camera indicating the number of exposures or frames used.
f-stop (f-number) - Focal setting for the diaphragm controlling the size of the aperture; the higher the f-stop, t
smaller the aperture opening.
Fully automatic - Term indicates that camera aperture and speed settings can be combined to give complete
automatic exposure for a picture.
Gain select - Increase sensitivity to light. Used when sufficient illumination is not available for video recordin
Gamma - A process that improves the video image by correcting for the lack of picture clarity.
Glare - Intense light reflected off highly reflective surfaces such as water, glass, and very light-toned objects.
Grain - Individual silver particles or groups of particles in the emulsion

which, when enlarged, become noticeable and sometimes objectionable.
Graininess - The grainy appearance of photographic enlargements. More prominent on higher-speed film. The
sand-like or granular appearance of a negative, print, or slide resulting from the clumping of silver grains durin
development of the film. Graininess becomes more pronounced with faster film, increased density in the negat
and degree of enlargement.
Guide number - An indication of the power of a flash unit, enabling the correct aperture to be selected at a giv
distance between flash and subject. The number divided by the distance gives the f-stop that should be used. A
speed is specified with the guide number and recalculation is needed for different speeds.
Haze filter - Lens filter that reduces the effect of atmospheric haze. Red reduces most, green the least. A blue
induces haze.
Illumination - A specific amount of light present in any given area. Expressed in lux or foot-candles; the lowe
lux of equipment, the less light required for a good picture.
Image - The photographic representation of an object or scene formed by optical or chemical action.
Image aspect ratio - Ratio of the width to the height of a displayed computer generated image.
Image resolution - Number of pixels displayed per unit of printed length in an image, usually measured in pix
per inch (ppi).
Infrared photography - Recording of images produced by infrared radiation.

Iris - The opening of a camera lens that controls the amount of light let in.
Lens cap - A cover used to protect a lens from dust and damage when not in use.
Lumen - Photometric unit equal to the luminous flux on 1 ft2 of

surface from a standard candle 1 ft away.
Luster - The gloss or shine possessed by a fiber, resulting from its reflection of light. The luster of manufactur
fibers is often modified by use of a delustering pigment.
Macro lens - Lens designed to work at close distance, permitting image
magnification.
Macro photography - Photography usually involving close-up capabilities,whether with lens or bellows, with
magnification from life size (110) up to 50 times (501).
Magenta - A reddish-blue (minus green) color.
Micro photography - The term used in Europe for the making of large photographs of small objects, usually
through a microscope. In the United Kingdom and the United States this is called photomicrography, and
microphotography is used to refer to the technique of making microscopically small photographs by the proces
optical reduction.
Monochrome - Single colored; for instance, black-and-white photographs and sepia- or other-toned images in
color. Similar light rays of one color wavelength (i.e., a single, pure color).
Motor drive- Device for advancing the film and retensioning the shutter by means of an electric motor.
Multiple flash - The use of more than one flash unit, usually operating
simultaneously.
Natural size - A photograph enlarged to the true size of the content.
Near point - The closet object to the camera in focus for a given distance.
Negative - Photographic image in which the amount of silver present is more or less based on the reflectivity f
the original object. Black is white, white is black. The developed film that contains a reversed-tone image of th
original scene.
Normal lens - A lens that makes the image in a photograph appear in a perspective similar to that of the origin
scene.
Objective - The first lens, lens system, or mirror through which light passes or from which it is reflected in an
optical system.
Open flash - Method of using the flash in which the shutter is opened, the flash is fired, and then the shutter is
closed. It is used when the shutter speed is unimportant because existing lighting is poor or nonexistent.
Open up - The term used in reference to changing to a larger aperture (f-stop) opening.
Optical microscope - An instrument used to obtain an enlarged image of a small object, utilizing visible light;
general, it consists of a light source, a condenser, an objective lens, and an ocular or eyepiece that can be repla
by a recording device. Also known as a light microscope.
Pan-and-tilt head - Tripod head with separate locks for horizontal (pan) and vertical (tilt) movements of the
camera.
Panning - The movement from left to right and right to left of the camera; normally associated with movie and
video cameras.
Parallax - Difference between the image seen in a viewfinder and that

recorded by the taking lens. Most pronounced at close distance with twin-lens reflex and rangefinder cameras.
Single-lens reflex and studio cameras are free from parallax error.
Peak - The visual image representing an allele on an electropherogram.
Photo flash lamp - An electronic lamp working at higher than the normal voltage,giving brighter light.
Photoelectric cell - Light-sensitive cell used in exposure meters and for remote triggering of the shutter.
Photoflood - Photographic lamp designed to produce a high output of light during a comparatively short life.
Photogrammetry - The process of surveying or mapping through analysis of photographs. A scientific method
used to determine from photographs the length of skid marks, width of roadways, or any other types of
measurements needed.
Photographic negative - A transparency produced when black-and-white film is exposed in a camera and then
developed. The term is derived from the appearance of the transparency, in which white areas of the original
appear the darkest or most opaque, while the darkest portions of the original are almost clear. With color film t
light–dark reversal is coupled with a change of colors to the complements of those in the original material.
Photographic positive - A print made by passing light through the negative generally onto photographic pape
this print the tonal values are directly proportional to those of the original; i.e., light areas of the original appea
light, and the dark areas are dark.
Photography - To write or draw with light. Recording with light is closer to the modern meaning of the word.
Photomicrographs - Photographs that are made through a compound microscope and may be a greatly enlarg
image of a small area. Similarly, enlarged photographs, which may be prepared with only a lens of very short f
length, are accurately termed photomacrographs. It is extremely difficult to distinguish between photographs m
by these two processes, and both are often incorrectly referred to as a photomicrograph.
Projected prints - A print made by focusing light from the negative on the printing paper by means of a lens
system. These positives are generally enlargements. Some workers refer to them as bromides because of the ty
paper emulsion originally used.
Quartz lens - A special lens used for ultraviolet photography.
Rangefinder - A viewer system found on cameras without a through-the-lens viewing capacity (SLR cameras)
Record/review - Automatically rewinds and plays back the last few seconds of videotape recording. Provides
smooth transition from one segment to another.
Reflection - The bouncing back of rays of light striking a surface.
Reflex camera - A camera in which the image can be seen right side up and full size on the ground-glass focu
screen.
Refraction - The bending of a light ray when passing obliquely from one medium to a medium of different
density.
Refractive index (N) - The change in direction (apparent bending) of a light ray passing from one medium to
another of different density, as from air to water or glass. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the s
of the angle of refraction is the index of refraction of the second medium. Index of refraction of a substance ma
also be expressed as the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to its velocity in the substance.
Resolution - The capability of an optical device to separate into

two or more objects (or points) what to the unaided eye appears to be one object (or point), thus yielding detail
otherwise perceptible. Measurement in units per inch of the amount of detail in an image file: dpi = dots per in
ppi = pixels per inch; lpi = liners per inch.
Reversal - A positive film such as slide film (either color or black-and-white).
Rogues’ gallery - A file of photographs of arrested individuals; usually includes fullface and profile photograp
(mug shots) along with detailed physical description, age and place of birth, Social Security number, fingerprin
classification, nicknames and aliases, modus operandi, etc. (also called mug shot file).
Scale - The enlargement or reduction of an object or texture.
Schlieren optics - Imaging system in which the transparent or translucent object to be examined is placed betw
two spherical mirrors. The illuminant is a point light source placed at the focal point of one of the mirrors. Para
light rays from the mirror pass through the object to the second mirror, which projects the image onto a screen.
knife edge is placed at the focal point of the second mirror to block unrefracted light rays. Only light rays refra
by the object reach the screen.Schlieren optics can produce images of thickness, density, and refractive index
differences.
Self-timer - A timing device permitting the photographer to delay shutter.
Shoot (shot) - A slang term for taking or having taken a photograph.

function.
Shot sheet - A form for recording all pertinent photographic information on a particular roll of film.
Shutter - Mechanical device that regulates the time light can act upon the film.
Shutter preference - An automatic exposure system in which shutter speed may be selected and the aperture i
adjusted automatically to give correct exposure.
Shutter speed - The action of the shutter that controls the duration of an exposure.The faster the speed, the sho
the exposure.
Silhouette - A photograph that shows only the mass of a subject in black against a white or colored backgroun
Single-lens reflex - Camera system utilizing a hinged mirror between the lens and the film that swings out of t
light path when the shutter is open, allowing the taking and viewing functions of a lens to be combined.
Slide - A positive film mounted in a slide mount or a positive print on glass for projection upon a screen.
Slide film - Direct reversal film; usually color film used in cameras for full-color projection positives. Sometim
called color transparency film.
Slit-width - Size of the opening of the slit through which light emerges. Size depends on wavelength range,
separation ability of wavelength selector,and desired isolation of specific wavelength.
Slow film - Film having an emulsion with low sensitivity to light. Typically such films have an ASA rating of
or less.
Slow lens - A lens with a relatively small maximum apertura, such as f-8.
Snapshot - A casual picture taken by amateurs, usually with simple equipment.
Snow Print Wax - Registered name of an aerosol product used to assist in the photography and casting of
footwear impressions in snow.
Speed - The sensitivity of a photographic emulsion to light. ISO, ASA, or DIN numbers indicate their relative
speed characteristics. The higher the number, the faster the film reacts to light.
Spotlight - Lamp unit with a reflector and lens that can either focus light into a small, concentrated circle or gi
wider beam.
Standard lens - Lens whose focal length is approximately equal to the diagonal of the film format with which
used. It is also referred to as the prime or normal lens.
Static streak- Light streak that appears on photographic film, usually in cold weather when film is advanced to
quickly. Static streaks can be harmful to development of clear photographic images.
Still - A photograph lacking motion; a single frame.
Stop - A lens aperture or diaphragm opening, such as f-4 and f-5.6.
Strobe - Electronic flash unit. An electrical power supply charges the gas-filled flash tube emitting light betwe
1/1000 sec and 1/50,000 sec. A strobe can be manual or manual and automatic.
Surveillance photography - A secretive, continuous, and sometimes periodic visual documentation of activiti
involving persons, places, or objects of importance to an investigation.
Sync-cord - An electrical power cord used to connect the flash unit to a power source.
Synchroflash - A term applied to flash photography in which a flash bulb is ignited at the same instant that the
shutter is opened.
Time exposure - The camera shutter is opened and closed manually, not automatically.
Time-lapse - A timing device that can be set to take a photograph every few seconds, minutes, hours, etc.
Transmission - The ratio of the light passed through an object to the light falling upon it.
Transmitted light - Light that is passed through a transparent or translucent medium.
Transparency - A positive photographic image on film, viewed or projected by transmitted light (light shining
through film).
Trash mark - Mark left on a finished copy during photocopying; results from imperfections or dirt on the cov
glass, cover sheet, drum, or camera lens of a photocopy machine.
Tripod - A three-legged stand used to support a camera or lens and camera.
Tungsten light - Incandescent light, from a bulb having filaments usually of lower wattage, 15 to 500 W.
Tungsten light film - Color film balanced to suit tungsten light sources, with a color temperature of 3200°K.
Twin-lens reflex (TLR) - Camera having two lenses of the same focal length; one is used for viewing and
focusing, the other for exposing the film. The lenses are mounted above each other.
Ultraviolet filter - A filter that transmits ultraviolet light as used for photography by the reflected ultraviolet li
method.
Ultraviolet light - Light rays beyond the visible spectrum of light at its violet end with wavelengths longer tha
rays, but shorter than visible light.
Ultraviolet photograph - Any photograph that records the document under ultraviolet illumination. With som
these the ultraviolet radiation strikes the film, but with others a filter is employed so that only the visual
fluorescence caused by the ultraviolet is recorded.
Underexposure - Results of insufficient light exposing the film. A condition in which too little light reaches th
film producing a thin negative, a dark slide, or a muddy-looking print.
Unipod - A one legged support for a camera.

Videography - The recording of visual images electronically on magnetic tape.Usually accompanied by a reco
soundtrack.
Viewfinder - A viewing instrument attached to a camera that is used to obtain proper composition.
Washed out - A negative or print lacking detail and contrast.
White balance - A procedure used to tune a video camera’s color by setting it to perfectly reproduce a white
object.
Zoom lens - A lens with the capacity to have varied focal lengths while maintaining focus on a particular subje
a given distance.
Zooming - Moving a variable focus lens during an exposure.
Police Photography Review Notes

 Single Women
 Sodium Thiosulfate
 Black and white films
 Panoramic Camera
 Silver Bullion
Important Personalities in Police Photography
*Joseph Nicephore Niepce - was able to obtain camera images on papers sensitized with silver chloride soluti
in 1816.He invented a photographic process which he called "heliography" meaning "writing of the sun"
*Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre - invented "Daguerreotype", an

early photograph produced on a silver or silver-covered copper plate.It formed an image directly on the silver
surface of a metal plate.It was a positive process,thus,it yielded one of a kind images.
*William Henry Fox Talbot - invented a process called calotype, a photographic process by which a large
number of prints could be produced from a paper negative.Calotype use paper with surface fibers impregnated
light sensitive compounds.
Calotype vs. Daguerre - fixation in calotype was only partial while
images in daguerreotype were made permanent with the use of
hypo (short for hyposulfite thiosulfate,sodium thiosulfate or a
solution of thiosulfate).
Sodium thiosulfate or hypo is a hygroscopic (readily taken up and
retaining moisture) crystalline salt used especially as a
photographic fixing agent and a reducing or bleaching agent.

*John Frederick William Herchel - coined the term photography and applied the terms negative and positive
photography.He made improvements in photographic processes, particularly in inventing the cyanotype proces
and variations (such as the chrysotype) the precursors of the modern blueprint process.He discovered sodium
thiosulfate to be a solvent of silver halides in 1819, and informed Talbot and Daguerre of his discovery that thi
"hyposulfite of soda" (hypo) could be used as a photographic fixer, to fix pictures and make them permanent a
experimentally applying it in 1839.
*Richard Leach Maddox - was an English photographer and physician who invented light weight gelatin neg
plates for photography in 1871.
*Frederick Scott Archer - invented the photographic collodion process which preceded the modern gelatin
emulsion.
Collodion - is a wound dressing material made of nitrated cotton

dissolved in ether and alcohol and other chemicals on sheet of
glass.
*George Eastman - founded the Eastman Kodak company and inventedroll film, helping bring photography t

mainstream.
Definition of Terms:
Photography - To write with light,from two Greek words, Phos - light and Graphia - write.
Police Photography - It is an art or science which deals with the study of the principles of photography, the
reproduction of photographic evidence, and its application to police work.
Forensic Photography - the art or science of photographically documenting a crime scene and evidence for
laboratory examination and analysis for purposes of court trial.
1.Take photographs of the following:

a.crime scene
b.suspects.
c.detainees
d.prisoners
e.aliens
f.apprehended persons
g.applicants for clearances
h.military and civilian personnel
i.unknown cadaver
j.applicant to possess firearm
k.other physical evidence
2.Conduct comparative examination and analysis of questioned
photographs or pictures to the known photographs.
3.Process color and black and white film, print, reduce and enlarge
picture.
4.Reproduce picture and other printed matters.
5.Compose portrait by means of portrait composition.
6.Provides photographic intrusion detection devices.
7.Maintain Rogues Gallery (a collection of pictures of persons arrested
as criminals)

Care and Handling of Camera
* Must be carried using a portable bag or built-in container to avoid

dust and dirt.
* Must be kept dry and avoided contact with water and other liquid
substances.
* Must be repaired only by qualified technician.
* Must not be cleaned by oil.
* Must not be fixed without proper equipment and tools to avoid
serious damage on it.

Basic Camera Parts and Functions
Camera is a light-tight box; with a lens to form an image with a shutter and diaphragm to control the entry of th
image; a means of holding a film to record the image/and a viewer or viewfinder to show the photographer wh
the image is.
Camera originated from the term camera obscura. Camera obscura (Latin veiled chamber ) is an opticaldevice
used, for example, in drawing or for entertainment. It is one of the inventions leading to photography.The princ
can be demonstrated with a box with a hole in one side (the box may be room-sized, or hangar sized). Light fro
scene passes through the hole and strikes a surface where it is reproduced, in color, andupside-down. The imag
perspective is accurate. The image can be projected onto paper, which when tracedcan produce a highly accura
representation.
1.Light Tight Box. This part of the camera is very essential because
of its capability to exclude all unwanted light that may expose the
sensitized materials or film. It is an enclosure that is devoid of light.
2.Lens. The lens is the only responsible in focusing the rays of light
coming from the subject. It is one of the most important parts of
camera because without lens, it is impossible to form a sharp image
of the film.
3.Film H older. The film holder holds the film firmly inside the camera. It
is always located at the opposite side of the lens of the camera.
4.Shutter. The shutter served as the barriers of the rays of light that
will enter and effect the film inside the camera. It is usually placed
at the path of the light passing thru the lens.

Other Parts of the Camera
1. Viewing system
2. Film advancer
3. Shutter speed
4. Lens aperture
5. Focusing mechanism
Major Types of Camera

1.View Finder Type - The smallest and simplest type of camera.This is
also known as instamatic camera.View finder camera suffers parallax
error.
2.Single Lens Reflex Type - Cross section view of SLR system
1) Lens
2) Mirror
3) Shutter
4) Film or sensor
5) Focusing screen
6) Condensing lens
7) Pentaprism
8) Eye piece
The best way to determine the entire coverage of the camera is to look behind the lens of the camera.In this ma
the object can be framed properly and recorded on the film.This type of camera eliminates the problem of para
error.
Twin Lens Reflex Camera - has two lens, one for viewing and focusing on the subject and for taking lens.In th
type of camera,the image to be photographed is seen as flat surface as the image is reflected by the mirror behi
the viewing lens.This suffers parallax error.
Parallax - the difference between what the view finder on a point and shoot camera sees and what the lens sees
(and thus records on film).At close shooting distances,the difference can cause you to crop off the top of a subj
head.
Parallax error - the image you see through the view finder is different from the image the lens will capture.
VIEW OR PRESS TYPE
1.Lens plane
2.Front standard
3.Lens axis
4.Base
5.Film holder/Ground glass
6.Rear standard
7.Film plane
VIEW OR PRESS TYPE CAMERA - The biggest and most sophisticated among the different type of came
This type of camera is practically useless for candid and action photography.
SPECIAL CAMERAS - These are cameras that have been devised that offer unique advantage or serve
special purposes. Among the special cameras are: a. polaroid, b. panoramic cameras, c. aerial cameras, d. mini
and ultra-miniature cameras e. digital cameras (using computer processing.
Control of Cameras
Knowing the controls on camera is necessary to produce a sharp and normal image
and negatives after photographing. There are three important controls in a camera to be manipulated and adjus
to its proper setting.
* Focusing control

* Diaphragm/Aperture control
* Shutter speed
Focusing Control
The camera lens bends light rays to form an image or likeness of the object. Adjusting the lens to form the clea
possible image is called focusing .Focusing is defined as the setting of the proper distance in order to form a s
image.
Three Types of Focusing

1.Rangefinder Type (e.g. viewfinder, instamatic camera and 35mm
cameras)
2.Ground Glass Type (e.g. twin-lens reflex camera and digital camera)
3.Scale Bed Type (e.g. press and view camera, and Polaroid Evidence
Camera)
Rangefinder Type
The rangefinder type is classified into two:

1.Coincidence type - the object to be photographed looks double when
the focusing control is not in proper distance, and by moving this
control, one of the objects will move and coincide with the other object
to make as one and become accurate appearance of an object.
2.Split Type - Splits the objects to be photographed into two. While
moving the focusing control, the split image will move and unite to form
an undivided appearance and therefore the focus is accurate and
perfect.
Ground Glass Type
Ground glass type focusing mechanism clearly indicates whether the object distance and the camera is out of f
or not. If the object is not well focused, the object to be photographed will appear blurred. To make it clear and
accurate the focusing ring of the camera is adjusted on clockwise or counter clockwise to get the desired clearn
of the object.
Scale-Bed or Focusing Scale

In the scale or bed type focusing mechanism, the distance of the object to be photographed is calculated by me
of feet or meter. There are cameras where estimated distance from the camera to objects is being indicated in th
focusing ring.
Diaphragm Control (lens opening)
A device called a diaphragm usually serves as the aperture stop, and controls the aperture. The diaphragm
functions much like the iris of the eye²it controls the effective diameter of the lens opening.Reducing the apertu
size increases the depth of field, which describes the extent to which subject matter lying closer than or farther
from the actual plane of focus appears to be in focus.
Aperture and shutter speed are the fundamental controls available to the SLR user: Varying one or other of the
opens up a myriad of creative possibilities. Both also control how much light reaches the film ± so if you make
hole through which the light passes into the camera (the aperture) smaller; you must keep this hole open for lon
(the shutter speed) to compensate.
Fortunately, on most cameras this adjustment is made automatically. The size of the aperture is measured using
f/numbers (or f/stops). Confusingly, as f/numbers represent fractions, the larger the f/number the smaller the
aperture. The widest aperture on a lens might be f/2, whilst the smallest aperture available may be f/22.
Shutter Speed - is a device that allows light to pass for a determined period of time, for the purpose of
exposing photographic film or a light-sensitive electronic sensor to light to capture a permanent image of a sce
Types of Shutter
1. Central shutters
2. Focal-plane
Central Shutters - are mounted within a lens assembly, or more rarely behind or even in front of a lens,and sh
off the beam of light where it is narrow. A leaf mechanism is usually used.
Focal Plane Shutter - In camera design, a focal-plane shutter is a type of photographic shutter that is positione
immediately in front of the focal plane of the camera, that is, right in front of the photographic film or image
sensor.
Types of Shutters (as to mechanism)

1.Focal-plane shutters
2.Leaf shutters
3.Diaphragm shutters
4.Central shutters
Focal-Plane Shutters - Focal-plane shutters are usually implemented as a pair of cloth, metal, or plastic curtai
which shield the film from light.
Leaf Shutters - is a type of camera shutter consisting of a mechanism with one or more pivoting metal leaves
which normally does not allow light through the lens onto the film, but which when triggered opens the shutter
moving the leaves to uncover the lens for the required time to make an exposure, then shuts.
Diaphragm Shutters - is a type of leaf shutter consisting of a number of thin blades which briefly uncover the
camera aperture to make the exposure.
Central Shutters - is a camera shutter normally located within the lens assembly where a relatively smallopen
allows light to cover the entire image. The term is also used for shutters behind, but near to, the
lens.Interchangeable lens cameras with a central shutter within the lens body require that each lens has ashutte
built into it. In practice most cameras with interchangeable lenses use a single focal plane shutter in thecamera
body for all lenses, while cameras with a fixed lens use a central shutter.In photography, shutter speed is a com
term used to discuss exposure time, the effective length of time a shutter is open; the total exposure is proportio
to this exposure time, or duration of light reaching thefilm or image sensor.
There are many factors to be considered in using this control . Some of these factors are:
1.The light sensitivity of the film, which are determined through its ISO
2.The lighting condition
3.The motion of the subjects on different angles
4.The purpose of the photographs to be taken, etc.
The different shutter speeds are:

1, 2 or 1/2 sec, 4 or 1/4 sec, 8 or 1/8 sec, 15 or 1/15 sec, 30 or 1/30 sec, 60 o r 1/60 sec, 125 or 1/125 sec,250
1/250, 500 or 1/500 sec, 1000 or 1/1000, 2000 or 1/2000.
Camera shutters often include one or two other settings for making very long exposures:
B (for bulb ) - keep the shutter open as long as the shutter release is held.
T (for time ) - keep the shutter open until the shutter release is pressed again.
Avoiding Camera Shake

Unless you are using a tripod, the first thing you should ensure when choosing the shutter speed is that it is fas
enough to avoid camera shake. However tightly you hold your camera, it will always move slightly as you fire
you use too slow a shutter speed this will mean blurred pictures. The speed you use depends on the focal length
lens you are doing.
How to Hold Your Camera

To be able to use the slowest possible handheld speeds, you must hold the camera correctly to avoid as much
vibration as possible.
Low-level shooting - you don always want to take your pictures from
normal eye level. This kneeling position allows you to take shots at
waist level.
When to Use Slow Shutter Speeds

By using a tripod, or other camera support, photographers can use slower shutter speeds than usual.These allow
you to use apertures that would not otherwise be possible when using a handheld camera and to shoot in the lo
light. Slow shutter speeds can also be used for creative effect, as moving subjects will become artistically blurr
When to Use Fast Shutter Speeds

Moving subjects require you to consider using a faster shutter speed than that needed to avoid camera shake. S
blur may be welcome with action subjects, but often we want to freeze the action. Selecting the right shutter sp
depends not only on the velocity of the subject, but also on the direction in which it is traveling.
The Lens - A lens is an optical device with perfect or approximate axial symmetry which transmits and refract
light, converging or diverging the beam.
Types of Lenses

1. Biconvex
2. Biconcave
3. Plano-convex/plane-concave
4. Convex-concave or meniscus
5. Positive or converging lens
6. Negative or diverging lens
Biconvex - A lens is biconvex (or double convex , or just convex ) if both surfaces are convex.
Biconcave - A lens with two concave surfaces is biconcave (or just concave ).
Plano-convex or Plano-concave - If one of the surfaces is flat, the lens is plano-convex or plano-concave
depending on the curvature of the other surface.
Meniscus - A lens with one convex and one concave side is convex-concave or meniscus.It is this type of lens
is most commonly used in corrective lenses.
Positive or Converging Lens - If the lens is biconvex or plano-convex, a collimated or parallel beam of light
traveling parallel to the lens axis and passing through the lens will be converged (or focused ) to a spot on the
axis, at a certain distance behind the lens (known as the focal length ). In this case, the lens is called a positive
converging lens.This lens is always thicker at the center and thinner at the sides. Light passing through it is be
toward each other on the other side of the lens meeting at a point. It produces a real image on the opposite side
the lens or where light is coming from.
Negative or Diverging Lens - If the lens is biconcave or plano-concave, a collimated beam of light passing
through the lens is diverged(spread); the lens is thus called a negative or diverging lens. The beam after passi
through the lens appears to be emanating from a particular point on the axis in front of the lens; the distance fro
this point to the lens is also known as the focal length, although it is negative with respect to the focal length o
converging lens.This lens is always thinner at the center and thicker at the sides. Light passing through it is ben
away from each other as if coming from a point. It produces a virtual image on the same side of the lens or wh
light is coming from.
Inherent Lens Defects or Aberrations

1. Spherical Aberration
2. Coma
3. Curvature of Field
4. Distortion
5. Chromatic Aberration
6. Astigmatism
7. Chromatic Difference of Magnification
Spherical Aberration - When light passing through near the central part of a converging lens is bended more
sharply than those rays falling in the edge, thus the rays coming from the edges are focused on a plane nearer t
lens than those coming from the central part.
Coma - This is another form of spherical aberration but is concerned with the light rays entering the lens obliq
The defect is noticeable only on the outer edges and not on the central part of the lens. If a lens has coma, circu
objects reproduced at the corners of the negative are comet-like form. Just like the spherical aberration, it is
reduced by combinations of lenses of different curvatures.
Curvature of Field - This is a kind of defect where the image formed by a lens comes to a sharper focus in cu
surface than a flat surface. The correction of this defect is similar to spherical aberration and coma.
Distortion - A lens with distortion is incapable of rendering straight lines correctly; either horizontal or vertica
lines in an object. This is caused by the placement of the diaphragm. If the diaphragm is placed in front of the
lens,straight lines near the edges of the object tends to bulge outside. This is known as the barrel distortion.If th
diaphragm is placed behind the lens, straight lines near the edges tends to bend inward. This isknown as the
pincushion distortion. Distortion is remedied by placing the diaphragm in between the lens component and the
opposite distortions will neutralize each other.
Chromatic Aberration - This defect is the inability of the lens to bring photographic rays of different wavelen
to the same focus. Ultraviolet rays are bent the most while infrared rays are bent to the least when they pass
through the lens. This defect is reduced by utilizing compound lenses made up of single lens made up of glass
different curvatures.
Astigmatism - This defect is present when the size of image produced by photographic rays of one wavelength
different from the size produced by another. Size of the image increases as the wavelength of the rays decrease
color photography it produces a rainbow colored fringes around the edges of objects while in black and
white photography, it appears as a slight blue.
Types of Lenses (as to degree of correction to lens aberration)

1.Achromatic lens - corrected for chromatic aberration.
2.Rapid-rectilinear lens - corrected for distortion.
3.Anastigmatic lens - corrected for astigmatism as well as the other lens
defects.
4.Apochromatic lens - also corrected for astigmatism but with higher
degree of correction to color.
Focal length - is the distance measured from the optical center of the lens to the film plane when the lens is se
focused at infinity position or far distance.Focal length is a measure of the light-bending power of a lens. It is
invariably measured in millimeters(mm). The longer the focal length of a lens , the narrower the angle of view
and the larger objects appear in theviewfinder without the need to move any closer to them.
Focal Distance - is the distance from the optical center of the lens to the film plane.
Telephotos - are long focal length lenses.

Telephotos are lenses with focal lengths greater than 50mm. They range from 70mm short telephotos to "long
toms" with focal lengths of 1000mm or more.
Wide angles - are short focal lengths.

A lens with a focal length of 50mm is known as a standard lens ± the view that it gives is similar to that of the
human eye . Any lens with a shorter focal length, and wider angle of view, is known as wide-angle.
How Focal Length Affects Image Size - Lenses work on the principle that light affecting from a subject can b
bent using the refractive properties of glass to form a miniature image of the subject. Lenses with short focal
lengths, such as the wide-angle lens, produce a small image. Telephoto lenses, with longer focal lengths, produ
larger image, when taken from the same distance.
Zoom Lens - It is a kind of lens with variable focal length.
Does Focal Length Affect Depth of Field?

Aperture is not the only factor that affects how much of a scene is in focus. You should also take into account
focal length of the lens being used and the distance that the lens is focused at (generally the distance from the
camera to your subject). The longer the focal length, the more restricted depth of field becomes.So, all things b
equal, a wide-angle lens keeps more of the scene in focus than a telephoto one. In addition, depth of field beco
increasingly more limited the closer you are to the subject that your lens is focused on.
Factors Affecting Depth of Field

1.Aperture - The larger the aperture the less depth of field. For
maximum depth of field, use the smallest aperture.
2.Focused Distance - The closer the subject you focus on, the less depth
of field. Depth of field is greater with distance subjects.
3.Focal Length - The longer the lens you use, the less depth of field you
will have. Wide-angle lenses give the greatest depth of field.
Films and Papers
A.Black and White Films

1.Emulsion - a suspension of a sensitive silver salt or a mixture of silver
halides in a viscous medium (as a gelatin solution) forming a coating on

photographic plates, film, or paper.
2.Gray or Anti-Halation Backing - a layer found in modern
photographic films. It is placed between the light-sensitive emulsion
and the tough film base, or sometimes on the back of the film base.
The light that passes through the emulsion and the base is absorbed
by the opaque anti-halation layer.This keeps that light from reflecting
off the pressure plate or anything else behind the film and re-exposing
the emulsion, reducing contrast. The anti-halation layer is rendered
transparent or washed from the film (as in K-14 films) during processing
of the film.
3.Film Base- A film base is a transparent substrate which acts as a
support medium for the photosensitive emulsion that lies atop it.
Despite the numerous layers and coatings associated with the emulsion
layer, the base generally accounts for the vast majority of the
thickness of any given film stock.
Historically there have been three major types of film base in use: cellulose nitrate,cellulose acetate (cellulose
diacetate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, andcellulose triacetate), and polyethylene
trephthalate polyester (Kodak trade-name: ESTAR).
Characteristics of B & W Films:

1.Emulsion Speed
2.Spectral Sensitivity
3.Granularity or Graininess
Emulsion Speed
a.ASA (American Standards Association) rating. This is expressed in
arithmetical value.
b.DIN (Deutsche Industrie Normen) rating, which is expressed in
logarithmic value.
c.ISO (International Standards Organization) rating. This is expressed in
the combined arithmetical and logarithmic values.
Spectral Sensitivity
a.Blue sensitive film ± sensitive to UV rays and blue color only
b.Orthochromatic film ± sensitive to UV rays, to blue and green color.
It is not sensitive to red color.
c.Panchromatic film ± sensitive to UV radiation to blue, green, and red
light or all colors.
d.Infra-red film ± sensitive to UV rays, to blue, green, red light and
infrared rays.
Granularity or Graininess
This refers to the size of the metallic silver grains that are formed after development of an exposed film.Genera
the size of metallic silver grains are dependent on the emulsion speed of the film and the type of developing
solution that is used in processing.
Rules to remember:
1.The lower the emulsion speed rating of the film, the finer is the grain.
2.The higher the emulsion speed rating of the film, the bigger are the
grains.
3.A film developer will produce a finer grain that a paper developer when
used for film processing.
B.Color Films
A color film is a multi-layer emulsion coated on the same support or base.
Main types of color film in current use

1.Color negative film forms a negative (color-reversed) image when
exposed, which is permanently fixedduring developing. This is then
exposed onto photographic paper to form a positive image.
Ex:Kodacolor
2.Color reversal film, also known as slide film, forms a negative image
when exposed, which is reversed to a positive image during
developing. The film can then be projected onto a screen. Ex:
Kodachrome
C.Photographic Papers (Black & White)

Photographic paper is exposed to light in a controlled manner, either by placing a negative in contact with the
paper directly to produce a contact print, by using an enlarger in order to create a latent image, by exposing in
some types of camera to produce a photographic negative, or by placing objects upon it to produce photograms
Photographic papers are subsequently developed using the gelatin-silver process to create a visible image.
Characteristics of a Photographic Paper

1.Chloride paper - has a slow speed and is suited for contact printing.
2.Bromide paper - has a fast speed and is recommended for projection
printing or enlarging.
3.Chloro-bromide paper - is a multi-speed and could be used in both
contact printing and enlarging.
Exposure and development latitude

Latitude is the degree or amount of which you can deviate from the ideal exposure or development without
appreciable loss of print quality.
1.Exposure latitude Generally, photographic papers do not have a wide

exposure latitude so exposure must be critical at all times.
2. Development latitude Papers that do not change appreciable in
contrast and image tone with reasonable variations in development
has a good latitude. However, for best quality the developing time
should be as near as those prescribed by the manufacturer.
Contrast Range or Grade

In most photographic papers, the contrast range or grade are indicated by numbers - # 0 to 5
1.#0 and 1 are used on over-exposed or low contrast negative
2.#2 are used on normal exposed or normal contrast negative
3.#3 to 5 used in under-exposed or high contrast negatives
Which Film to Use

Film is available in variety of 'speeds'. The faster the film the more sensitive it is to light, and the shorter the
exposure needed. Fast film produces a grainier image.Film speed is measured on the ISO scale. A film rated as
100 is four times slower than an ISO 400film, and needs four times more light for the same shot.
Filters
In photography, a filter is a camera accessory consisting of an optical filter that can be inserted in the optical p
The filter can be a square or rectangle shape mounted in a holder accessory, or, more commonly, a glass or pla
disk with a metal or plastic ring frame, which can be screwed in front of the lens.
Types of Filters
a.Light Balancing Filter
b.Color Compensating Filter
c.Neutral Density Filter
d.Polarizing Filter
Light Balance Filter - A filter used to change the color quality of the exposing light in order to secure proper
balance for artificial light films.
Color Compensating Filter - This is used to change the over-all color balance of photographic result obtained
with color films and to compensate for deficiencies in the quality of exposing energy.
Neutral Density Filter - This filter is used when the light is too bright to allow the use of desired f-number or
shutter speed with a particular film.
Polarizing Filter - It is used to reduce or minimize reflections on subjects like water glass, and highly polished
surfaces.
Exposure - is simply a combination of the aperture and shutter speed. Thus, it is defined as the product of the
light intensity and the length of time it strikes the emulsion.

Exposure is subjective and errors in calculation will result to overexposure or underexposure.
Proper exposure is dependent on:

a. Film speed
b. Lighting condition
c.Type of subject
Light: Its Characteristics and Sources

Light is a form of energy, and to understand light we begin with the electromagnetic spectrum which is basical
grouping of all electromagnetic radiation arranged according to the amount of energy contained in the
radiation.Visible light is a part of this electromagnetic spectrum that creates the sensation of light when it falls
the human eye.The properties of all electromagnetic radiation can be described by three inter-related terms. Th
are wavelength, frequency and energy. Since light is a part of this spectrum, it too can be described by these te
Hence, it is important to understand these terms as a first step towards understanding light.
Wavelength
Simplistically, we can think of light traveling as a wave. A typical wave form (e.g., ripples on the surface of w
has crests (or peaks) and troughs (or valleys). The distance between two consecutive peaks (or troughs) is calle
the wavelength, and is denoted by the Greek letter (lambda).The wavelengths of visible light are measured in
nanometers (nm) where 1 nm = 1 billionth of a meter (10-9 meters). The wavelength of visible light is between
400-700nm. The combined effect of the complete range of radiation between 400-700nm appears as white ligh
the human eye.
Rainbow Colors:
* Violet - 400 to 440nm
* Blue - 440 to 490nm
* Green - 490 to 540nm
* Yellow - 540 to 590nm
* Orange - 600 to 650nm
* Red - 650 to 700nm
4 Photographic Rays of Modern Photography

1.X-Rays - 1 to 30 nm
2.UV Rays - 30 to 400 nm
3.Visible Light - 400 to 700 nm
4.Infrared Rays - 700 to 100 nm
Primary Colors of Light

1.Red
2.Green
3.Blue
Secondary Colors of Light

1.Yellow
2.Cyan
3.Magenta
White - is the presence of all color.
Black - is the absence of all colors or the absence of light.
Primary Colors of Coloring Matters

1.Red
2.Yellow
3.Blue
Bending of Light - When traveling in open space, light travels in astraight line (186,000 miles/second). Howe
when light comes in contact with an object, it may be bended in the following manner:
* Reflection
face, it bounces off in all directions due to the
microscopic irregularities of the interface.
* Refraction - It is the change in direction of a wave
due to a change in its speed. This is most commonly observed when
a wave passes from one medium to another.
* Diffraction - It is described as the apparent bending of waves
around small obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small
openings.It is also described as the bending of light when it hits a
sharp edge of an opaque object.
Examples of Diffraction
1.The closely spaced tracks on a CD or DVD act as a diffraction
grating to form the familiar rainbow pattern we see when
looking at a disk;
2.The hologram (a picture that changes when looked at from
different angles) on a credit card.
Kinds of Objects

1.Transparent objects - allows sufficient visible light to pass through
them that the object on the other side may be clearly seen.
2.Translucent objects - allows light to pass, however diffuse it
sufficiently that objects on the other side may not be clearly
distinguished. In some cases the objects on the other side may be
recognizable but sharp detail and outlines are obscured.
3.Opaque objects - so greatly diffuse the light that recognizing the
object on the other side is very difficult if not impossible.
Sources of Light

1.Natural Light Source

2.Artificial Light Source
Natural Light Source (Sunlight)

1.Bright sunlight - a lighting condition where objects in open space cast
a deep and uniform or distinct shadow.
2.Hazy Sunlight - objects in open space cast a transparent shadow.
3.Dull Sunlight - objects in open space cast no shadow
1.Cloudy bright - objects in open space cast no shadow but objects at
far distance are clearly visible.
2.Cloudy dull - objects in open space cast not shadow and visibility of
distant objects are already limited.
Artificial Light Source - Light sources of this category are man-made and is divided into the continuous radia
and the short duration.
Forensic Light Sources

1.UV Lamp
2.LASER - Light Amplification through Simulated Emission of Radiation.
3.Alternative Light Sources
4.Forensic Light Sources
DEVELOPING, PRINTING AND ENLARGING
Chemical Processing
1.Black & White Processing - development, stop-bath, and fixation.
2.Color Processing - development, stop-fix, and stabilizer
Development - It is the conversion of latent image in an emulsion into visible image.

1.B & W Emulsion - reducing exposed silver halide crystals (black silver)
into metallic silver. (Same reaction is found in photographic papers.)
2.Color Emulsion - Developed silver is replaced with cyan, yellow, and
magenta dye.
Stop-Bath - The purpose of the stop bath is to halt the development of the film, plate, or paper by either washi
off the developing chemical or neutralizing it.
Fixation - The fixer removes the unexposed silver halide remaining on the Photographic film or
photographic paper, leaving behind the reduced metallic silver that forms the image, making it insensitive to
further action by light. Without fixing, the remaining silver halide would quickly darken and cause severe fogg
of the image.The most common salts used are sodium thiosulfate - commonly called hypo - and ammonium
thiosulfate, commonly used in modern rapid fixer formula.
Film Processing - It can be carried out in trays, tanks, or mechanized equipment.

Note:
Panchromatic materials - handled in total darkness.
Blue films, orthochromatic films and printing papers - handled under a safe light.
Equipment for Film Processing

1.Tank or tray
2.Developing reel
3.Opener for film cartridge (pliers)
4.Scissors to cut the tongue of the film
5.Thermometer
6.Timer
7.Funnel
8.Photographic sponge
9.Film clips for drying
10.glass or plastic bottles (gallon size) for storing mixed solutions
Developer Formulation
Typical component:
1.Solvent (water)
2.Developing agent
3.Preservative
4.Accelerator or activator
5.Restrainer
D-76 Film Developer Formula

1.Water 520 C - 750 ml
2.Elon - 2 gm
3.Hydroquinone - 5 gm
4.Sodium Sulfite - 100 gm
5.Borax (granules) - 2 gm
6.Water to make - 1 li
Dektol - Paper Developer

1.Water 520C or 125 0F - 500 m l
2.Elon - 311 gm
3.Hydroquinone - 12 gm
4.Sodium Sulfite - 4.5 gm
5.Sodium carbonate - 67.5 gm
6.Potassium bromide - 1gm
7. Water to make - - 1 li
Stop-Bath - Stop-bath can be plain water only with 28% glacial acetic acid.
Fixing Bath Formula

1.Water
2.Dissolving agent
3.Preservative
4.Neutralizers
5.Hardeners
Typical Fixing Formula:

1.Water 520C or 125 0F - 600 ml
2.Hypo - 240 gm
3.Sodium sulfite - 15 gm(anhydrous)
4.Acetic Acid (28%) - 480 ml
5.Boric Acid (crystals) - 7.5 gm
6.Potassium alum - 15 gm(fine granular
7 Water to make - 1 li
Photographic Painting
1.Contact Printing - It is a procedure of exposing photographic print
materials while it is pressed in contact with the negative being
reproduced.
2.Projection Printing or Enlarging - It is a type of printing where the
image in a negative is optically projected or enlarged onto a print
material for exposure to produce a picture image. The main equipment
is Enlarger, the so-called camera in reverse.
Equipment for Paper Developing

1.Three plastic trays - one each for the developer, stop-bath, and the
fixer. (The size of the tray is determined by the largest prints size).
2.Metal, plastic, or bamboo tong preferably with rubber ends to hold the
prints.
3.Rubber (surgical) hand gloves.
4.Timers
5.Paper cutter
6.A bigger tray or tank for washing prints.
APPLICATION TO POLICE WORK
General Application
1.Identification purposes
2.Recording and preserving of evidences
3.Discovering and proving of evidences not readily seen by the naked
eye.
4.Recording action of offenders
5.For court exhibits

6.For crime prevention
7.Public information
8.Police training
Specific Applications
1.Identification Photographs
2.Crime-Scene Photography

Police Photography

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Police Photography

Forensic photography - sometimes referred to as police photography, forensic imaging or crime

Photograph - is an image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually photographic film or

Camera - is a device that records and stores images.

the three basic color components in a multi layer emulsion.

camera obscura camera obscura

Basic Modern Camera Parts

Film Speed - is the measure of a photographic films sensitivity to light.

Police Photography Definition of Terms

Artificial light - Any light other than daylight.

Auto white balance - Electronically adjusts camera color levels.

frontlighting and sidelighting.

Blur - Indistinct image caused by movement or inaccurate focusing.

Emulsion - a suspension of a salt of silver in gelatin or collodion used to coat film.

Fast lens - lens with a large aperture, requiring less light.

Flash sensor - Electronic unit actuated by light flash.

Flood - Light source providing a wide, diffused beam of light.

Focus - Point at which converging rays of light from a lens meet.

Grain - Individual silver particles or groups of particles in the emulsion

Infrared photography - Recording of images produced by infrared radiation.

Lumen - Photometric unit equal to the luminous flux on 1 ft2 of

Magenta - A reddish-blue (minus green) color.

Parallax - Difference between the image seen in a viewfinder and that

Peak - The visual image representing an allele on an electropherogram.

Reflection - The bouncing back of rays of light striking a surface.

Resolution - The capability of an optical device to separate into

Reversal - A positive film such as slide film (either color or black-and-white).

Self-timer - A timing device permitting the photographer to delay shutter.

Shoot (shot) - A slang term for taking or having taken a photograph.

Snapshot - A casual picture taken by amateurs, usually with simple equipment.

Still - A photograph lacking motion; a single frame.

Stop - A lens aperture or diaphragm opening, such as f-4 and f-5.6.

Transmitted light - Light that is passed through a transparent or translucent medium.

Tripod - A three-legged stand used to support a camera or lens and camera.

Unipod - A one legged support for a camera.

Zooming - Moving a variable focus lens during an exposure.

Police Photography Review Notes

 Black and white films

Important Personalities in Police Photography

*Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre - invented "Daguerreotype", an

Collodion - is a wound dressing material made of nitrated cotton

*George Eastman - founded the Eastman Kodak company and inventedroll film, helping bring photography t

1.Take photographs of the following:

Care and Handling of Camera

* Must be carried using a portable bag or built-in container to avoid

Basic Camera Parts and Functions

Major Types of Camera

VIEW OR PRESS TYPE

* Focusing control

Three Types of Focusing

The rangefinder type is classified into two:

Ground Glass Type

Scale-Bed or Focusing Scale

Diaphragm Control (lens opening)

Types of Shutters (as to mechanism)

The different shutter speeds are:

Avoiding Camera Shake

How to Hold Your Camera

When to Use Slow Shutter Speeds

When to Use Fast Shutter Speeds

Types of Lenses

Inherent Lens Defects or Aberrations

Types of Lenses (as to degree of correction to lens aberration)